1. 初中英语知识要点
1. 名词 �(1) 不规则名词的单、复数形式要特别记忆: �man—men, woman—women, child—children, foot—feet, tooth—teeth �(2) 单数、复数同形的名词: �fish, sheep, deer, Chinese, Japanese �(3) 常用复数形的名词: �trousers, shoes, glasses �(4) 只有复数形的名词: �thanks, clothes �(5) 单数形式但其意为复数的可数名词: �people, police �(6) 有生命的名词所有格形式: �单数名词加’s, 复数名词加s’, 不是以s结尾的复数名词加�’s�, 如: children’s room �(7) 无生命的名词所有格用of结构表达: �如: the capital of China �(8) 表示并列名词各自所有,在各名词词尾加’s: �如: Tom’s and Mary’s bikes (两人各自的自行车) �(9) 表示并列名词共同所有,则在后一个名词的词尾加’s:� 如: Tom and Mary’s mother (即Tom与Mary是兄妹) �(10) 关于时间、距离、长度、重量、价格的所有格: �如: ten minutes’ walk, ten miles’ journey, a boat’s length, two pounds’ weight, ten dollars’ worth �(11) 双重所有格: �a friend of my father’s 2. 形容词与副词 �(1) 原级,比较级,最高级词形变化: �① 〔单元音+单辅音〕的单音节词 �fat—fatter—fattest �thin—thinner—thinnest �hot—hotter—hottest �big—bigger—biggest �② 以y结尾的双音节词 �easy—easier—easiest �heavy—heavier—heaviest �pretty—prettier—prettiest
动词不定式的用法之归纳汇总
动词不定式(to do)是初中英语课的一个重点,也是中考要考查的一个项目。动词不定式属于非谓语动词的一种形式,很多同学经常把它和谓语动词混在一起,掌握起来有困难。下面我们对动词不定式的用法做简单归纳,帮助同学们记忆: 一、动词不定式在句子中不能充当谓语,没有人称和数的变化。 二、动词不定式是由“to+动词原形”构成(有时可以不带to)。动词不定式的否定形式是“not+动词不定式”(not不与助动词连用)。 三、动词不定式短语具有名词、形容词和副词等的功能,可在句中用做多种句子成分。 1、主语:常置于句末,而用it代替其做形式主语。例: To go in for sports helps you stay fit.(book4,L28) It helps you stay fit to go in for sports. It is dangerous to swim in the deep sea on your own. 注:此句式中不定式逻辑上的主语可由for或of引出,逻辑主语由of引出时,表语的形容词为kind,nice,good,polite,clever,foolish,right,wrong等表示评价的形容词。 例:It's right of him to refuse the invitation.(him为逻辑主语) 2、表语:Our ty is to protect the enviroment. 3、动词宾语:此种情况可按固定搭配或句式去记。 例:would you like to see my photos? Kevin planned to visit his uncle.(book4,L11) 和plan用法一样的词还有:start,want,agree,hope,begin,decide等。 I found it very difficult to get a job.(it为形式宾语) 4、宾语补足语: (1)在多数复合宾语及物动词后要带to。 例:I asked a friend to read it to me.(book4,L2) (2)在表示感觉、致使等意义的动词(see,watch,hear,feel,notice,observe,make,let,have,help等)后不带to。 例:They heard him sing a pop song in the meeting room. 5、定语:动词不定式做定语放在所修饰的名词的后面。 例:Vinny is the first disabled person to sail around the world.(book4,L1) 6、形容词补足语:在表示心理、感情、评价等的形容词后,对其进行补充说明。 例:Weareverygladtomeetyouagain. 7、状语:表示目的、原因、程度等。 例:They brought in photos of their families for me to look at.(book4,L2) 8、“疑问词+不定式”用法:不定式前可带what,who,which,where,when,how等疑问词,这种不定式短语在句中多用做宾语。 例:He didn't tell me where to go. 9、在初中阶段还涉及到“不定式被动语态一般式(tobe+过去分词)”。 例:There are twenty more trees to be planted.
