1. 牛津英语必修五复习提纲
定义及构成
非谓语动词主要包括不定式&动名词&分词（现在分词和过去分词），.即动词的非谓语形式除了不能独立作谓语外,可以承担句子的任何成分
它有三种形式：不定式，分词（现在分词、过去分词），动名词
1．非谓语动词与谓语动词的相同点有：
（1）如果是及物动词都可与宾语连用，例如：
They built a garden.
They suggested building a garden.
（2）都可以被状语修饰：
The suit fits him very well.
The suit used to fit him very well.
（3）都有主动与被动, “体”式（一般式；进行式；完成式）的变化。例如：
He was punished by his parents.（谓语动词被动语态）
He avoided being punished by his parents.（动名词的被动式）
We have written the composition.（谓语动词的完成时）
Having written the composition, we handed it in.（现在分词的完成式）
（4）都可以有逻辑主语
They started the work at once.（谓语动词的逻辑主语）
The boss ordered them to start the work.（动词不定式的逻辑主语）
We are League members.（谓语动词的主语）
We being League member, the work was well done.
（现在分词的逻辑主语）
2、非谓语动词与谓语动词的不同点有：
（1）非谓语动词可以有名词作用（如动词不定式和动名词），在句中做主语、宾语、表语。
（2）非谓语动词可以有形容词作用（如动词不定式和分词），在句中做定语、表语或宾语补足语。
（3）非谓语动词可以有副词作用（如动词不定式和分词），在句中作状语。
（4）谓语动词在句中作谓语，受主语的人称和数的限制；非谓语动词在句中不能单独作谓语，它不受主语的人称和数的限制。
(5)英语中不能单独做句子的谓语。
[编辑本段]功能及用法
(一)动词不定式：（to）+do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征.
否定式：not + (to) do
（1）一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后.
例如：
I'm glad to meet you.
He seems to know a lot.
We plan to pay a visit.
He wants to be an artist.
The patient asked to be operated on at once.
The teacher ordered the work to be done.
（2）进行式：不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，例如：
The boy pretended to be working hard.
He seems to be reading in his room.
（3）完成式：不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，例如：
I regretted to have told a lie.
I happened to have seen the film.
He is pleased to have met his friend.
2．不定式的句法功能：
（1）作主语：
To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.
To lose your heart means failure.
动词不定式短语作主语时，常用it作形式主语，真正的主语不定式置于句后，例如上面两句可用如下形式：
It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.
It means failure to lose your heart.
常用句式有：1、It+be+名词+to do。2、It takes sb.+some time+to do。3、It+be+形容词+of sb +to do。4、It+be+形容词+for sb.+to do。常用careless,,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise,等表示赞扬或批评的形容词，不定式前的sb.可作其逻辑主语。
（2）作表语：
Her job is to clean the hall.
He appears to have caught a cold.
（3）作宾语：
常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有：want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式（宾语）后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语（不定式）后置，放在宾语补足语后面，例如：
Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.
动词不定式也可充当介词宾语，如：
I have no choice but to stay here.
He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.
动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用，如：
He gave us some advice on how to learn English.
（4）作宾语补足语：
在复合宾语中，动词不定式可充当宾语补足语，如下动词常跟这种复合宾语：want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.
此外，介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用，如：
With a lot of work to do, he didn't go to the cinema．
有些动词如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等与不带有to的不定式连用，但改为被动语态时，不定式要加to, 如：
I saw him cross the road.
He was seen to cross the road.
（5）作定语：
动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系：
①动宾关系：
I have a meeting to attend.
注意：不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词，如：
He found a good house to live in.
The child has nothing to worry about.
What did you open it with?
如果不定式修饰time, place, way，可以省略介词：
He has no place to live.
This is the best way to work out this problem.
如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者，不定式可用主动式也可用被动式：
Have you got anything to send?
Have you got anything to be sent?
②说明所修饰名词的内容：
We have made a plan to finish the work.
③被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语：
He is the first to get here.
（6）作状语：
①表目的：
He worked day and night to get the money.
She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.
注意不定式放句首时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致：
wrong：To save money, every means has been tried.
right：To save money, he has tried every means.
wrong：To learn English well, a dictionary is needed.
right：To learn English well, he needs a dictionary.
②表结果(往往是与预期愿望相反的结果)：
He arrived late only to find the train had gone.
I visited him only to find him out.
③表原因：
They were very sad to hear the news.
④表程度：
It's too dark for us to see anything.
The question is simple for him to answer.
（7）作独立成分：
To tell you the truth, I don't like the way he talked.
（8）不定式的省略：保留to省略do动词。
If you don't want to do it, you don't need to.
（9）不定式的并列：第二个不定式可省略to。
He wished to study medicine and become a doctor.
（二）动名词：
动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。
1．动名词的形式： Ving
否定式：not + 动名词
（1）一般式：
Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。
（2）被动式：
He came to the party without being invited．他未被邀请就来到了晚会。
（3）完成式：
We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。
（4）完成被动式：
He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.
他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。
（5）否定式：not + 动名词
I regret not following his advice. 我后悔没听他的劝告。
（6）复合结构：物主代词（或名词所有格）+ 动名词
He suggested our trying it once again. 他建议我们再试一次。
His not knowing English troubled him a lot.
他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。
2．动名词的句法功能：
（1）作主语：
Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的。
Collecting stamps is interesting. 集邮很有趣。
当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。
It's no use quarrelling.争吵是没用的。
（2）作表语：
In the ant city, the queen's job is laying eggs.
在蚂蚁王国，蚁后的工作是产卵。
（3）作宾语：
They haven't finished building the dam. 他们还没有建好大坝。
We have to prevent the air from being polluted.
我们必须阻止空气被污染。
注意动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语，如上面两个例句。此外，动名词作宾语时，若跟有宾语补足语，则常用形式宾语it，例如：
We found it no good making fun of others. 我们发现取笑他人不好。
要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语：
enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid（避免）, excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit（承认），deny（否认）, mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk（冒险）, appreciate（感激）, be busy, be worth, feel like, can't stand, can't help（情不自禁地）, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent…(from),keep …from, stop…（from）,protect…from, set about, be engaged in, spend…(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like
（4）作定语：
He can't walk without a walking-stick. 他没有拐杖不能走路。
Is there a swimming pool in your school? 你们学校有游泳池吗？
（5）作同位语：
The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那个山洞，他藏身的地方很秘密。
His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged．
他收听收音机新闻节目的习惯仍未改变。
（三）现在分词：
现在分词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。
1、现在分词的形式：
否定式：not + 现在分词
（1）现在分词的主动语态：现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，完成
式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，常作状语。例如：
They went to the park, singing and talking. 他们边唱边说向公园走去。
Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作业，他开始打篮球。
（2）现在分词的被动语态：一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作，完成式表示发生在谓语动
词之前的被动的动作。
The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。
Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake.
被告诉了好几遍，这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错误。
2．现在分词的句法功能：
（1）作定语：现在分词作定语，当分词单独做定语时，放在所修饰的名词前；如果是分词短语做定语
放在名词后。
In the following years he worked even harder.
在后来的几年中，他学习更努力了。
The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor's father.
正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。
现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能，如：in the following years也可用in the years that followed; the man speaking to the teacher可改为the man who is speaking to the teacher.
