A. 苏教版高一英语必修一语法知识点总结
一. 直接引语和间接引语 (一)直接引述别人的原话,叫做直接引语;用自己话转述别人的话,叫做间接引语。间接引语一般构成宾语从句。直接引语必须放在引号内,间接引语则不用引号。直接引语改为间接引语时,除将引语部分变成宾语从句外,还必须对直接引语中的人称、时态、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等进行改变。 1. 时态的变化:直接引语变为间接引语时,通常受转述动词said, asked等的影响而使用过去化的时态,即把原来的时态向过去推,也就是一般现在时变为一般过去时,现在进行时变为过去进行时,等等。例如: Tom said to me,“My brother is doing his homework.” →Tom said to me that his brother was doing his homework. 2. 人称代词、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等等的变化: 根据意义进行相应的变化,例如: She asked Jack,“Where have you been?” →She asked Jack where he had been. He said,“These books are mine.” →He said that those books were his. (二)直接引语改为间接引语时,都使用陈述语序,但是因为原句的句式不同,所以变成间接引语时所用的连词会有所不同。直接引语如果是一般疑问句,用连接词whether或if;如果是特殊疑问句,则用疑问词引导间接引语。转述的动词一般用asked,可以在其后加上一个间接宾语me, him, her, us等。如: She said,“Is your father at home?” →She asked me if/whether my father was at home. “What do you do every Sunday?”My friend asked me. →My friend asked me what I did every Sunday. 直接引语如果是祈使句,改为间接引语时,要将祈使句的动词原形变为带to的不定式,并在不定式的前面根据原句的语气(即请求或命令)加上ask, tell, order等动词,如果祈使句为否定式,则在不定式前加not。其句型为:ask / tell / order someone (not) to do something. 例如: She said to us,“Please sit down.” →She asked us to sit down. He said to him,“Go away!” →He ordered him to go away. He said, “Don’t make so much noise, boys.” →He told the boys not to make so much noise. 二. 各种时态的被动语态 被动语态概述 被动语态的概念:它是动词的一种形式,表示主语与谓语之间的执行或被执行关系。主动语态表示主语是谓语动作的执行者,例如:They saw the little boy crying by the river. 被动语态表示主语是谓语动作的承受者,例如:The little boy was seen crying by the river. 被动语态的构成 被动语态的形式是由“助动词be+动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be随着主语的人称、数、时态等的不同而变化。几种常见时态的被动语态形式如下: 1. 一般现在时 am/is/are + 过去分词 例如:Rice is planted in the south of China. 2. 一般过去时 was/were + 过去分词 例如:These trees were planted the year before last. 3. 一般将来时 will/shall + be + 过去分词 例如:A sports meeting will be held next week in our school. 4. 现在进行时 am/is/are + being + 过去分词 例如:Your radio is being repaired now. 5. 过去进行时 was/were + being + 过去分词 When he got there, the problem was being discussed. 6. 现在完成时 have/has + been + 过去分词 His work has been finished. Has his work been finished? Yes, it has. / No, it hasn’t. 7. 过去完成时 had + been + 过去分词 注意: 1.除了be之外的其它系动词如get, stay等也可以和过去分词构成被动语态。例如:Their questions haven’t got answered. 2. 含有情态动词的谓语变成被动语态使用“情态动词+ be + 过去分词”结构。例如: More attention should be paid to the old in this country. This work can’t be done until Mr. Black comes. 3. 含有“be going to”, “be to”等结构的谓语,其被动语态分别用“be going to + be + 过去分词”和“be to + be + 过去分词”。例如: The problem is going to be discussed at the next meeting. All these books are to be taken to the library. 4. 被动语态与系表结构的区别:“连系动词+用作表语的过去分词”构成的系表结构,与被动语态的形式完全一样,所以应注意它们的区别。被动语态中的过去分词是动词,多强调动作;系表结构中的过去分词相当于形容词,多强调状态。前者通常可用by 引出动作的执行者,而后者则不可以。例如: The map was changed by someone.(被动结构) That custom remained unchanged for many centuries.(系表结构) 系表结构中的过去分词通常可被very修饰,被动语态中的过去分词往往要用much修饰。 例如: He was very excited.(系表结构) He was much excited by her words.(被动结构) 5. 主动形式表被动意义。有些动词的主动形式有被动意味,如 open, read, sell, shut, wash, wear, write等。此时句子的主语一般是物。例如: These books sell well. 这些书很畅销。 The door won’t shut. 这门关不上。 The clothes wash well. 这些衣服很好洗。