英语中省略冠词的情况一览
(1) 称呼语之前不加冠词。 Waiter, bring my bill, please. (2) 家庭称谓如父母兄弟前不加冠词,甚至佣人也都不需加冠词。 Father is out, but Mother is at home. Cook has made mince-pies for Christmas. (3) 三餐名称前不加冠词。 Come to dinner (breakfast, lunch) with me. (4) 运动、游戏、颜色、感官的名词前不加冠词。 He likes basketball. White is a beautiful color. Do you play bridge? Sight is one of the five senses. (5) 表官职、身份或亲属关系的名词当补语或作同位语时不加冠词。 He was elected president. George Ⅵ, King of England. (6) School; church; hospital等字,指原有的用途时不加冠词,若指建筑物本身或场所时,则要加冠词。 School begins at eight. (school作抽象名词用) The school stands on the hill. (school指建筑物) (7) 两个相对的名词并用时不加冠词。 Arm in arm; day by day; man to man; young and old
英文中各种数字表达的读法
(1) 年号的读法: 1979←→nineteen seventy-nine / nineteen hundred (and) seventy-nine; (2) 电话号码;货币的读法: 1023←→one o two three; 1227←→one double two (或 two two) seven; (3) 小数点的读法: 13.91←→thirteen decimal (point) nine one; 0.23 = nought demical two three; (4) 算术式的读法: 2+3=5 Two plus three is (或equals, is equal to) five. 5-3=2 Five minus three is equal to two. 3×2=6 Three times two is six. 9÷3=3 Nine divided by three makes three. (5)货币的读法 $4.25←→four dollars (and) twenty-five (cents); 名词的相关形式与表达
在中考单项选择试题中,除了时态,名词的考查频率也较高。一般考查以下几点: 一、 可数名词与不可数名词 在可数名词与不可数名词上一般出现这样几类,(1)分辨是哪一类名词,并根据结论做选择。(2)可数名词复数的不规则变化。(3)不可数名词的量化表达。所以,考生首先要能够明确哪些是可数名词,哪些是不可数名词。其次,还要知道可数名词的复数的变化规则。可数名词的变化规则一般是在单词后面加-s 或-es,如: 1. desk---desks bed---beds piano---pianos hat---hats bag---bags photo---photos 2. bus---buses box---boxes watch---watches brush---brushes 3. t omato---tomatoes potato---potatoes hero---heroes Negro---Negroes 4. leaf---leaves knife---knives 5. baby---babies family---families 另外,还要记住一些特殊的名词的变化形式,如: Chinese---Chinese Japanese---Japanese Englishman---Englishmen Frenchman---Frenchmen Russian---Russians American---Americans German --- Germans child---children foot---feet man---men woman---women tooth---teeth goose --- geese deer---deer sheep---sheep 还要掌握不可数名词的量化表达有: a piece of、a bag of、a bottle of、a cup of、a glass of 。 另外,大家应注意:单数集合名词作主语时谓语动词“数的”变化:单数集合名词如class, police, family, school, group, team等。尽管形式上是单数,意义上都是复数,因此,一般要与复数谓语动词连用,例如: Class Five have a foreign friend. 五班有一位外国朋友。(这里的五班指五班的同学的。) His family are good to me. 他的家人对我很好。(很显然,这里的family指家庭成员。) 当上述集合名词着重指“整体”时, 意义上则是单数,因此,要与单数谓语动词连用。例如: Our school team often plays well in our city. 我们的校队经常在我们市踢得很好。(这里的team 指整个队,但意义上仍为单数,故谓语动词用plays. 二、 名词所有格 名词所有格有两种形式:一是加's,一种是用of来表示。一般情况下,指某人的某物用's表示,而指某物的什么用of 短语来表示。另外,要注意凡是以s结尾的名词或规则名词的复数,不能直接加's,而应该加-' 即可。例如,boys' clothes girls' dresses。 不过,注意例外情况,例如, the boss's handwriting,其中the boss's 的-'s不可省略。因为在英语中,如果以-s 或-ss 结尾的名词不是复数复数形式,那么其名词所有格仍加-'s。那么你会说“琼斯的小汽车”吗?对,Jones's car。 下面我们来做一部分习题。 1. June 1st is ___ Day. A. Child's B. Childs' C. Childrens' D. Children's 答案:D 2. I need ___ paper, Mum. I want to write ___ letter to my English teacher. A. any, some B. some, a C. a, some D. some,any 答案:B 3. There are two ___ and three ___ on the t
2. 九年级英语单元知识点总结
无一事不学,无一时不学,无一处不学,成功之路也。学习外语并不难,学习外语就像交朋友一样,朋友是越交越熟的,天天见面,朋友之间就亲密无间了。下面是我给大家整理的一些 九年级英语 的知识点,希望对大家有所帮助。
高一英语 知识点整理 总结
1.be good to对……友好be good for对……有益;be bad to…/be bad for…
2.add up加起来 增加
add up to合计,总计
add…to把……加到……
3.not…until/till意思是“直到…才”
4.get sth/sb done使……完成/使某人被……
5.calm down平静下来
6.be concerned about关心,关注
7.当while,when,before,after 等引导的时间状语从句中的主语与主句的主语一致时,可将从句中的主语和be动词省去。
While walking the dog,you were careless and it got loose.
8.cheat in the exam考试
9.go through经历;度过;获准,通过
10.hide away躲藏;隐藏
11.set down写下,记下
12.I wonder if…我不知道是不是…
13.on purpose故意
14.sth happen to sb某人发生某事
sb happen to do sth某人碰巧做某事
it so happened that……正巧 碰巧
15.It is the first(second…)that…(从句谓语动词用现在完成时)
16.in one’s power处于……的控制之中
17.It’s no pleasure doing…做…没有乐趣
It’s no good/use doing sth.做某事是没好处/没用的
18.She found it difficult to settle and calm down in the hiding place.it做形式宾语
19.suffer from患…病;遭受
高 一年级英语 知识点总结
介词in, on, under等+名词构成介词 短语 表被动意义
表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用,含被动之义,其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式,名词前一般不用冠词。
1. “under +名词”结构,表示“某事在进行中”。常见的有:under control(受控制), under treatment(在治疗中), under repair(在 修理 中), under discussion(在讨论中), under construction(在施工中)。
例The building is under construction(is being constructed).
2.“beyond+名词”结构,“出乎……胜过……、范围、限度”。
常见的有:beyond belief (令人难以置信), beyond one’s reach(鞭长莫及),beyond one’s control(无法控制),beyond our hope. 我们的成功始料不及。
例The rumour is beyond belief(=can’t be believed).
3.“above+名词”结构,表示“(品质、行为、能力等) 超过……、高于……”。
例His honest character is above all praise.=His honest character cannot be praised enough.
4.“for+名词”结构,表示 “适于……、 为着……”。如:for sale(出售), for rent(出租)等。
例That hou
se is for sale. (= That house is to be sold).
5.“in+名词”结构 ,表示“在……过程中或范围内”常见的有:in print(在印刷中),in sight(在视野范围内),等。
例The book is not yet in print.(=is not yet printed)
6.“on+名词”结构, 表示“在从事…… 中”。常见的有:on sale(出售),on show(展出), on trial(受审)。
例Today some treasures are on show in the museum (= are being showed).