（2）现在分词作表语：
The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在这家上演的电影很棒。
The present situation is inspiring. 当前的形势鼓舞人心。
be + doing既可能表示现在进行时，也可能是现在分词做表语，它们的区别在于be + doing表示进行的动作是进行时，而表示特征时是系动词be与现在分词构成系表结构。
（3）作宾语补足语：
如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语：
see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。例如：
Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗？
He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他让小汽车在门口等着。
（4）现在分词作状语：
①作时间状语：
(While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.
在工厂工作时，他是一名先进工人。
②作原因状语：
Being a League member, he is always helping others. 由于是共青团员，他经常帮助他人。
③作方式状语，表示伴随：
He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家里，又擦又洗。
④作条件状语：
(If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.
要是整天玩，你就会浪费宝贵的时间。
⑤作结果状语：
He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了，结果摔得粉碎。
⑥作目的状语：
He went swimming the other day. 几天前他去游泳了。
⑦作让步状语：
Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon.
虽然雨下得很大，但不久天就晴了。
⑧与逻辑主语构成独立主格：
I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my head．
我等汽车时，一只鸟落到我头上。
All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly.
所有的票已经卖光了，他们失望地离开了。
Time permitting, we'll do another two exercises.
如果时间允许，我们将做另两个练习。
有时也可用with (without) +名词（代词宾格）+分词形式
With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他点着灯睡着了。
⑨作独立成分：
udging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor.
从外表看，他一定是个演员。
Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般说来，女孩子更细心。
（四）过去分词：
过去分词只有一种形式：规则动词由动词原形加词尾-ed构成。不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的规则要求，要一一记住。
过去分词的句法功能：
1．过去分词作定语：
Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。
Those selected as committee members will attend the meeting. 当选为委员的人将出席这次会。
注意当过去分词是单词时，一般用于名词前，如果是过去分词短语，就放在名词的后面。过去分词做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。
2．过去分词作表语：
The window is broken. 窗户破了。
They were frightened at the sad sight. 他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。
注意：be + 过去分词，如果表示状态是系表结构，如果表示被动的动作是被动语态。区别：
The window is broken.（系表）
The window was broken by the boy.（被动）
有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的，不表示被动，只表示完成。如：
boiled water（开水） fallen leaves（落叶）
newly arrived goods（新到的货） the risen sun（升起的太阳）
the changed world（变了的世界）
这类过去分词有：gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。
3．过去分词作宾语补足语：
I heard the song sung several times last week.
上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。
有时过去分词做with短语中的宾语补足语：
With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了，他们出去玩去了。
4．过去分词作状语：
Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents.
受到邻居们的表扬，他成为父母的骄傲。（表示原因）
Once seen, it can never be forgotten.
一旦它被看见，人们就忘不了。（表示时间）
Given more time, I'll be able to do it better.
如果给予更多的时间，我能做得更好。（表示条件）
Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.
虽然被告之有危险，他仍然冒生命危险去救那个孩子。（表示让步）
Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave. 心中充满了希望与恐惧，他走进山洞。
[编辑本段]典型习题
1．The Olympic Games, ______ in 776 B.C,did’t include women players until 1919.
A.first playing B.to be first played C.first played D.to be first playing
析：根据题干，必须选表示被动的选项，故排除A、D；因B选项表“将要被举行”意，不合题干之用，只有C选项（相当于which was first played）才合用。
2．European football is played in 80 countries, ______ it the most popular sport in the world.
A.making B.makes C.made D.to make
析：B、C是谓语动词，在此不可用。D项to make或表目的，或表“将要使得”，这都不合题干情景。只有A.making,可作状语，表结果。再举一现在分词作结果状语例：
The bus was held up by the snowstorm,causing the delay.公共汽车被大风雪所阻，因而耽误了。
3．Little Jim should love ______ to the theatre this evening.
A.to be taken B.to take C.being taken D.taking
析：根据this evening,应选表示将来义的选项，C、D应排除。Take后无宾语，必然要用被动式，故答案为A。
4．John was made ______ the truck for a week as a punishment.
A.to wash B.washing C.wash D.to be washing
析：根据be made to do sth.句式，可定答案为A。
5．The patient was warned ______ oily food after the operation.
A.to eat not B.eating not C.not to eat D.not eating
析：根据warn sb.(not)to do sth.句式，可排除B、D两项；又根据非谓语动词的否定式not总是在首位的规律，又可排除A，而定C。
6．——I usually go there by train. ——Why not ______ by boat for a change?
A.to try going B.trying to go C.to try and go D.try going
析：此题可根据why not后直接跟原形动词规律而一举确定正确答案为D。若将B项改为try to go，则要根据其与try going意义之别来确定答案。依据题干对话内容，乙方是建议甲方尝试乘船变变花样，所以答案仍为D。
7．______ a reply,he decided to write again.
A.Not receiving B.Receiving not C.Not having received D.Having not received
析：非谓语动词的否定式not应置于首位，B、D皆为错误形式。A项不能表达先于decided的动作，只有选C项才表没收到信在先，决定再写信在后，所以C为正确答案。
8．Charles Babbage is generally considered ______ the first computer.
A.to invent B.inventing C.to have invented D.having mvented
析：consider表“考虑”意时，其后动词用doing形式，此处不表“考虑”，而表“认为”，这时consider后作宾语补足语或主语补足语多为to do,to have done,to be等形式。据此可排除B、D两个选项。又因A表“要发明”意，不合题用，只有C表“发明了”意，才合题用，故选C。
9．Most of the artists ______ to the party were from South Africa.
A.invited B.to invite C.being invited D.had been invited
析：“被邀请参加晚会”，应选表被动意的选项，B不可用。D项少引导词who，也应排除。又因短暂动词的现在分词被动式不可作定语，C也应排除，只有A.invited(＝who were invited)才是正确答案。
10．The murderer was brought in,with his hands ______ behind his back.
A.being tied B.having tied C.to be tired D.tied
析：B表主动意，应排除。C表“将要被捆绑”，A表“正在被捆绑”都不合题意，只有D项填入空白才能表达“双手被反绑着”这一意思，符合题干情景。再看一类似例句： He came in,(with)his head held high.他昂首走了进来。
2. 高中英语牛津版的所有语法
中学英语语法精典总结
1.宾语从句：1.主句若是一般现在时，从句根据实际情况用适当时态。He says (that) he will have a walk soon.
The teacher asks who is the cleverest in the school.
I want to know who came here late this morning.
2.主句若是一般过去时，从句也要用过去时。
He wondered if I would come. She told me that her son had got well.
She said that she liked watching TV. We thought Jim was wrong.
3.无论主句是何时态，从句若表客观真理，要用一般现在时。
Mr. Li said the moon is smaller than the earth.
4宾语从句无论有何引导词，都要用陈述句语序。
Could you tell me when you will get back to Wuhan?（不是will you）
Do you know which sweater she is wearing? (不是is she)
2.状语从句：1主句若是一般将来时、祈使句或含不表过去的情态动词等，则if(如果), unless(除非)，when(当…的时候), as soon as(一…就…)，before, after, until, till, as(当…的时候)所引导的状语从句用一般现在时。
You may take a rest when you finish doing your work.
I will call you up if I leave for Shanghai next week.
Wait for your brother at the bus station until he arrives.
2而主句若是一般过去时，从句也要用过去时，如：
I would give the money to the charity if I had a million dollars.
When he got to the park, his classmates had left.
My son ran towards me as soon as he saw me on the street.