Unit 11. 词组: add up add up to add… to… add to calm… down have got to be concerned about / with walk the dog cheat … of go through go ahead go by set down set up set off set out a series of on purpose by accident/ chance in order to so as to in order that so as that at sk at dawn at midnight at noon face to face no longer not … any longer settle down suffer from recover from get/ be tired of make a list of list pack… up get along/ on with fall in love be grateful to sb. for sth. join in take part in join attend make sb/ sth + 宾语补足语 have something/ anything/ everything /nothing to do with it’s because….. +原因 it’s why…. + 结果 dare + (to) do (实义动词) do (情态动词) a year and a half it’s no pleasure+ doing sth happen to do sth have trouble with sb (in) doing sth exactly find it + adj. + to do sth make friends with swap … with it is / was + 序数词 + that + has done / had done ….unit 2词组: because of come up come up with come in come on come out actually in fact as a matter of fact in reality be based on at present make use of make full/ good use of such as play a part/ role in recognize … as more than one + 谓语用单数 at the end of in the end at an end voyage tour travel journey than ever before even if / though communicate with those + 定语从句 用who 1600’s 1980s in + 物主代词 + 数字的复数 in his forties the former the latter a number of the number of make sense usage VS use believe it or not there is no such + 名词 (不加冠词) the way + in which / that /省略 especially specially straight adj/ advunit 3词组: prefer to do , rather than do would rather do , than do would do , rather than do fare VS fee ever since it’s is / has been + 时间段 + since 从句 graate from/ in be fond of cut across cut up cut down care about care for determine to do sth = be determined to do sth change one’s mind make up one’s mind at an altitude of give in give up give off give out give away keep pace with as usual bend over take the advantage of persuade sb to do sth / into doing sth not to do sth/ out of doing sth advise sb to do sth try to persuade sb to do sth although though grow up insist on put up put down put off put on put away can hardly wait to do sth bend over take the advantage of persuade sb to do sth / into doing sth not to do sth/ out of doing sth advise sb to do sth try to persuade sb to do sth although though grow up insist on put up put down put off put on put away can hardly wait to do sth unit 4词组:right away at once immediately burst into laughter/ tears burst out doing sth as if / though in ruins injure wound hurt destroy damage be trapped in dig out bury oneself in doing sth rise raise arise too… to be away it seems as if + 陈述语气/ 虚拟语气 act out be pleased / willing/ glad to do sthhonor in honor of be proud of express my thanks to unit 5词组: of high/ good quality devote to + doing found VS set up in principle in peace out of work in work out of control in control vote for vote against be equal to in trouble turn to turn on / off turn up / down lose heart lose one’s heart escape from / + doing sth come to power / in power be sentenced to in one’s opinion fight for / against blow up dream of/ about imagine doing sth the first time for the first time 语法点1. whether VS if 的用法2. tell sb to do sth ask sb not to do sth 3. be + doing 表将来4. 定语从句: 只用that 的情况 只用who 的情况 只用which的情况 as VS which the same … as / that… such… as as … as 介词+ which/ whom which 引导一个句子的用法 非限制性定语从句which 引导一个句子的用法 非限制性定语从句 插入语 I think I believe I guess I thought 间隔式定语从句 Is this car the one he bought last year? Is this the car he bought last year? What 的用法5. will be done be about to be done be to be done be going to be done 6. has/ have been done 7. be being done 加always 表示一种厌烦等语气8. 强调句 it is + 被强调部分 + that 从句 It is not until + 时间 + that 从句 特殊疑问词 + is it that 从句 9. 倒装句 部分否定,含有否定词的 hardly never little only seldom 等, 把情态动词,be 动词, 助动词提到主语 的前面10. as if , insist suggest request command ,从句用虚拟语气, 用(should) do 。
B. 人教版高一英语语法知识点总结
高中英语语法难在复杂,要记忆的知识点太多、太杂,我结合高中的语法要求大纲简单总结了我个人认为比较主要的知识点。大体把握思路,知道都有哪些知识点,然后多看、多做题,总结经常错的知识点,其实知识点是有限的,只要多看几遍,多过滤几遍,就会发现漏网之鱼已经很少了。
高一英语语法重点总结:被动语态
高中英语 被动语态的概念
语态也是动词的一种形式,表示主语与谓语之间的关系。
英语有两种语态:主动语态和被动语态。
主动语态表示主语是谓语动作的执行者~如:People grew rice in this area some years ago.