7.“out of+名词”结构 ; 表示 “超出…… 之外“,常见的有:out of control (控制不了),out of sight (超出视线之外),out of one’s reach(够不着), out of fashion(不流行)等。
例 The plane was out of control (can’t be controlled).
高一年级英语 复习 方法 总结
首先,明确复习目的
简言之,第一轮复习的“主要目的是基础能力过关”。目前,高考英语试题在重视英语基础知识的同时,突出对语言运用能力的考查,形成了以篇章阅读为主体的试题布局。高三复习的最终目的是提高考生的语言运用能力,但知识是能力的基础,对能力的测试必然要结合对知识的测试,这是对考生多年积累的、系统化的、活化的知识测试:大量的知识考查通过能力测试得以实现,熟练掌握英语基础知识正是为发展英语运用能力做准备。例如,在做“阅读理解”时,如果考生复习时没有熟练掌握英语基础知识,就理解不了解构复杂的 句子 ,看不懂篇章内容,这又如何能正确地解答试题呢?同样,做“书面表达”试题时,如果没有一定量的词汇知识和语法知识,就谈不上正确的英语表达,怎么可能写出通顺的英语短文?
其次,巩固语言基础
英语基础知识的复习要以课本为纲,按照知识之间的内在联系,将它们进行分类整理。在这个过程中,要注意以新带旧,使初中和高中所学的知识形成系统,总结出规律性,这样才能融会贯通,也才能把知识转化为能力。
考生应以高中课本为主要教材,在老师的带领下深入挖掘教材中的语言知识,巩固语言基础,对课本中反复出现的语言知识进行科学归类和巧妙整理,找出其中的规律、抓住线索。复习知识是为了运用知识,而网络化的知识更便于运用,更有利于学科能力的培养。考生只有经过对所学的教材进行层层挖掘才有希望把知识形成网络。这对其实现知识向能力的迁移有重要的影响,有利于实际运用能力的提高,并在应考中运用自如。
考生要在老师的帮助下构建知识网络。在老师的帮助下,在认真学习和研究《考试说明》的基础上,按照知识的内在联系,将其要点进行分类整理(内容包括词汇、句型、语法、交际用语、篇章结构等方面),从而使六年所学的零散的、孤立的知识有机地结合起来,使已学知识网络化,形成一个完整的知识体系,从而摸索出带有规律性的东西。
考生在使新旧知识网络化、系统化的'过程中,应力争使知识以点带线、以线带面、以新带旧、以旧促新。深入挖掘课本中的经典词句,反复熟读高中 英语单词 ,按照考纲的要求和考题的思路设置成练习题,既巩固重点语言知识,又能不断渗透高考试题的出题思路和解题技巧。
再次,利用复习资料
从近几年来的高考试题来看,死记硬背,强化训练,沉湎于“题海战术”是难以出好成绩的。将中心和重心放在单项填空上是不合时宜的。因此,要根据自己的实际情况,也可请求老师的帮助,制定出切实可行的复习计划。做到按部就班,有条不紊,循序渐进。其中,语篇学习最应引起考生的足够重视。
高中课本中 文章 题材广、内容新颖,知识覆盖面宽。因此,考生应充分利用高三课本中的阅读材料,从文章的内容、文章的结构、作者的观点、态度及相关的背景知识巧妙设置问题,不断提高自己的阅读能力,开拓知识视野。同时,文章的新颖内容还可以提高对英语的学习兴趣。
复习中,首先应按照老师的节奏、充分有效地利用好课堂时间、提高听课的效率。对平时老师布置的作业要及时、认真完成,不浮躁。
建议考生应有针对性地加强运用练习。通过结合高考考点进行针对性训练,在很短的时间内复习完所有的语言知识,提高复习效率,以便有充裕的时间进行听力、完形填空、阅读等专项能力训练和模拟训练,避免在复习课本知识和培养能力之间顾此失彼。在此基础上,通过科学系统的训练,提高英语交际能力,从而收到事半功倍的效果。
考生选择的复习资料不宜过多、要精当、系统性好一些,必须是正规出版社出版的。如果辨别能力较差,可多咨询老师,请老师帮忙把关。此外,如果考生哪方面能力相对比较弱,可以有针对性地适当补充这方面的专项练习材料,所有的东西都应该是在完成老师规定的任务之后再做的。并且,练习中要注意几种题型的搭配。
最后,注意避免误区
在本学期的复习中,不少考生的通病是觉得“做题越多越好”,而丢弃了对基础知识的巩固,对自己反复出错的地方思考少。为此,实际上在做题上,应重“质”甚于重“量”,要多思考、多总结。在复习中,有一点非常重要,务必做到不欠账。也就是说,在每天的课堂学习中、做题过程中遇到的不明白、不清楚的内容务必及时弄懂、把问题消化在当天,“疑问”不过夜。如此一来,每天都有进步。反之,积累的问题越来越多,在此后的复习中会成为包袱、成为能力提升的路障。
单词是英语复习大厦的“砖头”,是 英语学习 的基础。单词,需要经常记忆。在基础复习上,别给下学期留下遗憾。考生必须坚持每天记单词。给自己制定一个计划,从高一的课本开始,对单词进行归纳、记忆。
九年级英语单元知识点总结相关文章:
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★ 九年级英语知识点归纳总结
3. 九年级英语单元知识点梳理
每一发奋努力的背后,必有加倍的赏赐。学习外语并不难,学习外语就像交朋友一样,朋友是越交越熟的,天天见面,朋友之间就亲密无间了。不断重复和熟练,是学会英语的不二法门。下面是我给大家整理的一些 九年级英语 的知识点,希望对大家有所帮助。
初三上册英语知识点2021
Mole 3
短语
1. 为……而死 die for...