3.定语从句：关系代词who只指人，which只指物。that既可指人又可指物。whose 后必须跟有名词，既指人，也可指物。关系词作主语时，不可省略，作宾语时可省略。whom只指人，只作宾语。关系副词where指“在那里”，when指“在那时”。
She is a girl who/that is beauty l and kind-hearted.
She is a girl (who/whom/that) I know very well.
That boy whose hair is very long is my brother. (所属)
The girl who is tall is my sister. / I own a bike whose price is high.
I bought a watch (which/that) I paid 100 yuan for. （指物）
I prefer a place which/that is clean and quiet.
I prefer a place where I can live a quiet life. （在这儿）
I shall never forget the day when a boy helped me find my dog.
4.wish和hope:1wish可接to do sth. /sb to do sth. /that从句.
I wish to spend my summer holiday in Qing.
I wish youto join my party this Sunday.
I wish (that) I could be a scientist.
2hope接to do sth. 或that从句. 但不接sb to do sth.
I hope to receive a letter from you some day.
I hope (that) everything goes well. /I hope you will get well soon.
5.thanks for和thanks to: Thanks for your helping me with the work.
(表达对对方为自己做了某事的感谢，后无补充的结果。)
Thanks to your suggestion, I didn’t make such mistakes.
(表达感谢由于某方所做的有利的事，出现了后面的结果。)
6.感官动词用法之一：see, hear, listen to, watch, notice, feel等词，后接宾语，再接动词原形/ 动词ing, 分别表示全过程和正在进行。句中有频率词时，以上的词也常跟动词原形。
I heard someone knocking at the door when I fell asleep. (正进行)
I heard someone knock at the door three times. (听的是全过程)
I often watch my classmates play volleyball after school. (频率词)
若以上词用于被动语态，后面原有动词原形改为带to不定式：
We saw him go into the restaurant with his wife. →
He was seen to go into the restaurant with his wife.
7.感官动词用法之二：look, sound, smell, taste, feel可当系动词，后接形容词。He looks . It sounds good. The flowers smell beauty l. The sweets taste sweet. The silk feels soft. I felt tired.
这些动词不用于被动语态。The sweets are tasted sweet.是错误的。
注意：如果加介词like, 则后不可接形容词，而接名词或代词：
He looks like his mother. That sounds like a good idea.
It smells like a flower. It tastes like salt.
8.find和think部分用法: + 宾语 + 宾语补足语。(代替宾从)
宾补有以下情况：1.名词短语，John found his son a clever boy.
2.形容词短语，Mrs. Smith thinks her husband kind of lazy.
3.有时宾补后可接带to不定式，I found it hard to fool the girl.
9.would like/want/feel like: 1 would like，和want类似：◇都可接名词短语：I would like/ want another three desks. ◇都可接带to 不定式：I would like/ want to go out for a walk. ◇都可接sb,然后再跟带to 不定式: I would like you to give me a hand.
2 feel like: ◇后也可接名词短语：Do you feel like some tea?
◇后若接动词，须用动词ing形式：Do you feel like having a walk? I don’t feel like drinking tea.
【feel like常用于疑问句或否定句中。】
10.词序易错的短语：1 形容词修饰不定代词或不定副词，形容词在后面。Is there anything delicious in the fridge?
Nothing serious. There is something wrong with the computer.
I want to go somewhere warm.
2 else修饰疑问词和不定代词、不定副词，也放在后面。
What else can you see in the picture? Who else is in the room?
Do you have anything else to say? Where else can you see it?
3 enough修饰形容词和副词，enough 放在后面。
This sweater is cheap enough. Nemo is old enough to work.
He ran fast enough to catch up with the dog.
11.对“评价”、“天气”的提问之区别：1What do you think of …?=
How do you like …? “你对…怎么看？”(How…?句中有like，是动词。) 2What’s the weather like in…? = How is the weather in…?“…的天气什么样?”(What…?句中有like，是介词“像”。)
12.take, cost, pay, spend区别：
1 It + take + sb + some time + to do sth.
It took us half an hour to cut down the tree.
2 物+cost+sb+钱: The bag cost me thirty yuan. (cost, cost, cost)
若cost后无sb, 则译作“价钱是”：The bag costs 30 Yuan.
3 人+ pay +sb + 钱+ for sth: I paid the seller 200 Yuan for the bike. (pay, paid, paid). (pay后所加内容可视具体情况取舍。)
4 人 + spend + 时间/ 钱 + on sth / (in) doing sth.
The girl spent two hours (in) searching the Internet.
The girl always spends much money on her clothes.
spend 有时可指“度过”：spend holiday/ weekends/ winter
13.双宾结构：pass/ give/ teach/ offer/ lend/ send/ sell/ call/ show/buy/
ask/ tell/ build等可加双宾结构。即后接sb + sth.
其中pass, give, offer, lend, send, sell, show等可接sth + to sb.
buy, build等可接sth + for sb.
另外，若sth是代词时，不用双宾结构。Please pass it to me.
14.部分词作连词与介词：（连词接句子，介词接名词或代词）
Keep care l when you are listening to the teacher. （连词）
Keep care l when listening to the teacher. （介词）
类似的，while, than, before, after, as, since, until等。
如：I’ll wait until I hear from her. （连词）
I’ll wait until next Friday. （介词）
15.动词ed与动词ing作形容词用法之一: 1. 动词ed作形容词：表示被动或已发生,常作定语。The boy named Peter is my friend.
那个叫做彼得的男孩是我的朋友。划线部分起修饰作用，下同。
He’s eating fried chicken. 他在吃炸鸡。There is no time left.
I have read a novel writtenby Lu Xun.我读了一部鲁迅写的小说。
He lives in a house builttwenty years ago.
2. 动词ing作形容词：表示正进行或功能，常作定语。
the ing boy, a running bus, the rising sun, a bus running on the road, the boy ing in the corner (正进行)
a sitting room, the sleeping car, the bathing suit (功能)
16.动词ed与动词ing作形容词用法之二：和心理感受有关，但ed修饰人，ing常修饰物。I felt surprised at his words.
How exciting the film is! / I want to go to a place which is relaxing.
3. 求、牛津英语1A到6B所有语法知识点汇总.急、谢谢
时态讲解
一、一般现在时主要用于：
1 、表示经常性或习惯性动作。 e.g. It seldom snows here.
2 、表示现在的特征或状态。 e.g. He is always ready to help others.
3 、普遍真理。 e.g. Action speaks louder than words.
4 、剧情图片介绍，背景说明，动作解说。 e.g. (Tom enters the room and sits at the table)
Doctor ： What's your trouble, young man?
Tom ： I've caught a cold, doctor.
5 、时间、条件、让步、方式状语从句表将要发生的动作时。
e.g. Tomorrow we shall go for an outing unless it rains.
与这种时态连用的时间状语常有： always, often, never, seldom, usually, once, a week, now 等。
二、一般过去时主要用于：
1 、表示过去某个时间发生的动作或情况（包括习惯性的动作或状态）
e.g. When did you read the novel? She often came to help us in those days.
2 、谈到过去的情况时 e.g. I didn't know you were so busy.
3 、谈到已死人的情况时 e.g. Lei Feng was a great communist fighter.
与这个时态连用的时间状语常有：
yesterday, last night, the other day, two months ago, in 1985, then, just now, when, after, as soon as 引导的时间状语从句，表示主句动作开始的时间。
三、现在完成时主要用于：
1 、表示到现在为止这一时期中发生的动作或情况，即多次动作的总和。
e.g. We have learnt four English songs this month. How many times have you read the novel?