被动语态表示主语是谓语动作的承受者,如:A new swimming pool will be built on our school.
高中英语 被动语态的使用时机
被动语态的使用往往不是任意的,而是按照表达思想,描述事物的需要,通常在下列情况下使用被动语态。
高中英语 被动语态的构成
被动语态的形式是由“助动词be+动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be随着主语的人称、数、时态和语气的不同而变化。
高一英语语法重点总结 :语法句型
1.this/it is the first time...
the first time后面的从句用现在完成时,当be动词为was时,从句用过去完成时。
2.时间状语从句
时间状语从句通常由when,while,as,after,before,since,until等连词引导。
when引导的从句表示主从句的动作同时发生,或从句的动作在主句之前。when引导的从句的谓语动词可以是连续性动词,又可以是非延续性动词。
while引导的从句的谓语动词必须是延续性的,并强调主句和从句的动作同时发生或者相对应,有时还可表示对比。
as表示“一边...一边...”,as引导的动作是延续性的动作,一般用于主句和从句同时发生;as也可以强调“一先一后”。
由till或until引导的时间状语从句。一般情况下可互换,但在强调句型中多用until。主句中的谓语动词是非延续性动词,从句必须用否定形式;如果主句中的谓语动词是延续性动词,从句肯否皆可。till不可以用在句首,until可以。
3.原因状语从句
引导原因状语从句的常用连词有because,as,since,now that。
4.被动句
被动语态表示主语为动作的承受者,只有及物动词才有被动语态
C. 高一英语语法知识点梳理总结
英语语法是高中英语一个非常重要的知识点,那么同学们对于高一语法知识点梳理总结过吗?下面是由我为大家整理的“高一英语语法知识点梳理总结”,仅供参考,欢迎大家阅读。
高一英语语法知识点梳理总结
高一英语语法总结1
主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况:
(1)if引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。
(2)Itissaid/reported…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如:
正确表达:.
错误表达:.
(3)Ithappens/occurs…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如:
正确表达:.
错误表达:.
(4)Itdoesn’tmatterhow/whether…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如:
正确表达绝枣:Itdoesn’tmatterwhetherheiswrongornot.
错误表达:Whetherheiswrongornotdoesn’tmatter.
(5)含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时,主语从句不可提前。例如:
正确表达:?
饥衫错误表达:?
高一英语语法总结2
1.because of因为……(注意和because 的区烂宏腔别)
2.even if(=even thoug)即使,用来引导让步状语从句
3.come up走上前来,走近,发生,出现 come up with 追上,赶上,提出
4.communicate with sb和某人交流
5.be different from…与……不同
be different in…在……方面不同
Most of my projects are different in performance.我多数作品的演奏风格都不同。
6.be based on以……为基础
7.at present目前,眼下for the present眼前;暂时
8.make(good/better/full)use of
9.the latter后者 the former前者
10.a large number of大量的 the number of…的数量
11.such as例如
12.hold on坚持住,握住不放;(打电话时)等—会
13.…you will hear the difference in the way(that/in which)people speak.