2. 得知 learn about
3. 放弃 give up
4. 独自地 on one’s own
5. 感到骄傲 be proud of
6. 足够好 good enough
7. 那时 at that time
8. 最后 in the end
9. 并且 as well as
10. 死于 die of
11. 照顾 take care of
12. 又一次 once again
13. 需要 in need of
14. 不得不 have to
句型
1. one of the best... 的……之一
2. manage to do... 设法做……
3. start doing... 开始做……
4. stop doing... 停止做……
重点语法
◆ because 作连词,意为“因为”,表示必然的因果关系,语气较强,通常放在主句之后,若需强调则放在主句之前,常用来回答疑问词“why”提出的问题,例如:
We have to play inside because it is raining.
因为下雨,我们不得不在屋里玩。
◆ so 可以引导结果状语从句,但是 so 和because不能同时使用,例如:
Haste makes waste, so be careful as you work.
欲速则不达,所以工作时要仔细。
◆ so that 引导的目的状语从句中通常带有 can, could, may, might, should 等情态动词。so that 引导的从句在主句后,从句前不用逗号,例如:
I stay on so that he may not feel lonely.
我留下来以使他可能不会感到孤独。
九年级上学期英语课文知识点
疑问词是疑问代词“who, whom, what, which, whose”和疑问副词“when, where, how, why ”。此外,连接词“whether”也适用。
“疑问词+不定式动词”结构有何功用呢?其主要功用有下列五种:
⑴当主语,如:
When to hold the meeting has not yet been decided.
Where to live is a problem.
How to cope with the rising cost of living becomes a daily discussion topic.
⑵当宾语,如:
We must know what to say at a meeting.
He could not tell whom to trust.
Do you know how to play bridge?
⑶当补足语,如:
The problem is where to find the financial aid.
The question is who to elect.
⑷当名词同位语,如:
Tom had no idea which book to read first.
Do you have a rough impression how to do it?
⑸当宾语补足语,如:
Jim is not sure whose to choose.
Mary and John are not certain whether to get married or not.
适用于“疑问词+不定式动词”的动词包括:“know, see, decide, tell, ask, consider, discover, explain, forget, guess, hear, imagine, inquire, learn, remember, think, wonder, understand”等。
有点值得特别注意的是:当这结构当宾语时,它的作用等于名词分句,例如:
I could not decide which dictonary to buy. / I could not decide which dictionary I should buy.
Jack did not know where to find such a good teacher./ Jack did not know where he could find such a good teacher.
有些动词,如“ask, show, tell, advise, inform, teach”等,可以先有个宾语,然后才接着加上适当的“疑问词+不定式动词” 结构。例如:
The chief technician showed the apprentice how to repair the machine.
Have you told him where to get the application form?
综上所述,可见“疑问词+不定式动词”结构是个形象清新,既容易用又不容易出错的特别结构,可以多多运用。
初三英语复习策略
一、重基础善于归纳
从近几年来的考试大纲来看,试题的容量和覆盖面都有所增大,不仅加强了对英语基础知识的考查,更强化了对知识运用能力的考查。需要注意的是,近几年的中考招生试题,逐渐加强了对同学们的词汇,词组的考查。
针对这种情况,在学习新课的时候,给同学们两点建议:
1、一定要扎实地掌握好每个单元的重点、难点;着重强化基础词汇、词组、句型的熟练掌握;同时大家要善于归纳、 总结 每天的学习内容,还要通过配套练习,单元检测来扩展解题思路。
2、同学们在巩固并扎实掌握基础知识的基础上,要进行语法专项训练和题型专项技能的学习,以便加深理解,强化提高。要将分散凌乱的知识内容集中起来,形成体系,区分不同知识内容,以防混淆或者相互干扰,从而提升自己的解题能力。
二、把握重点
从中考大纲来看,英语考试的重点是那些在整体上或各层次、各部分中发挥提纲挈领作用的内容。重点是相对比较而存在的,是可以分层次的,我们在学习和复习的时候一定要把握好学习的重点。举个例子来说:
在词类知识的学习当中,动词和介词是重点;
在学习句型结构的时候,复合句就是重点,而一般疑问句就是非重点;
从英语整体能力提高的要求来看,阅读理解和书面表达就是重点。
所以同学们在学习新课或者是在复习的时候,一定要抓住重点,要在有限的时间内,抓住关键性的知识。
三、高效复习
分析近两年的中考命题趋势,命题增加来对基础知识和学科能力考查的比重,适当减少了识记内容,增加来语用考查的比重,突出了对语言实际运用能力的考查。由此,同学们在复习的时候要注意以下3点:
1、跟准老师的复习节奏,在复习课上,要多思考、多分析、多总结。针对每个复习阶段的习题练习,必须透彻分析理解题目中所包含的知识点,切忌做题不能只求答案,要做到“既要知其然,又要知其所以然”。
2、在词汇和语法复习阶段,我们要通过 造句 的方式,将所学的词汇、语法加以运用,并自己归纳语法规则和运用时应该注意的点。
3、在阅读方面,每天可以坚持有针对性地完成一到两篇阅读理解或完形填空,以便巩固自己的语感。
总之,“磨刀不误砍柴工”。同学们在紧张繁忙的学习和复习过程中,别忘了及时总结自己,发现自己的不足,修补自己的薄弱环节,这样才会有更快的提高。
九年级英语单元知识点梳理相关 文章 :
★ 九年级英语语法知识点整理归纳
★ 初三英语第一单元知识点梳理与学习方法
★ 九年级英语知识点复习
★ 初三英语知识点归纳与学习方法
★ 人教版九年级英语词组知识点归纳
★ 初中九年级英语知识点总结
★ 九年级英语知识点归纳2021
★ 九年级英语知识点总结归纳
★ 初三英语重要知识点
★ 初三上册英语单元知识点
4. 初三英语重点知识点的归纳
副词
表示动作特征或性状,主要修饰动词、形容词、副词及整个句子
(一)形容词的用法及位置
1.形容词在句中作定语、表语、宾语补足语等,作定语时一般放在名词前。
Eg. She has short hair.(作定语)
Paul is tall.(作表语)
We must keep our room clean.(作宾补)
2.形容词修饰不定代词时放在其后。
eg.She has something important to tell us.