For many days we haven't seen each other.
2 、表示对现在有影响的某一已发生的动作。
e.g. The delegation has left 代表团已经走了（说明现在不在这里） Look, what you have done. 看你干的事。
与这一时态连用的时间状语有： already, yet, just, ever, never, by now, so far, recently, by the end of this month, since, for 短语，连词 since 引导的时间状语从句。
一般过去时与现在完成时的区别：
一般过去时：重在说明动作在过去发生时的具体情况（时间、地点、方式、对象、细节等）。
现在完成时：只提起已发生的动作（事实）及其影响，不说明动作发生时的具体情况。
cf. Have you had your lunch? What did you have for lunch?
I have ever been to the Great Wall, and I went there last summer with my father.
注：现在完成时表达的动作常具有反复性，故下面一句是错的：
Have you seen the six thirty's news program? 应改为： Did you see the six thirty's news program?
四、现在完成进行时主要用于：表示过去开始的某一动作一直持续到现在，以至延伸到将来，它强调动作延续时间之长久。e.g. I've been writing an article. 我一直在写一篇文章。（还在写）
cf. I've written an article. 我写了一篇文章。（已写完）
It has been raining these days. 这些天一直在下雨。
五、过去完成时
1 、过去完成时是一个相对时态，表示过去的过去，只有在两个过去发生的动作相比较时才可显示出来。
e.g. As soon as we got to the station, the train had left.
注：主从句表达的动作紧接时，即两动作发生的时间没有明显时间上的悬殊或空档时，主从句都可用一般过去时。 e.g. Where did your brother study before he joined the army?
2 、过去完成时可表示截止过去某一时间动作的总或动作的结束。
e.g. By the end of last month. We had reviewed four books By eight o'clock, he had finished his homework.
与这个时态连用的时间状语常有： by 1985, by eight o'clock, by then, by the end of last month, by the time when, when, as soon as, before 等连词引导的时间状语从句，表示主句动作结束的时间。
（六）现在进行时主要用于：
1 、表示现在或现阶段正在进行的动作。 e.g. Listen, someone is crying. What are you doing these days?
2 、代替一般现在时，表示经常性动作或状态，而含有某种感情色彩。
e.g. How are you feeling today? 你今天感觉怎样？（显得亲切）
He is doing well in his lessons. 他的功课很好。（赞扬）
You are always boasting. 你老爱吹牛。（厌烦）
3 、动词 go, come, leave, arrive 等表将要发生的动作时。 e.g. They are leaving for Shanghai.
与这种时态连用的时间状语常有： now, these days, recently, this week 等。
七、过去进行时主要用于： 表示过去某个时刻或阶段正在进行的动作。
e.g. At that time she was working in a PLA unit. 那时她在解放军某部工作。
What were you doing this time yesterday?
与这个时态连用的时间状语常用： at nine o'clock, this time last night, these days, at that time 等。
用 when 引导的时间状语从句表示主句的动作正在进行的时间。
e.g. When he came in, I was reading a newspaper.
注：
1 、 while 引导时间状语从句叙述过去的动作时，从句常用过去进行时。
e.g. I read a magazine while I was waiting for the bus.
2 、 when 用作并列连词，意为“这时”，连接两分句时，第一句多用过去进行时。
e.g. I was reading a newspaper when he came in.
一般过去时与过去进行时的区别：
一般过去时：强调过去某一时间开始或完成的动作。
过去进行时：强调过去某一时间正在进行的动作。
试区别下面两句：
We were building a reservoir last winter. 去年冬天我们在修建一座水库。（可能尚未建成）
We built a reservoir last winter. 去年冬天我们修建了一座水库。（已经建成）
八、一般将来时主要用于： 表示将要发生的动作或情况
e.g. Tom will have a bike of his own.
与这个时态连用的时间状语常用： tonight, tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next week, in three hours, two days later 等。
一般将来时态与其它结构表将来情况的区别：
一般将来时态 ：主要从时间的角度表将要发生的动作或情况。
be going to 结构 ：①表（主观上）打算或准备做某事时。 ②表有发生某事的预兆时。
e.g. They are going to have a competition with us in studies. It is going to rain.
据以上区别，故下面一句是错的：
I am going to be eighteen years old next year. 应改为： I shall be eighteen years old next year.
be about to do sth 结构 ：意为“刚要做某事”、“马上要做某事”强调时间之紧迫性。
e.g. We are about to discuss this problem. 我们将马上讨论这个问题。
be to do sth 结构： 表示按计划、安排、规定将实施某事或表示注定会发生某事。
e.g. When is the train to leave. All these things are to be answered for.
及物动词与不及物动词
英语中按动词后可否直接跟宾语，可把动词分成及物动词与和及物动词。
1.及物动词： 字典里词后标有vt. 的就是及物动词。及物动词后必须跟有动作的对象（即宾语），可直接跟宾语。see 看见 (vt.) +宾语 I can see a boy.
2.不及物动词：字典里词后标有vi. 的就是不及物动词。不及物动词后不能直接跟有动作的对象（即宾语）。若要跟宾语，必须先在其后添加上某个介词，如to,of ,at后方可跟上宾语。
具体每个动词后究竟加什么介词就得背动词短语了，如listen to,look at…..
3. 宾语（动作的对象）：是名词或代词，或相当于名词的词或短语（如动名词）。其它词不看作动作的对象呢。
4.举例：“看”
(1)see 看见 (vt.) +宾语 I can see a boy.
(2)look 看 (vi.) x宾语(即不能直接加宾语). Look! She is singing.
Look carefully! (注意：carefully 是副词，不是名词，故不作宾语哟)
(3)look at 看…….+宾语 Look at me carefully! (me是代词，作宾语了)
连系动词
连系动词本身有一定的词义,但不能独立作谓语,必须与表语一起构成谓语。
表语通常由名词、形容词,或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语等充当,说明主语是什么或怎么样。
一、 连系动词的类型有：
1. "存在"类:表示存在或具有某种特征或状态.这类连系动词强调"存在"。常见的有:be(是),look(看起来),feel(摸上去),seem(似乎是),appear(似乎、显得),prove(证明是),smell(闻起来),taste(尝起来),sound(听起来)等。例如:
The story sounds true.
Those oranges taste good.
2. "持续"类:表示某种情况或状态的持续。这类连系动词强调"持续"。常见的有:remain(依然),keep(保持),stay(保持),continue(继续、仍旧),stand(处于某状况或情形)等。例如:
Why don't you put the meat in the fridge? It will stay fresh for several days.
It's already ten in the morning. The store remains closed. What's the matter?
3. "变化"类:表示由一种情况或状态变化成另一种情况或状态。这类连系动词强调"变化"后的情况或状态.常见的有:become(变成), turn(变成), grow(变得), go(变得)等。例如:
Put the fish in the fridge, or it will go bad in hot weather.
二、注意事项
1. 有些连系动词通常不用于被动语态和进行时态中。如:feel, taste等词。例如:
-Do you like the material?
-Yes, it feels very soft.
2. 一般情况下,连系动词主要跟形容词或分词作表语。例如:
Be careful when you cross this very busy street. If not, you may get run over by a car.