你会听出人们在说话时的差异。
14.play a role/part(in)在…中担任角色;在…中起作用;扮演一个角色
15.the same…as…与……一样
16.at the top of…在…顶上
at the bottom of在……底部
17.bring up教养,养育;提出
18.request sb(not)to do sth.要求某人做/不要做某事
19.be satisfied with…对……感到满意,满足于
20.suggest v.(request,insist…)
I suggested you do what he says.我建议你按照他说的去做。
I suggest you not go tomorrow.我想你明天还是不要去了。
His pale face suggested that he was in bad health.他苍白的脸色暗示了他身体不好。
注意:insist 意思为“坚持要求”时后面的that从句用虚拟语气;如果insist 意为“强调,坚持认为”的时候,从句可以用任何所需要的时态。例如:She insisted that she didn’t tell a lie.她坚持认为她没撒谎。
21.according to…按照…根据…
高一英语语法总结3
since的四种用法
1) since +过去一个时间点 (如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six)。 I have been here since 1989.
2) since +一段时间+ ago
I have been here since five months ago.
3) since +从句
Great changes have taken place since you left.
Considerable time has elapsed since we have been here.
4) It is +一段时间+ since从句
It is two years since I became a postgraate student.
高一英语语法总结4
过去进行时
1. 表示过去某时正在进行的动作。
[例句] He was sleeping when Mary came to see him.
2. 动词go, come, leave, arrive, start等的过去进行时常表过去将来时。
[例句] She said she was going to Beijing the day after tomorrow.
高一英语语法总结5
表语从句
表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句,放在系动词之后,一般结构是“主语+连系动词+表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, remain, seem等。引导表语从句的that常可省略。另外,常用的还有the reason is that… 和It is because 等结构。例如:
1) The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.
2) This is why we can't get the support of the people.
3) But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.
4) The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.
拓展阅读:高一地理必修一知识点整理总结
高一地理必修一宇宙环境知识点整理
一、重点内容分析:
人类对宇宙的认识在不断深化
宇宙是物质的、运动的
宇宙中物质的存在形式:天体(会举例:恒星等;还有星际空间的气体和尘埃)
天体之间相互吸引和绕转形成:天体系统
天体系统的层次:地月系——太阳系——银河系——总星系
河外星系——总星系
地球是太阳系中一颗既普通又特殊的行星、地球的宇宙环境、地球上生命存在的原因
太阳系图:八大行星按结构特征的分类及各自的成员(地球的普通性)
小行星带的位置
彗星
中心天体:太阳(质量最大)
地球上生命存在的原因(地球的特殊性)
宇宙环境的原因:八大行星各行其道,互不干扰;太阳光照稳定
地球自身的原因:适宜的日地距;适宜的体积与质量
太阳的能量来源及其对地球的重大的影响
来源:太阳中心的核聚变
影响:是自然界水、大气、生物循环的主要动力;生产和生活的能量(太阳能和化石燃料)
太阳黑子和耀斑对地球的影响
太阳大气分层太阳活动类型太阳活动比较对地球影响
光球层黑子多少和大小是太阳活动强弱的标志对气候:降水与黑子数的相关性干扰电离层,影响短波通讯干扰地球磁场,引起磁暴
色球层耀斑最强烈的太阳活动显示;但两者常相伴出现,活动周期为11年
地球自转的方向及周期
自转方向:自东向西;北极逆时针;南极顺时针
周期:1个恒星日
昼夜更替和地方时产生的原因——地球自转产生的现象之一、二
昼夜更替
晨昏线的含义、位置
太阳高度的概念:昼半球和夜半球的太阳高度?晨昏线上的太阳高度=0
昼夜更替的周期及意义:1个太阳日(24小时)
不同经度地方时不同
自西向东自转:地方时东早西晚;每15经度地方时差1小时
地转偏向力对地表水平运动物体的影响——地球自转产生的现象之三
南半球左偏;北半球右偏;赤道处不偏
影响:风向;洋流;河流两岸冲刷和泥沙堆积状况
地球公转的方向、轨道、周期、黄赤交角
公转方向:同自转相同
公转轨道:近似正圆的椭圆;近日点和远日点的位置及大致日期
周期:1个恒星年
速度的变化:近日点最快;远日点最慢
黄赤交角(体现自转和公转的关系)
重视黄赤交角的立体图和平面图:
理解图上重要的点、线、面、角及其关系,并要求会画、会描述
地轴、晨昏线、赤道面、黄道面、南北回归线、南北极圈、太阳直射光线(点)
黄赤交角与地轴的轨道倾角的关系
黄赤交角的影响:太阳直射点在地表位置的移动——地表太阳辐射量的时间分配变化
明确太阳直射点的移动规律及周期:——以1回归年为周期,在南北回归
线间往返移动(线上有一次直射;线间有两次直射)
黄赤交角的变化会导致五带范围的什么变化?