There’s nothing wrong in the sentence.
(二)副词的种类、用法及位置
1.副词的种类
(1)时间副词
①表示大体时间:now,then,yesterday,today,tonight,before,just now,recently,so far
②表示频率:always,usually,often,sometimes, seldom,never
③其它作用:already,yet,late,early,soon,at once,immediately,atfirst,at last,finally
(2)地点副词
①表地点:here,there,home,abroad,upstairs,downstairs,anywhere,everywhere,nowhere,somewhere
②表位置关系(后接宾语时,用作介词):above,below,round,around,down,up,in,out,inside,outside,across
5. 九年级英语基本语法知识
呵呵 希望对你有所帮助 祝楼主进步哈
By是个很常用的介词(有时也用作副词),在初中英语中的用法有以下几种: 1.意为“在……旁”、“靠近”.如: Some are singing and dancing under a big tree . Some are drawing by the lake. 有的在大树下唱歌跳舞,有的在湖边画画儿. 2.意为“不迟于”、“到……时为止”.如: Your son will be all right by supper time. 你的儿子在晚饭前会好的. How many English songs had you learned by the end of last term? 到上个学期末你们已经学了多少首英语歌曲? 3.表示方法、手段,可译作“靠”、“用”、“凭借”、“通过”、“乘坐”等.如: The monkey was hanging from the tree by his tail and laughing.
猴子用尾巴吊在树上哈哈大笑. The boy’s father was so thankful that he taught Edison how to send messages by railway telegraph.
孩子的父亲是那么的感激,于是他教爱迪生怎样通过铁路电报来传达信息. 4.表示“逐个”、“逐批”的意思.如: One by one they went past the table in the dark.
他们一个一个得在黑暗中经过这张桌子.5.表示“根据”、“按照”的意思.如:What time is it by your watch? 你的表几点了? 6.和take , hold等动词连用,说明接触身体的某一部分.如: I took him by the hand. 我拉住了它的手. 7.用于被动句中,表示行为主体,常译作“被”、“由”等.如: English is spoken by many people. 英语被许多人所说.(即“许多人讲英语.”) 8.组成其它短语. 1) by the way : 意为“顺便说”、“顺便问一下”,常做插入语.如: By the way , where’s Li Ping , do you know?
顺便问一下,李平在哪儿.你知道吗? 2) by oneself : 意为“单独”、“自行”.如: I can’t leave her by herself. 我不能把她单独留下. 3) by and by : 意为“不久以后”、“不一会儿”.如: But by and by , more and more people began to study English. 但是不久以后,越来越多的人开始学英语了.
二、动名词的构成动词后加动名词doing,相当于名词,在句子中可以做主语、宾语、表语定语等.1)作主语(这种用法常考)
Fighting broke out between the South and the North.南方与北方开战了.2)作宾语Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please?
请问你介意调小一点收音机的音量吗?3)作表语Babysister’s job is washing,cooking and taking care of the children.保姆的工作是洗衣服,作饭和照看孩子.
Unit2
used to 的用法:(1)肯定句:used这个词没有人称的变化,to后面接动词原形. 否定句是didn’t use to….
When I was a child, I didn’t use to like apples.当我还是孩子的时候我不喜欢苹果.
疑问形式是Did you use to…?Where did you use to live before you came here?当你来这儿之前你住哪儿?
(2)含有used to 的句子的反意疑问句不要usedn’t + 主语,而用didn’t + 主语.He used to *** oke, didn’t he? 他过去常常吸烟,是吗?Yes, he did./ No, he didn’t. 是的,他吸./ 不,他不吸.
(3)used to 表示过去的习惯动作, 而不是现在的.I am used to the weather here. 我已经习惯于这里的天气了.He is used to hard work. 他习惯于艰苦的工作.
(4)used to 可以和be, have 以及其他状态动词连用,描写过去的状态. I used to be a waiter, but now I’m a taxi-driver.我过去是一个服务员,但现在我是出租车司机.
本单元的许多运用used to 的句子属于描述过去的状态.Mario used to be short. 马力奥过去总是很矮.Amy used to be outgoing. 爱米过去性格外向.Tina used to have long and straight hair.蒂娜过去有一头直的长头发.He used to wear black shoes. 他过去常穿黑鞋.
Unit3
本单元重点讲到了被动语态的用法 英语动词的被动语态由助动词be加及物动词的过去分词构成.助动词be有时态,人称和数的变化,其变化规则与连系动词be完全一样.
一、被动语态的句式变化:
Unit4
虚拟语气:如果我们所说的不是事实,也不是要求、命令、劝告等,而只是一种假设、愿望、建议或是一种实现不了的空想就用虚拟语气
注意:条件句分两种,真实条件句和虚拟条件句.只有在虚拟(非真实)条件句中,才用虚拟语气,而在真实条件句中,要用陈述语气.