3. 能跟名词作表语的连系动词常见的有:be, become, appear, seem, prove, remain和turn等.注意:turn后跟(表示主语身份的)名词作表语时,不加冠词。例如:
Twenty years later, he turned teacher.
The population growth in China remains a problem.
4. 连系动词也可跟不定式(to do / to be),常见的有:appear, seem, remain, prove, look等。例如:
Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains to be seen whether they will enjoy it.
On the long journey, Peter proved to be a most interesting guide. We all had a wonderful time.
终止性动词与延续性动词
终止性动词指不会持续一段时间的动作,即动作在瞬间或短时间内完成。 例如:get arrive 这类动词不与一段时间连用
终止性动词:表示不能延续的动作,即动作发生后立即结束。如:begin,arrive, borrow, ...终止性动词的肯定式是不能持续的,所以不能和表示一段时间的状语连用,而终止性的否定式就可以和表一段时间的状语.
一、延续性动词和终止性动词的概念
英语中，动词按其动作发生的方式、动作发生过程的长短，可分为延续性动词和终止性动词。
延续性动词表示能够延续的动作，这种动作可以延续下去或产生持久影响。如：learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay等。
终止性动词也称非延续性动词、瞬间动词或短暂性动词，表示不能延续的动作，这种动作发生后立即结束。如open, close, finish, begin, come, go, arrive, reach, get to, leave, move, borrow,buy等。
二、延续性动词的用法特征
1.延续性动词可以用于现在完成时，其完成时态可与表示"段时间"的状语连用。表示"段时间"的短语有：for two years, ring the past three years, since last year, how long等。如：I have learned English since I came here.自从我来到这儿就学英语了。
2.延续性动词不能与表示短暂时间的"点时间"状语连用。如：It raind at eight yesterday morning.(误) rain为延续性动词，而at eight表示"点时间"，前后显然矛盾。如果用延续性动词表示一瞬间的动作，可以借助come, begin, get等终止性动词来表示。上句可改为：It began to rain at eight yesterday morning.(正)又如：
-When did you get to know Jack?
-Two years ago.
-Then you've known each other for more than two years.
-That's right.
三、终止性动词的用法特征
1.终止性动词可用来表示某一动作完成，因此可用于现在完成时。如：
The train has arrived.火车到了。
Have you joined the computer group?你加入电脑小组了吗？
2.终止性动词表示的动作极其短暂，不能持续。因此，不可与表示一段时间的状语连用(只限肯定式)。如：
(1)他死了三年了。
误：He has died for three years.
正：He has been dead for three years.
正：He died three years ago.
正：It is three years since he died.
正：Three years has passed since he died.
(2)他来这儿五天了。
误：He has come here for five days.
正：He has been here for five days.
正：He came here five days ago.
正：It is five days since he came here.
正：Five days has passed since he came here.
(1)、(2)句中的die、come为终止性动词，不能与表示"段时间"的状语连用。那么，应如何正确表达呢？可以采用下面的四种方法：
(1)将句中终止性动词转换为相应的延续性动词，如上面两例中的第一种正确表达方式。下面列举几例：leave→be away, borrow→keep, buy→have, begin/start→be on, die→be dead, move to→live in, finish→be over, join→be in/be a member of, open sth.→keep sth. open, fall ill→be ill, get up→be up, catch a cold→have a cold。
(2)将句中表示"段时间"的状语改为表示过去确定时间的状语，如下面两例中的第二种正确表达方式。
(3)用句型"It is+段时间+since..."表达原意，如上面两例中的第三种正确表达方式。
(4)用句型"时间+has passed+since..."表达原意，如上面两例中的第四种正确表达方式。
3.终止性动词可用于现在完成时否定式中，成为可以延续的状态，因而可与表示一段时间的状语连用。如：
He hasn't left here since 1986.
I haven't heard from my father for two weeks.
4.终止性动词的否定式与until/till连用，构成"not+终止性动词+until/till ..."的句型，意为"直到……才……"。如：
You can't leave here until I arrive.直到我到了，你才能离开这里。
I will not go to bed until I finish drawing the picture tonight.今天晚上直到我画完画，我才上床睡觉。
5.终止性动词可以用于when引导的时间状语从句中，但不可以用于while引导的时间状语从句中。when表示的时间是"点时间"(从句谓语动词用终止性动词)，也可以是"段时间"(从句谓语动词用延续性动词)。而while表示的是一个较长的时间或过程，从句谓语动词用延续性动词。如：
When we reached London, it was twelve o'clock. (reach为终止性动词)
Please look after my daughter while/when we are away. (be away为延续性动词短语)
6.终止性动词完成时不可与how long连用(只限于肯定式)。如：
误：How long have you come here?
正：How long have you been here?
正：When did you come here?
终止性动词不用于进行时态,若是进行时态形式应译成将来时态的意思。
终止性动词和延续性动词辨析 王嵩
英语动词可以分为延续性动词和终止性动词。这两种动词在每年中考英语试题中出现率较高，笔者将其归纳分类，供同学们学习时参考。一、延续性动词 延续性动词表示的动作不但可以延续，而且可以产生持久的影响。常见的这类动词有：be，have，keep，know，learn，lie，live，read，sing，sleep，stand，stay，wait，walk，watch等。延续性动词的用法很广，但常见于现在完成时中的句子中，且常与for，how，long，since等引导的表示一段时间的状语或状语从句连用。例如：1．I have learned more than 1，000 Chinese words since I came to China．自从来到中国，我已经学会了l，000多个汉字。2．We have lived in Linqing since we came here．自从来到这儿，我们就一直住在临清。3．I have kept the picture for about three years．这张画我保存了大约三年。 二、终止性动词 终止性动词又称为瞬间动词或非延续性动词，它表示的动作不能延续，也就是说动作一旦发生就立即结束，并产生某种结果。常见的这类动词有：accept，arrive，become，begin，borrow，break，buy，catch，close，come，die，end，fall，finish，get，give，go，join，leave，put，reach，receive，shut，start，stop等。终止性动词用在现在完成时要注意下面三点： （一）终止性动词可直接用来表示某一动作的完成。例如：1．They have reached Shanghai．他们已经到达了上海。2．Has he gone to London? 他已经到伦敦去了吗? （二）终止性动词表示的动作极其短暂，不能持续，所以，在现在完成时中一般不能和以since，for等引导的表示一段时间的状语连用。例如：1．那老人已经死了一周了。The old man has died for a week．(误)2．他三天前就已经来这儿了。He has come here since three days ago．(误)在以上两句中，die和come都是终止性动词，可用于现在完成时，但不能与以since或for引导的表示一段时间的状语连用。那么，上面两个句子应该怎样译成英语呢?请看下面四种译法：1．把终止性动词改为延续性的动词。例如：①The old man has been dead for a week．②He has been here since three days ago．2．把原句中的一段时间改为表示“过去”的时间，时态由现在完成时改变成一般过去时。例如：①The old man died a week ago．②He came here three days ago．3．用“It is+时间+since…”句式。例如：①It is／has been a week since the old man died．②It has been／is three days since he came here．4．用“多长时间+has passed+since…”句式。例如：①A week has passed since the old men died．②Three days had passed since he came here． (三)有关特殊终止性动词的用法。1．在while(表示一段时间)引导的从句里，谓语动词不能使用终止性动词，但可以把while改成when，这样，从句里的谓语动词就可以使用终止性动词了。因为when既可以表示时间的“点”，又可以表示时间的“段”。例如：While he got to America．he found his English Was very poor．(误)When he got t0 America．he found his English was very poor．(正)2．终止性动词的否定式与until连用时，意为“直到……才／不到什么时间不……”等。例如：Don’t get off until the bus stops．车未停稳，切勿下车。3．终止性动词不可以与how long引导的句式连用。例如：How long have you borrowed the magazine?(误)When did you borrow the magazine?(正)How long have you kept the magazine?(正)
终止性动词与延缓性动词的用法区别
上海市中国中学 黄文英
英语中的动词，是学习中的重点，又是难点。英语中的动词有多种分类法。根据其有无含义，动词可分为实义动词和助动词；根据动词所表示的是动作还是状态，可以分为行为动词和状态动词；根据动词所表示的动作能否延缓，分为延续性动词和终止性动词。
可以表示持续的行为或状态的动词，叫做“延续性动词”，也叫“持续性动词”，如：be, keep, have, like, study, live, etc.