“二分二至图”
地球位置及相应的日期和节气、公转方向、地轴指向、近远日点的大致位置、公转速度的变化
10、四季与五带的形成
地球公转产生的地理现象
正午太阳高度角的周年变化:
同日不同纬度的分布规律:由直射点所在纬线向南北降低(二分二至日)
同纬度不同季节的变化:近大远小(6月22日前后?12月22日前后?)
昼夜长短的周年变化:
直射点所在半球昼长于夜,纬度越高昼越长
直射点移向的半球昼渐长
6月22日前后,北半球?——北半球各纬度昼最长夜最短,北极圈及其以内有极昼
12月22日前后,北半球?——北半球各纬度昼最短夜最长,北极圈及以内有极夜
春秋分日?——全球各地昼夜平分
赤道?——全年昼夜平分
四季的划分:(中纬度明显)
正午太阳高度和昼夜长短的季节变化——太阳最高、白昼最长的时间为天文夏季
太阳最低、白昼最短的时间为天文冬季
高一地理必修一知识点总结:大气环境
一、重点内容分析
1、大气的组成及氮、氧、二氧化碳、水汽、臭氧和固体杂质等主要成分的作用
低层大气组成:稳定比例的干洁空气(氧氮为主)、含量不稳定的水汽、固体杂质
氮--生物体基本成分
氧--生命活动必需的物质
二氧化碳--光合作用原料;保温作用
臭氧--地球生命保护伞,吸收紫外线
水汽和固体杂质--成云致雨;杂质:凝结核
2、大气的垂直分层及各层对人类活动的影响
大气分层气温随高度变化气流状况其它特征与人类关系
对流层越高越低对流占3/4大气质量;水汽和尘埃;各纬度层高不一致天气现象
平流层越高越高平流高空飞行;存在臭氧层
高层大气存在电离层(无线电通讯;太阳活动干扰短波通讯
3、大气的受热过程
(1)根本能量源:太阳辐射(各类辐射的波长范围及太阳辐射的性质--短波辐射)
(2)大气的受热过程(大气的热力作用)--太阳晒热大地,大地烤热大气
大气对太阳辐射的削弱作用:三种形式及各自现象(用实例说明)
影响削弱大小的主要原因:太阳高度角(各纬度削弱不同)
大气对地面的保温作用:
了解地面辐射(红外线长波辐射);大气辐射(红外线长波辐射)
保温作用的过程:大气强烈吸收地面长波辐射;大气逆辐射将热量还给地面
(图示及实例说明--如霜冻出现时间;日温差大小的比较)
保温作用的意义:减少气温的日较差;保证地球适宜温度;维持全球热量平衡
4、大气垂直运动和水平运动的成因
(1)大气运动的根本原因:冷热不均(各纬度之间;海陆之间)
高一地理必修一知识点归纳:气压
中心气压水平气流方向垂直气流方向中心天气状况举例其它影响
气旋低北逆南顺向上阴雨亚洲低压沿槽线形成锋面
反气旋高南顺北逆向下晴亚洲高压
锋面气旋(重要!)