请比较:
(1)If it is sunny tomorrow , we’ll go to the zoo.
如果明天天气好,我们将会去公园.在这句话中,明天天气好是完全有可能实现的,并非虚拟、幻想,因此是真实条件句.在本句中,适用“主将从现.”
(2)If I were you , I would go at once.
(如果我是你的话,我立刻就走.)在这句话中,条件句,“如果我是你”,但事实上,我不可能成为你,这只是假设的情况,没有实现的可能.当条件实现的可能性很小,甚至可以说没有时,就需要用虚拟语气来表示,动词发生了变化.
也就是说虚拟语气表示和现实的事实相反时,从句用一般过时.
主句用 “should/would/could/ might +动词原形.
1.If I had time, I would go for a walk.
2.If I were invited, I would go to the dinner party.
3.If I won a million dollars in the lottery, I would put it in the bank.
知识点2. He doesn’t know if he should bring a present.
此处if表示“是否”,引导宾语从句.Should此处表示“应该”.不是虚拟语气.
E.g.1. I don’t know if I should go to the party.
2.If I have enough money, I will go to Hainan .
知识点3.If I were you , I’d wear a shirt and tie.
if 引导的条件状语从句表示与现在事实相反的虚拟语气时,be动词只能用were,而不能用was.
E.g. If he were here, he would not agree with you .
知识点4. I don’t have a present. What if everyone else brings a present?
What if… “如果……怎么办?”相当于 what would happen if…
E.g. What shall I do if it snows?
知识点5.Well, dogs can be a lot of trouble.
Trouble 麻烦事 ,名词
常用搭配 :get ( *** )into trouble get out of trouble what’s the trouble
定语从句
1. who 指人,作主语或宾语 (作宾语可省略)
The man who I talked with is our teacher.
A person who steals things is called a thief.
2. whom指人,作宾语 (作宾语可省略,如介词提前则不能省)
The man (whom/who) I nodded to is Mr. Li.
The man to whom I nodded is Professor Li.
3. which 指物,作主语或宾语 (作宾语可省略, 如介词提前则不能省)
These are the trees which were planted last year.
This recorder (which) he is using is made in Japan.
Is this the library (which) you borrow books from?
Is this the library from which you borrow books?
4. that 指人/物,作主语或宾语 (作宾语可省略)
A plane is a machine. It can fly.→A plane is a machine that can fly.
He is the man. I told you about him. →He is the man (that) I told you about.
The scientist is very famous in the world. We met her yesterday.
↓
The scientist Ø we met yesterday is very famous in the world.
who
whom
that
The dress is new. She is wearing it.
↓
The dress that she is wearing is new.
which
Ø
(3) He is the kind person. I have ever worked with him.
↓
He is the kind person that I have ever worked with.
who
whom
Ø
This is the best film. I have ever seen this film.
↓
This is the best film that I have ever seen.
Ø
在选择引导定语从句的关系代词时,有如下要点:
1 由于关系代词在主句与从句间既起到联系作用,又在从句中充当一个成分,因此, 要正确判断关系代词在从句中的功能,如作主语还是宾语等.
2 当先行词指人时,关系代词可用who(做主语,宾语),that(做主语,宾语),whom(作宾语),whose(作定语)
3 当先行词指物时,关系代词可用that(做主语,宾语),which(做主语,宾语)
4 再定语从句中,作宾语的关系代词长可省略,但在介词后面的关系代词不能省略.指人时,介词后只用whom,指物时,介词后只用which.
5 在非限制性定语从句中,指人时,只用who,指物时,只用which.Unit8
1、短语动词小结
常见短语动词结构有下面几种:
1.动词+副词 如:give up 放弃 turn off 关掉 stay up 熬夜
这种结构有时相当于及物动词,如果其宾语是代词,就必须放在动词和副词之间,如果是名词,则既可插在动词和副词之间,也可放 在短语动词后.
2. 动词+介词 如:listen of 听 look at 看 belong to 属于
这种结构相当于及物动词,后面跟宾语.
3. 动词+副词+介词 如:e up with 提出,想出 run out of 用完,耗尽
4. 动词+名词(介词) 如:take part in参加 catch hold of 抓住
2、倒装句
not only … but (also) … 不但… 而且… 用来连接两个并列的成分
(1)引导以 not only …but (also)… 开头的句子往往引起部分倒装.
因此 ⑴Not only do I feel good but (also)…. 是倒装句.也是说得要
把前面的句子中的助动词或者是情态动词放在主语的前面.如:
①Not only can I do it but (also) I can do best. 我不仅能做到而且做得最好.
⑵Not only…but (also)… 接两主语时,谓语动词随后面的主语人称和数的变化 也就是就近原则 如:
①Not only Lily but (also) you like cat. 不仅莉莉而且你也喜欢猫.
②Not only you but (also) Lily likes cat. 不仅你而且莉莉喜欢猫.
常见的就近原则的结构有:
Neither… nor…即不…也不… (两者都不)
Neither you nor I like him. 我和你都不喜欢他.
Either… or… 不是…就是… (两者中的一个)
Either Lily or you are a student.
Not only …but (also)…
There be
Unit 9 When was it invented ?
被动语态
被动语态基本用法:当句子的主语是动作的执行者时,谓语的形式是主动语态.当句子的主语是动作的承受者时,谓语要用被动语态.被动语态由助动词be+过去分词构成,时态通过be表现出来.