有的表示短暂、瞬间性的动词，叫做“终止性动词”，也可叫“短暂性动词”，或“瞬间性动词”，如die, join, leave, become, return, reach, etc.
终止性动词构成的现在完成时，不可以用表示一段时间的状语（如：since 和for引导的短语）来修饰，终止性动词构成的现在完成时，只表示动作发生的因果关系，不能表示动作的延续，因此不能用表示一段时间的状语来修饰。
如可以说：The Red Cross has already started for the earthquake-stricken area.
但不可说：The Red Cross has already started for the earthquake-stricken area for three days.
因为start是终止性动词, 它所表示的动作短促, 当红十字会出发时，start这个动作便结束了, 不可能延续两天。
在十多年的教学生涯中，发现学生对于如何解决这对矛盾不知所措，下面我来归纳一下解决这对矛盾的四种方法。
用ago时间状语短语来代替since或for引导的时间状语：
eg. Mr. Richard has returned from America for two years. (wrong)
Mr. Richard has returned from America since two years ago. (wrong)
应改为: He returned from America two years ago.
2．用It is… since…复合句代替简单句
eg. It has been/is two years since Mr. Richard returned from America.
注意：以上两种办法适用于所有终止性动词。
3．用相应的形容词和副词代替终止性动词。
eg. Mr. Richard has been back from America for two years.
4．用延缓性动词代替终止性动词。
eg. He has gone to the Internet for six hours. (wrong)
应改为:He has been on the Internet for six hours.
但须注意：终止性动词的否定式可以和since 或for 引导的时间状语连用。因为终止性动词的否定表示的是一种可以延续的状态。
eg. I have heard from my friend in Africa for half a year. (wrong)
I haven’t heard from my friend in Africa for half a year.. (right)
此外，终止性动词与延缓性动词在翻译上也不同，很易混淆。下面我再就终止性动词与延缓性动词的含义问题做一归纳：
1. 在连词since引导的时间状语从句中， 用终止性动词的过去时或用延缓性动词过去时，其含义是大不相同的。
A. since所引导的时间状语从句中，如果句子谓语是终止性动词的过去时， 则从句表示的时间是从“那一时刻开始”。
eg. He has studied very hard since he came to our school.
自从他来校以来，一贯努力学习。
B. 在since所引导的时间状语从句中，其谓语是延缓性动词的过去时，那么从句所表示的时间是从延缓性动词所表示的动作结束时算起。
eg. I haven’t heard any noise since I slept.
自从我醒后，没听见任何声音。
介词for引导的时间状语，在翻译时有两种不同的情况：
A．介词for引导的时间状语和延缓性动词的现在完成时的否定式连用时，有两种不同的含义。
eg. He has not lived there for six months.
他不住在那儿已六个月了。（或： 他住在那儿还不到六个月。）
B．介词for引导的时间状语和终止性动词的现在完成时的否定式连用，只有一种含义。
eg. Mary has not left here for six months.
玛丽已六个月没有离开过这儿了。
句中含有till 或until 引导的短语或从句，从句中的谓语动词可以是延续性的，也可以是终止性的，但要注意两种情况：
如果主句中动词是延续性的动词，动词肯定或否定都可以，只是含义不同。
eg. He listened to the radio until his father came back.
他听无线电一直到他父亲回来为止。
eg. He didn’t listen to the radio until his father came back..
直到他父亲回来，他才听无线电。
如果主句中的谓语动词是终止性动词，则只能用否定式。
eg. Mr. Smith didn’t marry until he was forty- five. (right)
史密斯先生到四十五岁才结婚。
Mr. Smith married until he was forty-five. (wrong)
4. 牛津高中英语的知识点整理
去书店里买一本吧，这种高中语法书书店里成堆。
5. 上海版牛津英语6A知识点汇总
上海牛津英语6A知识点总结 Topics 话题 Key points 主要知识点 Additional points 拓展知识点 Lesson 1 Family& Relatives 1. 单词，词组，句型和课文讲解 2. 介绍家人 3. wh-questions 4. 频度副词的运用 1. 怎样用英语表达祝愿 2. Phonetics Unit 1 (国际音标) Lesson 2 Friends 1. 单词，词组及课文讲解 2. 介绍朋友 3. 环保知识介绍 4. have been to 5. already, just, yet 1. have been to & have gone to 2. phonetics Unit 2 Lesson 3 Test for Unit 1 & Unit 2 1. listening 2. vocabulary & grammar 3. reading 4. writing Lesson 4 Spending a day out 1. 单词，词组及课文讲解 2. 旅行 3. 怎样表达建议 1. how to express direction(方向) 2. phonetics Unit 3 Lesson 5 What would you like to be 1.单词，词组及课文讲解 2. 职业表达及描述 3. 讨论职业 phonetics Unit 4 Lesson 6 Test for Unit 3 & Unit 4 1.listening 2.vocabulary & grammar 3.reading 4.writing Lesson 7 Open day 1. 单词，词组及课文讲解 2. 一般将来时 3. first, next, then, finally 1.一般过去时 2. ordinal numbers (序数词) 3. in, at, on表示地点 Lesson 8 Going to school 1. 单词，词组及课文讲解 2. 交通工具的表达 3. how+ adj 1. 怎样表达时间 2. spend,cost, take,pay 3. phonetics Unit 5 Lesson 9 Test for Unit 5 & Unit 6& Mid-exam 1.listening 2.vocabulary & grammar 3.reading 4.writing Lesson 10 Rules around us 1.单词，词组及课文讲解 2.各种符号的意思 3. Don’t + verb 4. must 1. some, any, much, many, a lot of… 2. phonetics Unit 6
6. 高考英语必背知识点有哪些
一、谓语动词和非谓语动词
从是否能充当句子中的谓语来看，动词有谓语动词和非谓语动词两大类。
1、谓语动词
有人称和数的变化。如：Heisa tractor driver.他是一个拖拉机手。
2、非谓语动词
非谓语动词有动词不定式、动名词和分词三种，在句子里都不能单独作谓语，没有人称和数的变化。如：I am pleasedto meet you.我很高兴与你相识。(动词不定式)
二、实义动词、连系动词、情态动词和助动词
从其含义来分，动词有实义动词(notional verb)，连系动词(link verb)，情态动词(modal verb)和助动词(auxiliary verb)四类。
1、实义动词
实义动词有完全的词义，并能独立作谓语动词。
如：The sunshonebrightly this morning.