要求:图上每一个天气系统的识别;
不同地点所受天气系统的控制及出现的天气现象
8、地理位置、大气环流、地形等因素对气候的影响
气候因子分析
地理位置
A纬度位置:决定太阳辐射——气候差异的最基本原因——决定热量或气温
B海陆位置:
例如温带海洋性气候和温带大陆性气候;海洋性气候温差小,湿度较大;大陆性反之
大陆东岸季风气候形成是由于海陆之间的热力性质的差异
大气环流(气压带和风带)
特点:双重性质——各纬度、海陆之间水热交换;直接控制某地气候特点(水热状况)
下垫面(地表状况);最近地面大气直接热源与水源
其它影响气候的因素:人类活动、洋流(寒流降温减湿;暖流增温增湿)
气候类型
气候特点(会判断气温降水图;会描述)
气候要素:气温、降水
以温定带——月均温在15度以上,为热带气候
月均温最低在0-15度,为亚热带气候
月均温最低在0以下,温带气候(温带海洋性气候除外)
以水定型——热带气候分为四种:
热带雨林气候:全年多雨;
热带沙漠气候:全年干旱;
热带季风气候:旱雨两季
热带草原气候:旱雨两季
亚热带气候分为两种:
亚热带季风气候:雨热同期
亚热带地中海气候:冬雨夏干
温带气候分为三种:
温带季风气候:雨热同期
温带大陆性气候:全年少雨
温带海洋性气候:全年湿润
气候成因
季风气候成因:三种季风气候
气压带和风带交替控制气候:
地中海气候(副高和西风);热带草原气候(信风和赤道低压)
单一气压带和风带控制气候:
热带雨林气候(赤道低压);温带海洋性气候(西风)
气候分布
大陆东岸气候:三种季风气候
大陆西岸气候:地中海气候、温带海洋性气候
大陆内部气候:温带大陆性气候
9、地球温室效应、臭氧层的破坏、酸雨等现象产生的原因及危害
现象产生原因污染物危害对策
温室效应燃烧矿石燃料毁林特别是热带森林的破坏二氧化碳
海平面上升(原因?)对沿海低地构成直接威胁引起各地区降水和干湿状况的变化,进而导致世界各国经济结构的变化(具体表现?)
提高能源利用率,采用新能源;努力加强国际间的合作;植树造林
臭氧层的破坏使用制冷设备等消耗臭氧物质氟氯烃等太阳紫外辐射增加:直接危害人体健康;对生态环境和农林牧渔业造成破坏
全球合作,减少消耗臭氧层物质的排放;积极研制新型制冷系统
酸雨燃烧化石燃料(主要是燃煤);汽车尾气排放二氧化硫和氧化氮等酸性气体
水体酸化,影响鱼类生长乃至死亡;酸化土壤,危害森林和农作物生长;腐蚀建筑物和文物古迹危及人体健康
最根本途径:减少人为硫氧化物和氮氧化物的排放——研究煤炭中硫资源的综合开发和利用(如清洁煤技术;清洁燃烧技术;废气再利用)燃烧低硫煤或其它清洁能源。
D. 人教高一英语必修一语法点
Unit 1 Friendship
I. Words and Phrases
1. Are you good to your friends? 你对你的朋友好吗?
be good to=be kind to:对......友善 (opp.) be bad to
eg: Thought he looks cold, in fact, he is always good to others.
尽管他看起来冷淡,但实际上他一向对人友善。
拓展: ⑴.be good at sth./doing sth. 擅长于(做)......
⑵.be good for 对......有好处/有益 (opp.) be bad for
★ ⑶.do good(n.) to 给......带来好处或益处
eg: Eat more fruit, and it will do good to you.
多吃水果,那会使你受益。 (opp.) do harm to
2. Make the following survey.
`survey (n.) 调查,测验;民意调查,民意测验
eg: ①.The school carried out a survey to find who is the most popular among students.
