Ⅰ 大学英语知识点
四级必考词
1 accelerate vt. (使)加速，增速 【例】accelerate the rate of economic growth 加速经济增长 【派】acceleration n. 加速 accelerating a.加速的 2 account n. 账户、考虑 【考】take sth. into account 把…考虑在内 3 accustom vt.使习惯 【考】be accustomed to 4 adapt vi. 适应 【考】adapt to…适应 5 adjust vi.适应 【考】adjust to...适应…
6 advocate vt. 宣扬
7 affluent a.富裕的 【派】affluence n.富裕 8 annoy vt.使烦恼, 使恼怒 【派】annoying a. 令人恼人的; annoyance n. 烦恼;?annoyed a.颇为生气的
9 ascribe vt.把…归咎于 【考】ascribe..to 归因于 10 assess vt.评估 【派】assessment n. 评估
11 assign vt.指派，选派；分配，布置（作业） 【派】assignment 作业
12 assume vt.假象、假定
13 attain vt.获得 【考】attain one's ideal 达到理想
14 attribute vt. 把…归因于 【考】attribute sth.? to 把...归咎于 15 attribute vt.归咎于 【考】be attributed to? attribute sth. to …
16 automatically ad. 自动地
17 boost vt.提高，推动，使增长 n. 推动，增长 【例】boost the economy 推动经济
Ⅱ 大学英语语言学的考试重点
articulatory phonetics(发音语音学)--the study of the proction of speach sounds.
acoustic phonetics:(声学语言学) --the study of physical properties of speech sounds.
Allophones(音位变体)--the different phones which cab represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of taht phoneme.
consonant(辅音):a major category of sound segments proced by a closure in the vocal tract,or by a narrowing which is so marked that air can not escape without procting audible friction.
compositionality(综合性原则):the meaning of a sentence should be viewed from both the grammatical structure and the word meaning.In other words,the meaning of a sentence depend on the meanings of the constituent words and the way they are combined.
cooperative principle(合作原则):1,Maxim of Quantity.2,maxim of Quality.3,Maxim of relatiob.4,Maxim of manner.
Constatives(叙事句):a constative sentence is a description of what the speaker is doing at the time of speaking.It can be said to be ture or false.
Endocentric(向心结构):is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents,i,e,a word or a group of words,which serves as a definable centre or head.
Exocentric(离心结构)：it refers to a group of syntactionally related words where none of the words is functionally equivalent to the group as a whole,that is,there is no definable "center" or "head" inside the group
illocutionary act(行事行为):when we speak we not only proce some units of language with certain meanings,but also make clear our purpose in procing them,the way we intend them to be understood,or they also have certain forces.The act performed is known as a...
linguistics(语言学):is the the scientific study of language
Language:is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
locutionary act(发话行为):when we speak we move our vocal organs and proce a number of sounds organzined in a certain way and with a certain meaning.The act performed in this sense is called a ...
morpheme(语素):is the smallest unit of language in terms of the relationship between expression and content,a unit that can not be divided into fuither,smaller,units without destorying or drastically altering the meaning whether it is lexical or grammatical.
Morphology(形态学):is a branch of linguistics which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.
Phonetics(语音学):phonetics studies how speech sounds are proced,transmitted and perceived.
Pragmatics(语用论):is the study of these relations between language and context that are grammaticalized,or encoded in the structure of a language.
perlocutionary act(取效行为):whether or not the effects are intended by the speaker,they can be regarded as parts of the act that the speaker performed.this act is called....
performatives(施为句):some sentence is the doing of an action.They can not be said to be true or false.these sentences are called....
phoneme(音位):is a phonological unit which is the smallest unit of sound in a language which can distinguish two words.
phonology(音系学):is the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of languages.It aims to discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in languages and to explain the variations that occur.
sapir-whorf hypotheses(沃尔夫假设):our language helps mould our way of thinking and,consequently,different languages may probably express speakers` unique ways of understanding the world.