今天早晨阳光灿烂。
2、连系动词
连系动词在句中作谓语动词，后面跟表语。英语连系动词有be(是)，seem(似乎)，look(看来)，keep(保持)，become(变成)，get(变得)，grow(变得)，feel(感到)，turn(变得，变成)，appear(显得)，remain(仍旧是)等。
如：Itisnever too late to mend.
改过不嫌晚。
3、情态动词
情态动词有can (能)，may (可以，也许)，must(必须)等，表示能力、义务、必要、猜测等说话人的语气或情态。情态动词只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词。
4、助动词
助动词有shall，will，have，be，should，wonld， do等。它们只能和主要动词一起构成各种时态、语态、语气等动词形式，以及否定和疑问等结构中的谓语动词。
三、及物动词和不及物动词
从是否能直接跟宾语来分，实义动词又有及物动词和不及物动词两类。
1、及物动词
后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的实义动词，叫做及物动词(transitive verb)。
如：Ibelievethat the committee willconsiderour suggestion.
我相信委员会将会考虑我们的建议。
2、不及物动词
本身意义完整后面不须跟宾语的实义动词，叫做不及物动词(intransitive verb)。
如：Ithappenedin June 1932.
这件事发生于一九三；年六月。
3、兼作及物动词和不及物动词
英语里有不少实义动词可以兼作及物动词和不及物动词。这样的动词又有两种不同的情况：
a) 兼作及物动词和不及物动词时，意义不变。试比较：
Shall I begin at once?我可以立刻开始吗?(begin作不及物动词)
She began working as a librarian after she left school.她毕业后当图书馆管理员。(began作及物动词)
b) 兼作及物动词和不及物动词时，有时意义不尽相同。
如：Wash your hands before meals.饭前要洗手。
四、情态动词
在行为动词、连系动词以外，还有两类动词，其中之一就是情态动词。从字面上看，我们就知道这是表示“感情与态度”的动词。
比如：Icando it without much difficulty. （能够，表示自信）
事实上，情态动词的英文说法modal verb，还是值得推敲的。modal，来自于名词mode，和modality（模式，方式）紧密相关，包括likelihood可能性, ability 能力, permission 许可与obligation责任这四种模式。
情态动词自身所具备的意义一般来说也是不完整的，不过和需要涉及其他事物的及物动词不同，情态动词不涉及其他事物，需要的是其他动词，即行为动词和连系动词，来配合使用。
一般来说情态动词是不能用作行为动词的，但也有例外，比如need，既可以用作情态动词，也可以是行为动词，看它的后面跟的是什么。
五、助动词
还有一类动词，也是意义上不完整、需要配合行为动词、连系动词使用的，那就是助动词。顾名思义，助动词就是用来帮助主要动词构成谓语的。
主要包括进行时态的be（is / am / are / was / were）、一般时态的do / does / did，将来时态的will / shall / would / should和完成时态的have / has / had。这种动词的英文名称叫auxiliary verb，简写是v. aux.。
7. 谁能告诉我牛津英语7B中一些重要知识点啊，谢谢啊
牛津英语7B双基知识框架
Mole 1 Garden City and its neighbours
Unit 1 writing a travel guide
1. tour旅行；旅游→tourist 游客；旅游者
2. technology 科技；工程技术→technologist 技术员
3. 比较have been to, have been in与have gone to的区别：
have been to是指曾经去过某个地方，但现在已经回来了；
have been in是指已经在某地呆了一段时间，但还还在那里，还没有回来；
have gone to去了某地，但还没有回来。
4. decided to do sth. 决定做某事；
decided not to do sth. 决定不做某事
decision→名词，决定 make a decision
5. take part in与join的区别：
take part in=join in参加某项活动 take part in the contest
join 参加某个组织 join the League
补充：enter for 报名参加 enter for the high jump
attend 意为“出席” attend the meeting
6. make some suggestions=give some suggestion 给出一些建议
7. 方位词：east west north south northwest northeast southwest southeast
8. 例：It’s in the south of shanghai.
当用in作介词时表示“在……内部”
用on表示接壤
用to表示不接壤
9. view 景色；风景→viewer电视观众
10. paradise 天堂=heaven天堂?hell地狱
11. therefore是副词so是连词
12. surprising adj.→surprise v.→surprised adj.
13. it is +形容词+（for sb.）to do sth.
14. take sb.to some place 将某人带到某地
15. floating adj.不固定的；浮动的→float v.漂浮
Unit 2 Going to see a film
1. action n. 动作→act v.行动
active adj. 积极的,活跃的 take an active part in
actor n.男演员 actress n. 女演员
2. robber 盗贼→rob抢劫→robbery 抢劫案
3. hate to do sth.=hate doing sth.
hate=dislike
4. princess公主?prince王子
5. take a look=have a look
6. So do I/Neither do I
【注意】这里人称并不仅限于I
7. 比较in space和in the space
In space指“在宇宙中；在太空中”in the space指“在……空间里”
8. laughter n.笑；笑声→laugh v.大笑；发笑
9. miss除了有“错过”的意思外还有“想念；思念”的意思
10. pay for = spend on 为……付钱
11. 比较spend, cost, take, pay和pay for
a) spend的主语必须是“人”，宾语可以是钱、精力、时间等，其后用on+名词或用in（可省略）+动名词形式，不可接不定式
b) cost的主语必须是“物”或“事”，表示“费用；耗费”，后接life, money, health, time等
c) take表示“花费”时，其主语一般是“一件事”，有时主语也可以是“人”，它说明完成某事“花费了……”
d) pay的基本意思是“支付”，作为及物动词，宾语可以是“人”或“钱”
e) pay for的宾语为“物”或“事”，for常常表示支付的原因
12. route路线→与route搭配的形容词多用long或short, 而不用far或close.
Unit 3 A visit to Garden City
1. 比较since和for
since只用于时间前，意指“从那时起到所指的时刻”。它常常和现在完成时连用。
for用来表示一段时间；for+一段时间也可以与现在完成时连用，表示动作延续到说话的那一刻
2. machine n.机器；机器装置→machinery n.（集合名词）机器；机械→mechanic n.机工
3. 【正】I have been in the club for three years
【误】I have joined the club for years
4. keep+名词+形容词，表示“使……保持某种状态”
5. 反义疑问句地结构：陈述句+逗号+助动词/be动词/情态动词（肯定或否定）+主语
6. 在反义疑问句中含有little, few, never, hardly, seldom等表示否定意义
7. waiter服务员→waitress女服务员→wait等候
8. train训练→trainer教练员→trainee受训练的人
9. full adj. 满的，常用于be full of 结构中
fill v. 装满，填满。常用于 be filled with sth.的结构中
10. have a good time=enjoy oneself过得愉快
11. ring小环→wedding ring结婚戒指→ear ring耳环
12. headmaster校长→headmistress女校长=principal校长
13. charge主管→be in charge of负责, 掌管
Unit4 Let’s go shopping
1. anything用于表示“某事；某物”，多用于否定句、疑问句及条件句中代替
比较all right, that’s all right和that’s right
all right用于表示赞同别人的建议或者回应别人的问题
that’s all right当别人表示对你感谢或抱歉时用
that’s right表示“那是对的；那是正确的”
2. let sb. do sth. 让某人做某事
make sb. do sth.
注意：ask sb. to do sth,
tell sb. to do sth.
want sb. to do sth.