学校进行了一次调查,看看谁在学生中最受欢迎。
②.In order to know what the people need most, the government has done many surveys.
为了弄清楚人们最迫切的需要,政府进行了多次民意测验。
sur`vey (v.) 调查,测验;进行民意调查,进行民意测验
eg: We surveyed 500 smokers and found over three quarters would like to give up.
我们对500个吸烟者进行了调查,发现四分之三的人想要戒烟。
语法专题训练:
一、用who, which, whose, that, when, where, why填空。
1. This was the best model of radio set ________ the factory made in 2001.
2. Do you know anyone ________ knows about the history of the pyramids?
3. We have visited the factory, ________ my grandfather once worked.
4. We'll never forget the day ________ we traveled abroad.
E. 高一英语必修一必修二语法归纳
主要语法有;引语,应该注意,当把直接引语变成间接引语时,主语要随着语景进行逻辑变化;而谓语的变化是最重要的,要把现在的时态变成相应的过去时态。如果直接引语是一般过去时,就要变成过去完成时。如果直接引语是一般将来时,就不变。还有几种情况不变的;直接引语叙述的是客观真理,直接引语里有一个非常具体的时间状语,如;in
1998等,也不变。再就是时间状语,地点状语都有些变化,你要看书后的列表。还有各种句型在变间接引语时要注意的问题。
定语从句;由关系代词引导的定语,要注意两条;先要看先行词是什么(人/物),再要看在从句里作什么,也就是充当什么成分,最后决定用什么关系代词。以上是一册里的语法。
第二册有,关系副词引导的定语从句,关键也要记住上边
提到的两条。还有被动语态。主要是谓语动词的变化,最基本的是;be加过去分词,各种时态都是在be上变化。其实高一真没有太多太难的语法,多看看书,一定能学好。祝你成功!
F. 高一英语语法汇总
高一英语必修一语法要点
一. 一般现在时
1. 表示主语现在所处的状态及其所具备的特征、性格、能力等
例如:I am a girl.
2. 表示习惯性、经常性的动作
例如:I usually go to bed at 9:00.
3. 标志性的词语
Always often sometimes now and then
4. 若助于为第三人称单数(he she it)则动词要用单三现
二. 现在进行时
1. 说话时正在进行的动作
例如:I am reading.
2.表示即将发生的动作,多用于go come start leave return arrive stay fly等词语之中,句子中常常有时间状语
例如:The plane is going to Beijing.
3.当句子中出现了always 、forever 、constantly 、continually 、
All the time等
例如:I am always thinking of you.
三. 倍数比较
1.A+系动词+倍数词+as+ adj \adv的原型+as+B
例如:The class is twice as big as that one.
2.A+系动词+倍数词+adj\adv的比较级+than+B
例如:The class is twice bigger than that class.
3.A+系动词+倍数词+the size\amount(数量)\ength\width\height
\depth\+of+B
例如:The class is twice the size of that class.
四. With的复合结构
1. With+宾语+宾语补足语
宾语补足语根据逻辑意义的不同可以是不同的词语,如形容词、现在分词、过去分词、副词、介词短语、不定式等,with在复合结构中常作状语
2.常用结构
○1with+宾语+doing
表主动与进行
例如:Tom was quite safe with Lucy standing behind him.
○2with+宾语+done
表被动与完成
例如:With all things she need bought,she went home.
○3with+宾语+to do
表将来
例如:With so many thing to deal with.
五. 现在完成进行时
现在完成进行时
1.基本表达式(I have been doing )
I/ we/ you/ they have been doing sth.
he/ she/ it has been doing sth.
2.表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作,并且还将持续下去。
The Chinese have been making paper for two thousand years.
中国有2000年的造纸历史。(动作还将继续下去)
I have been learning English since three years ago.
自从三年前以来我一直在学英语。(动作还将继续下去)
3.表示在说话时刻之前到现在正在进行的动作。
We have been waiting for you for half an hour.