被动语态基本结构:be+及物动词的过去分词 (如果是不用物动词,其过去分词应带有相应的介词)
各种时态的被动语态构成
一般现在时:S(主语)+am/is /are +P.P(动词的过去分词)
一般过去时:S+was/were +P.P.
情态动词:S+ can/may/must/should + be+ P.P.
一般将来时:S+ will+be+ P.P.
现在进行时:S+am/is /are+being +P.P
现在完成时:S+ have/has + been+ P.P.
过去进行时:S+ was/were+being+ P.P.
被动语态基本结构:be+及物动词的过去分词
(如果是不用物动词,其过去分词应带有相应的介词)
被动语态中的be 是助动词,有人称、数和时态的变化.
被动语态中动作的发出者或执行者做介词by的宾语,放在句末,by 表示“由,被”的意思
汉语中含有“据说”、“据悉”、“有人说”、“大家说”等时.例如:
It is believed that …… 人们认为 …… It is said that …… 据说 ……
It is thought that …… 人们认为 …… It is known that …… 众所周知 ……
It is reported that ……据报道 …… It is proved that ……据证明 ……
It is announced that ……据宣布 …… It is suggested that ……据建议 ……
It is requested that ……据要求 …… It is demanded that ……据要求 ……
典型例题
1、 These eggs ______ in the Gobi Desert by a group of scientists.
A. are founded B. were founded C. found D. were found
此题应该选用D项.从“ These eggs… ”中可知前面的主语是“find”动词的承受者,而 “…by a group of scientists.”更加证明了这一点,“ were founded”意思为“被成立”,故应该选用“were found”.
2、 I _____ a present by my father on my birthday every year.
A. give B. was given C. will be given D. am given
此题应该选用D项.从“by my father ”中可知前面的主语是“give”动词的承受者,而 “… . every year”证明了要用现在时态的被动语态结构,故应该选用“am given”.
3、 He was _________ in the open air just now .
A. hearing singing B. heard sing C. heard to sing D. hearing sing
此题应该选用C项.从“He was… ”中可知前面的主语是“hear ”动词的承受者,而 动词不定式当中的“hear *** do sth”在被动语态中要加“to ”,故应该选用“heard to sing”.
4、 Several man-made satellites ________ by China in the last few years.
A. have been sent up B. have sent up C. are sent up D. were sent up
此题应该选用A项.从“…by China in the last few years. ”中可知前面的主语是“ send up”动词的承受者,而 “in the last few years.”意思为“在过去的几年中”,应该用完成时态, 而不是过去时态,故应该选用“have been sent up”.
5、 Another new road ______in our home town next year.
A. will build B. is built C. will be built D. has been built
此题应该选用C项.从“…next year. ”中可知是将来时态,而前面的主语是“ Another new road”是“ build”动词的承受者,故应该选用“ will be built”.
Unit 10 By the time I got outside, the bus had already left
1. 过去完成时
(1) 构成:由助动词had + 过去分词 构成
否定式:had not + 过去分词 缩写形式:hadn’t
(2) 用法
过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了
的动作.
(3) 它所表示的时间是“过去的过去”.
①表示过去某一时间可用by, before 等构成的短语来表示
②也可以用when, before, after 等引导的时间状语从句来表示
③还可以通过宾语从句或通过上下文暗示.
When I got there, you had already eaten you meal.
当我到达那里时,你已经开始吃了.
By the time he got here, the bus had left.
到他到达这里时,汽车已经离开了
典型题例
1、He said he had never seen that film before. Instead,he_____many novels.
A. has read B. had readed C. had wrote D. had read
此题应该选用D项.从“He said he had never seen that film before ”中
可知是过去完成时态,而从“ Instead,”中可以知道与前面的宾语从句是并列的内容,故应该选用“had read”.
2、The train ______ for a while when they got to the station.
A. had left B. had been away C. had gone D. has been away
此题应该选用B项.从“for a while ”中可知要用完成时态的持续性动
词连接,而从“when they got to the station. ”中可以知道过去时间点以前的事情,应该用故应该选用“had been away ”.
3、A week later, I received a book that I _____ on line.
A. has ordered B. had ordered C. would order D. was ordering
此题应该选用B项.从“I received a book ”中可知与动词“order ”的
前后关系,应该是在“收到书以前已经预订了”,故应该用“order”的过去完成时态结构表示“过去的过去”这一概念.故应该选用“had ordered”.
4、The boy told his mother that he ____ ill since he came back from the school.
A. has been B. would be C. had been D. was
此题应该选用C项.从“ …since he came back from the school.”中可知前面的主句是完成时态,但是从“The boy told his mother ”结构中可以知道应该用相应的过去时态,故应该选用“had been”.
5、When we got to the field, the football match ____ already ______.
A. has started B. had started C. will begin D. is going to start
此题应该选用B项.从“already ”中可知是完成时态,但是从“ When we got to the field”结构中可以知道应该用相应的过去时态,故应该选用“had started ”.
Unit 11 Could you please tell me where the restrooms are ?
1、宾语从句
A.宾语从句:宾语从句在复合句中作主句的宾语,引导宾语从句的关联词有that, if/whether, what, who, whose, which, why, when, where, how等.
1、连接词
1)由连接词that引导陈述句,在口语中that常省略.
eg. He said that he would like to see the headmaster.
2)由连接词whether/if引导一般疑问句,whether和if 常可互换,但下列场合一般用whether.
①介词后的宾语从句:I'm thinking of whether he'll e.
②与or not连用:I don't know whether I should go or not.
3)由连接代词what, who(whom,whose)which或连接副词when, where, why,how引导特殊疑问句. eg. Do you know who/whom she is waiting for?