3. buy sb. sth.=buy sth. for sb.给某人买某物
give sb. sth.=give sth. to sb.
4. fashion n.时尚→fashionable adj.时髦的；流行的
5. super超级的（没有比较级和最高级）
6. don’t need to=needn’t to不用；不必
7. spot斑点→spotless纯洁的
8. sweater毛线衫→sweat汗；汗水
9. one只能代替单数名词；ones只能代替复数名词
10. excuse原谅→excuse me劳驾
11. loose宽松的?tight紧身的
12. 小号的（S）small；中号的（M）medium；大号的（L）large
13. try on试穿 代词放在中间
14. in my size我的尺寸
Unit5 What can we learn from others?
1. fairy n.仙子→fairy adj.幻想中的
2. although虽然（有了although不能再用but）
3. gold金→golden金色的
4. comfortable舒服的→comfortably舒服地
uncomfortable 不舒服的
5. greedy贪婪的→greed贪婪→greedily贪婪地
6. happiness幸福
happy快乐的
happily快乐地
unhappy 不高兴的
7. disappear消失?appear出现
dis-为否定前缀：honest-dishonest
常用否定前缀：unhappy, unhealthy, unlucky，uncomfortable
8. learn from向……学习
9. wish+ sb.+名词 祝福某人怎么样
10. vote投票→vote for投票表决
11. pocket口袋→pocket money零花钱
12. give up放弃（代词放在中间）
give up doing sth.=stop doing sth.
反义：keep doing sth.
Unit 6 Hard work for a better life
1. 主语从句：it是形式主语，无意义，指代真正的主语：不定式to do sth.
It is + 形容词 + (for sb.) to do sth. 一般现在时，（对某人来说）做某事是….的
It will be + 形容词 + (for sb.) to do sth. 一般将来时，（对某人来说）做某事将是…的
e.g. It is interesting for us to see them flying around the flowers.
It will be difficult for the grasshopper to find any food.
2. see sb. do sth.: 看见某人做了某事，表示动作的全过程。
see sb. doing sth.: 看见某人正在做某事，表示动作正在进行的瞬间。
3. feel + 形容词：feel是系动词，后面加形容词作表语，形成系表结构。
e.g. He felt cold, hungry and disappointed.
类似的感官系动词还有：look（看上去），sound（听上去），smell（闻起来），taste（尝起来）等。
4. 用现在进行时表示短期内将要发生的动作。
e.g. The holidays are coming.
5. nothing: 没有什么东西，只能指物，不可与of连用，谓语动词用单数。
none: 一个也没有，指人或物，可与of连用，谓语动词单复数均可，常用来回答”how many”或” how much”引导的问句。
no one = nobody：没有人，不可与of连用，常用来回答who引导的问句。
Unit 7 In the future
1. enter: go into，不能与into连用。
2. in the future: 将来，用一般将来时，will + 动词原形，won’t +动词原形。
3. different + n.（复数）不同的
the same + n.（单数）相同的
be different from 与…不同
be the same as 与…相同
4. in ten years’ time: 在10年后，一般将来时
in +一段时间，用How soon提问：多久以后
5. there + be句型的一般将来时：There will be / There is going to be
6. can: 相当于be able to，表示能力时可以互换，但be able to 比can有更多的形式。
e.g. She can speak English. = She is able to speak English.
7. I think so. 表示赞成他人的看法
I don’t think so. 表示不赞成他人的看法
8. hope与wish的用法：
that 从句（一般将来时）
hope to do sth.
for sth.
that从句（虚拟语气）
wish sb. to do sth.
for sth.
sb. sth. （表示祝愿）
Unit 8 A more enjoyable school life
1. look for: 寻找，强调找的过程或动作。
find：发现，找到，指通过搜索后找到、发现藏匿或遗失的事物，强调找到的结果。
find out：查明，弄清楚，指经过调查之后发现某事。
2. would like sth. = want sth. 想要某物
would like to do sth. = want to do sth. 想要做某事
would like sb to do sth. = want sb. to do sth. 想要某人做某事
Would you like…? = Do you want…? 你想要…吗？
3. much + [U] → more → most 多
many + [C] → more → most
little + [U] → less → least 少
few + [C] → fewer → fewest
4. It would be + adj. + to do sth. 与现状相反，有假设的成分
e.g. It would be possible to have more books in our library.
5. 反身代词的构成：
第一、二人称：形容词性物主代词＋self / selves
e.g. myself, yourself, ourselves, yourselves
第三人称：宾格＋self / selves
e.g. herself, himself, itself, themselves
Unit 9 The wind is blowing
1. between…and…:（两者）在…和…之间
among: （三者或三者以上）在…之间
2. 形容词的比较级和最高级：
(1) 形容词比较级和最高级的构成。
规则
原级
比较级
最高级
一般单音节或部分双音节形容词在词尾加-er, -est
small
smaller
smallest
以e结尾的单音节词加-r, -st
large
larger
largest
以重读闭音节结尾的单音节词，双写词尾的辅音字母，再加-er, -est
hot
hotter
hottest
以“辅音字母+y”结尾的双音节词，改y为i，再加-er, -est
easy
easier
easiest
其他双音节词和多音节词，在前面加more, the most
interesting
more interesting
the most interesting
少数不规则变化：
good / well — better — best
many / much — more — most
bad — worse — worst
little — less — least
(2) 形容词比较级和最高级的用法：
比较级用于两者之间进行比较，强调“一方比另一方……”，可使用“形容词比较级＋than”结构。
e.g. John is taller than Mary.
最高级用于三者或三者以上比较，即“…be the + 形容词最高级…”结构。
e.g. Tom is the tallest boy in our class.
(3) 形容词比较级和最高级的常用修饰词：
原级：very, quite, so, not so…as, as…as, a little
比较级：much, …than…, even, a lot, a little, a bit, far
最高级：the…, of…, in…
3. 形容词的同级比较：A和B一样…
肯定：as + 形容词原级 + as
否定：not + as / so + 形容词原级 + as
e.g. He is as tall as his brother. 他和他哥哥一样高。
He is not as / so tall as his brother. 他没有他哥哥高。
4. 形容词比较级＋and ＋形容词比较级：越来越…
e.g. It became warmer and warmer.
如所用形容词为多音节时，则用“more and more + 多音节形容词原级”结构。
e.g. She is more and more beautiful.
5. 人称代词和物主代词：
人称
单复数
人称代词
物主代词
主格
宾格
形容词性
名词性
第一人称
单
I
me
my
mine
复
we
us
our
ours
第二人称
单
you
you
your
yours
复
you
you
your
yours
第三人称
单
he
she
it
him
her
it
his
her
its
his
hers
its
复
they
them
theirs
theirs
6. 比较rise和raise:
rise: 升起，不及物动词，后面不能直接加名词
raise: 举起，及物动词，后面直接加名词
e.g. The sun rises in the east.
If you want to ask questions, please raise your hands when.
7. 英语中顺序的表达方法（四步）：First, Next, Then, Finally.
Unit 10 Water Festival
1. 表示禁止做某事的方式：
(1) No + n.(复数) / v.-ing!
e.g. No ball games!
No smoking!
(2) Don’t + v.
e.g. Don’t play ball games!
(3) You mustn’t + v.
e.g. You mustn’t play ball games.
2. Fishing is not allowed.
be not allowed 意为“不被允许”，是被动语态结构，用be + 动词的过去分词的结构来表达。