我们已经等你半个钟头了(人还没到,如同在电话里说的,还会继续等)
4.有些现在完成进行时的句子等同的句子。
例如:They have been living in this city for ten years.
They have lived in this city for ten years.
他们在这个城市已经住了10年了。
I have been working here for five years.
I have worked here for five years.
我在这里已经工作五年了。
5.大多数现在完成进行时的句子不等同于现在完成时的句子。
例如:I have been writing a book.(动作还将继续下去)
我一直在写一本书。
I have written a book.(动作已经完成)
我已经写了一本书。
They have been building a bridge.
他们一直在造一座桥。
They have built a bridge.
他们造了一座桥。
6.表示状态的动词不能用于现在完成进行时。
例如:I have known him for years.
我认识他已经好几年了。
I have been knowing...
这类不能用于现在完成进行时的动词还有:love爱,like喜欢, hate讨厌,等。
注意:比较过去时与现在完成时
1.过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作;现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响。
2.过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语。
一般过去时的时间状语:
yesterday, last week,…ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具体的时间状语
共同的时间状语:
this morning, tonight,this April, now, once,before, already, recently,lately
现在完成时的时间状语
for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always,
不确定的时间状语
3.现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性的,如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.
过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。
例如: I saw this film yesterday.
(强调看的动作发生过了。)
I have seen this film.
(强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了。)
Why did you get up so early?
(强调起床的动作已发生过了。)
Who hasn't handed in his paper?
(强调有卷子,可能为不公平竞争。)
She has returned from Paris.
她已从巴黎回来了。
She returned yesterday.
她是昨天回来了。
He has been in the League for three years.
(在团内的状态可延续)
He has been a League member for three years.
(是团员的状态可持续)
He joined the League three years ago.
( 三年前入团,joined为短暂行为。)
I have finished my homework now.
---Will somebody go and get Dr. White?
---He's already been sent for.
句子中如有过去时的时间副词(如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960)时,不能使用现在完成时,要用过去时。
(错)Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. (对)Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
六.过去完成时
1. 概念:表示过去的过去
其构成是had +过去分词构成。
那时以前 那时 现在
2. 用法
a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。
She said (that) she had never been to Paris.
b. 状语从句
在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中,发生在先,用过去完成时;发生在后,用一般过去时。
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.
c. 表示意向的动词,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用过去完成时表示"原本…,未能…"
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
3.过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。
例如:He said that he had learned some English before.
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
七.现在完成进行时
1.其构成形式如下:
I / we / they have been + 动词的现在分词
He / she / it has been + 动词的现在分词 功用如下:
2. 表示一个在过去开始而在最近刚刚结束的行动,如:
Ann is very tired. She has been working hard.
Why are you clothes so dirty? What have you been doing?
3.表示一个从过去开始但仍在进行的行动,如:
It has been raining for two hours. (现在还在下)
Jack hasn’t been feeling very well recently.
4. 表示一个从过去开始延续到现在,可以包括现在在内的一个阶段内,重复发生的行动,如:
She has been playing tennis since she was eight.
5. 现在完成时强调动作行为的结果、影响,而现在完成进行时只强调动作行为本身,如:
Tom’s hands are very dirty. He has been repairing the car.
The car is going again now. Tom has repaired it.
注意:
现在完成时有否定结构、而现在完成进行时没有否定结构。 现在完成时态可表示做完的时期以及已有的经验、但现在完成进行时不可以 现在完成进行时的否定结构 现在完成进行时有时也可用否定结构。
如: Since that unfortunate accident last week, I haven’t been sleeping at all well. 自从上周发生了那次不幸事故之后,我一直睡得很不好.
He hasn’t been working for me and I haven’t has that much contact with him. 他并没有给我工作过,我和他没有过那许多接触。
6.否定句构成:
主语+has/have+not+been+现在分词
7.一般疑问句构成:
Have/has+主语+been+现在分词+其他