Semantics(语义学):is the study of meaning,or more specifically,the study of linguistic units,words and sentences in particular.
sense relations(涵义关系):the sense of a word may be seen as network of its sense relation with others.
Syntax(句法):is the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents are combined to form sentences in a language,or the study of the interrelationships between elements in sentence structure.
syntax relations(句法关系):syntax relations can be analysed into three kinds: positional relations,relations of substitutability.and relations if co-occurrence
suprasegmentals(超音段特征):units which extend over more than one sound in an utterance.The principal suprasegmentals are syllable,stress,tone and intonation.
theory of conversational implicature(会话含义论):in real communication,the intention of the speaker is often not the literal meaning of what he or she says.the real intention implied in the words is called....
vowel(元音):a major category of sound segments proced without abstruction of the vocal tract so that air eascapes in a relatively unimpeded way through the mouth or the nose.
这个是定义考察
下面的是大题
Design features of language(语言的结构特征)
arbitrariness,ality,creativity,displacement,cultural transmission
functions of language 语言的功能
informative,interpersonal function,performative,emotive function,phatic communication,recreational function,metalingual function
Important distinctions in linguistics语言学重要差别
1,descriptive and prescriptive描写和规定
区别:the distinction lies in prescribing how things ought to be and describing how things are.
1：the linguistic study aims to describe and analyse the language people actually use.
2: the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for correct and standard "behavior" in using language.
2,synchronic and diachronic(共时和历时)
1:said of an approach that studies language at a theoretical point in time.
2:said of the study of development of language and languages over time.
3,language and parol(语言和言语)
1,the language system shared by a "speech community".
2,the concrete utterances of a speaker.
4,competence and performance（语言能力和应用）
1,unconscious knowledge of the system of grammatical rules in a language
2,the language actually used by people in speaking and writing.
语音学三领域:
articulatory phonetics(发音语音学
acoustic phonetics:(声学语言学)
perceptual or auditory phonetics:感知语音学和听觉语言学
theory of the illocutionary Act行事行为论:locutionary act发话行为,illocutionary act行事行为,
两种句子:performatives and constatives(施为句和叙事句)
cooperative principle合作原则:1,Maxim of Quantity.2,maxim of Quality.3,Maxim of relatiob.4,Maxim of manner.
沃尔夫假设重要理论:on one hand,language may determine our thinking patterns.,on the other hand,similarity between languages is relative.For two different speech communities,the greater there structure differentiation is,the more diverse their conceptualization of the word will be.
上个学期用过的 不知道你们老师是这么画的重点 凑合看看吧。。。
Ⅲ 大学英语语法必考知识点
大学英语语法必考知识点
导语：语法包含词的构词、构形的规则和组词成句的规则。下面是我整理的大学英语语法必考知识点，欢迎参考!
1. 语态和时态
—Do you see those people on the little sandy island?
—Yes, they _______ handkerchiefs for the last half hour. I wonder why.
A. were waving B. waved C. had waved D. have been waving
【正确答案】D
【高考考点】考查动词时态。现在完成进行时：表示一个从过去某一时刻开始的动作，一直延续到说话时还在进行或刚结束，句中常出现用for, since, how long等引导的时间状语。e.g. His telephone has been ringing for a long time.e.g. It has been raining since last Sunday. e.g. How long have you been wearing glasses?