2、语序:
不管宾语从句是陈述句、一般疑问句或特殊疑问句,都要用陈述句语序,也就是说主谓次序不能颠倒.连接词+主谓结构
(1).Bill wanted to know who did this. (2).I don't know what's the matter with Bob?
(3).I don't know what's wrong with them?
3、时态:
一般说来,主从句时态要统一.如果主句是一般现在时,从句可根据需要用其它任何时态;如果主句是一般过去时,从句应该用相应的过去时态范畴(也就是用一般过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时,过去完成时).
eg.①Lily wanted to know whether her grandma liked the handbag. ②I asked the teacher where we would have the meeting. ③Could you tell me how I can get to the zoo?
如果从句表明的是一个客观事实或真理,那么无论主句是什么时态,从句都只能用一般现在时. eg. The teacher told us that light travels much faster than sound.
注意:在think后的宾语从句,如果需要表示否定意义,一般不在宾语从句中否定,而是在主句中否定. eg. I don’t think that English is easy. I think that English is not easy. ( 误)
Could you tell me how to get to the park?
请你告诉我怎么才能去邮局好吗?中的how to get to the park
是疑问词与动词不定式连用,用作宾语,但不是宾语从句,可是
相当于how I can get to the park(宾语从句)如:
I don’t know how to solve the problem. ==
I don’t know how I can solve the problem.我不知道如何解决这个问题
Can you tell me when to leave? ==
Can you tell me when I ill leave? 你能告诉我什么时候离开?
Unit12 You are supposed to shake hands.
should have asked”是“情态动词+现在完成时”表示过去本应该做某事,事实上没有做
I find it difficult to remember everything.
形式宾语 真正宾语
常见的形式宾语有:
find / think + it/them +形容词 to do sth. 如:
I think it hard to study English.
Unit 13 Rainy days make me sad.
make *** ./sth. + adj. 使某人(感到),使……处于某种状态
(make的宾语之后可跟名词,形容词,分词来充当宾语的补足语)
make *** . / sth. + do …使某人做某事(不能带不定式符号to)
make it 习惯用语,及时赶到,到达目的地
make of /from./out of
Make of 原材料制成成品后,原材料未经任何化学变化,仍保持原有性质. 例如: The chair is made of wood. At first people believed that air was made of only one gas.Make from 当原材料制成成品后,经过了化学变化,失去了原有性质.
make up of 常用于被动结构:be made up of相当于consist of(由…组成) make up from 由…所制造
Unit 14 Have you packed yet?
现在完成时是由“助动词have(has)+动词过去分词”构成.
用法: 1.表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果,常与一些时间状语,如:already, yet, ever, never, just, before, once, twice等连用,也可以和包括现在在内的时间状语,如these days, today, this year, so far等连用.eg.I have already posted the letter. (信已经不在我这儿了)
注意:在这里要注意already和yet的辨析:
①already通常用于肯定句. I have already told him.我已经告诉他了. I have already put it in my suitcase. 我已经把它放进我的手提箱了.
②yet常用于疑问句和否定句. ----Have you watered the tree yet? 你浇树了吗? ----Yes,I have already watered it. 我浇了. ----Have you fed the dog? 你喂过狗了吗? ----No. I haven’t fed it yet.没有,我没喂. 2.表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态,一直持续到现在,也许还将继续下去,可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在的一段时间的状语连用,即for +时间段,since+时间点/从句, in the last ten years等,谓语只可用延续性动词.
解析: 1.英语动词根据词义可分为两种,一种是延续性的,一种是终止性的,终止性动词(也可称为非延续性动词,瞬间动词,或点动词),如begin,start,die,buy,leave, e等,表示动作的发生与结束于一瞬间完成,不能再延续,所以它的现在完成时不能和表示延续的时间状语连用,即不能与表示一段时间的状语,for+时间段, since+时间点/从句连用,也不能用在how long引导的特殊疑问句中.
eg. I've left Shanghai for three days.(×) I've been away from Shanghai for three days.( √ ).
I left Shanghai three days ago. ( √ ) It is /has been three days since I left Shanghai.( √ )
2.初中英语课本中常见终止性动词有:leave, go, e, arrive, begin, buy, borrow, die, join, bee等.终止性动词要表示持续时, 可用以下方法:
⑴.将时间状语改为时间段 + ago,句中谓语动词用一般过去时.
eg.我弟弟参军两年了. My brother joined the army two years ago.
⑵.若保留for+时间段,since+时间点/从句, 或用在 how long 句型中,则需将终止性动词改为相应的状态动词或延续性动词
常见终止性动词与延续性动词(或状态动词)的对应关系如下:
e/go/arrive/get/reach/move------be in/at open-----be open
die------be dead close----be closed bee---be borrow---keep begin/start-----be on put on----wear leave-----be away (from)
buy-----have fall asleep----be asleep end/finish-----be over
catch a cold-----have a cold join the army----be in the army be a soldier
join the Party----be in the Party be a Party member
→My brother has been in the army for two years. →My brother has been a soldier for two years.
3.现在完成时中been to, gone to和been in/at been to去过某地,表示某人的一种经历,可以和once, twice, already, ever, never等连用.
4.现在完成时中的 for 与 since
for + 时间段 与延续性动词的现在完成时连用 since + 时间点/从句
I have kept the library book for a week.= I have kept the library book since a week ago. 5. It is /has been +一段时间 + since 从句.自从某事发生已有一段时间了. eg. It is /has been two years since my brother joined the army. 注意:1.since 引导的从句中动词用过去时
2.when 引导 的特殊问句不与现在完成时连用.
3.have got,has got 虽然是现在完成时,但have got=have has got==has