【题干句意】“你有没有看见那些在小岛上的人?”“是的，我看见了。他们在过去的半小时里一直在挥手帕，我不知道为什么。”
【详细解析】这个挥手帕的动作是在半小时前开始的，然后一直在挥，一直挥到了说话的这个时候，所以我们用的是一个现在完成进行时，强调一个动作的持续。我们再来看一下其他几个时态：
A选项是were waving——过去进行时，它指的是：①过去某一时刻正在进行;②过去某一阶段正在进行;B.waved——过去时，过去某时间发生的且已完成的动作，所以我们知道A和B这两个时态都是和过去有关，而和现在是没有一点关系的，所以A和B这两个答案错了。
C. had waved——过去完成时：过去某一时刻或某一动作前完成的动作或状态，那么它所表达的时候是在过去的过去，例如：e.g. By the end of last year, we had built 5 new schools.到去年年底为止，我们已经建造了5所学校。首先，过去的时间是去年年底;而句子表达的意思是在去年年底之前，所以我们用过去完成时——had build.和现在是更加没有联系了，所以这个答案也是不正确的。
题干中的时间状语是“for the last half hour”，注意这个last不是指“最后的”，而是指“刚才的——在刚才的半个小时里”，那么往往呢句中出现last,或者是last half hour、recent这种词的话，我们一般都会选择现在完成进行时，因为它指的是“刚才”，那么肯定指“从刚才到现在”。所以本题答案是D.
2. 名词性从句
The information could be helpful to ____will take over the job.
A. those B. who C. whoever D. anyone
【正确答案】C
【高考考点】考查名词性从句，顾名思义就是名词，它可充当主语、表语、宾语和同位语，所以相应的名词性从句也分为有主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。此题考的就是介词to后的宾语从句。
【题干句意】“这个消息可能会对任何将接管这个工作的人有所帮助。”whoever = anyone who“任何怎么怎么样的人”所以这个答案是正确的。我们再来看其他几个答案为什么不对呢?高考英语语法必考点
【详细解析】A选项是those，如果those填在这里的话就会变成缺少关系代词who，如选those，那those will take over the job“那些人将会取代这个工作”，它就变成了一个独立的句子，而不是一个从句，更加就不是一个宾语从句了，所以从原则上说它是错误的，那么怎样改才是正确的呢?很简单，只要在这个those的后面加一个关系代词who，把它变成一个定语从句——those who will take over the job，“那些将要接管这个工作的人”，那么这样就可以了。
B选项是who在名词性从句中表示疑问，e.g. Who will take over the job has not been decided yet. D选项是anyone，错误的原因也是缺少关系代词who.
比较those who和anyone who，前者是“那些……的人”，后者表示“任何……的人”。区别就是在于those who是一个复数的概念，“那些人”，后面的谓语动词要用复数;而anyone who是表示任何一个人，后面要用单数的谓语动词。
3. 虚拟语气和情态动词
—David, we went to Lake Geneva for the weekend.
—That _______ a very nice change. I wish I had gone there.
A. must be B. must have been C. could be D. could have been
【正确答案】B
【高考考点】考查情态动词。
首先A和B里面都有must，must表推测，它表示“肯定…”，这个语气是非常确定的，百分之百的;那么当must表推测的时候呢，它还可以表示不同的时间，例如：
第一，must be表示的是“现在的状态”，He must be a teacher. 他肯定是一个老师。
第二，must be doing表示“现在进行的动作”，They must be having a meeting in the office.他们现在肯定正在办公室里开会。
第三，must have done表示“过去发生的事情”，You must have met him yesterday.你昨天肯定见过他了。让我们看一下将“must have been”填到题干里面是否正确?句意：“David,我们周末去了日内瓦湖。”“哦，那肯定是一个非常好的改变，我希望我也去那里了。”这里是表示一个肯定的推测;又因为是上个周末的事情，说明这件事情已经发生了，我们所以用B. must have been,而不是A。
【详细解析】C选项是could轻微的怀疑或委婉的陈述看法，“可能”e.g. His story could be true, but I hardly think it is.他所说的这个故事可能是真的，但是我基本上不相信。
D选项是could have done虚拟语气，某事过去有可能发生而实际没有，“本来可以”，表示惋惜、遗憾e.g. The accident could have been prevented.这个车祸原本是可以避免的。e.g. You could have done better, but you didn't try your best.你原本是可以做的更好的，但是你并没有尽自己最大的努力。
4. 代词
Knowledge begins to increase as soon as one indivial communicates his ideas to _______ by means of speech.
A. other B. another C. the other D. an other
【正确答案】B
【高考考点】考查代词
【详细解析】other用作代词时，意为“另一个”、“别人”，不单独使用：the other, others, the others.
1. the other ① 两者中的另一个，与one连用(就两者)，one hand / the other hand ② 用作定语 + [pl.]，另一方中的“全部其余的” I like this book, and I like the other books too. 我喜欢这本书，我也喜欢其他所有的书。
2. others是other的.[pl.]，泛指“别的人或物”(但不含全部) 。e.g. Some are carrying water; others are watering the trees. 一些人在提水，另外一些人在浇树。(others指的“其他人”不是剩下的全部，而是“一部分”)
3. the others是the other的复数形式，特指“全部其余的人或物”。e.g. I have ten pencils. Two of them are red, and the others are blue.我有10支铅笔，其中的两支是红色的，其余的(8只)是蓝色的。
4. another用作代词时，常与one组合构成one …another，“另一个人”、“另一回事”，指同一组内的两个个体。e.g. One person may like fishing, while another may prefer hunting.一个人可能是喜欢钓鱼，而另一个可能喜欢打猎。(世界上不可能有2个人，所以它指的是没有一个特指的，“其他一个人”)
【题干句意】知识是开始增加的，当一个个人把他的想法通过语言表达给另一个人的时候。这里指的是另一个人，并没有一个特指的范围说是谁，是哪里的另外一个人，所以用one …another。D选项没有这种用法。
5. 非谓语动词
Almost every one of the graates wants to deliver the keynote speech at the graation ceremony. For the speaker, _______is an honour.
A. invited B. being invited C. be invited D. inviting
【正确答案】B
【高考考点】考查非谓语
【详细解析】遇到动词要考虑四点：① 先判断是谓语还是非谓语;② 主语;③ 主语和非谓语动词的主/被动关系;④ 非谓语动词与谓语动词的时间关系e.g. Being exposedto the sun for too much time will do harm to one's skin.在太阳下暴露太久对皮肤有害。 e.g. The girl's being ecated in a good environment is what her parents have expected.这个女孩在一个良好的环境中受到教育是她父母所期望的。
A选项 invited是过去分词不能充当主语。C选项be invited不是非谓语形式。非谓语要么是to do不定式，要么是动名词ing，要么是现在分词ing,或者是过去分词ed. D选项语态错误，应该用被动。
;Ⅳ 专升本考试：大学英语语法复习重点
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一. 虚拟语气
1.She would have come if we invited her.
这是与过去事实相反的虚拟假设，从句应该用过去完成时。所以在 we 后加 had.
2.My suggestion is that we would send a few people to help them.
suggestion 的表语从句也应用虚拟语气，必须用should加动词原形，should可以省略。此处去掉would 或把would 改为should。
3.The secretary wishes that she has time to type the letter now.
wish 后的时态应该把真实时态往后推一个时态，所以把has改为had。
4.It’s time that we go to bed.
句式为It’s time sb did sth 所以把 go 改为 went。
5.I would rather you have another try tomorrow.
词组为would rather sb did sth. 所以把have改为had。
二. there be句式
6.There are a bag and several books on the table.
There be 句式遵循谓语动词就近原则，a bag为单数，所以把are改为is。
7.There were several people stood at the back of the room.
There be句式的谓语动词为be动词，句中其他的动词应为非谓语动词。所以把stood改为standing.
三. 修饰语在句中的位置不当
8.We almost have written twenty compositions this term.
像almost这样的副词在句中放在助动词、be动词之后，实意动词之前。因此把almost放在have后面。
9.The girl has beautiful, silky hair who lives high in the mountains.
定语从句应紧跟先行词，所以改为：The girl, who lives high in the mountains, has beautiful, silky hair.
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