Ⅰ 小学英语基础语法知识点
小学英语基础语法知识点
语法有两个含义，一指语法结构规律本身，即语法事实;一指语法学，是探索并描写语法结构的科学，是语法学者对客观存在的语法体系的认识和说明。以下是关于小学英语基础语法知识点，希望大家认真阅读!
(一)名词单复数
1.一般情况，直接加-s，如：
book-books
bag-bags
cat-cats
bed-beds
2.以s、x、 sh、 ch结尾，加-es，如：
bus-buses
box-boxes
brush-brushes
watch-watches
3.以“辅音字母+y”结尾，变y为i, 再加-es，如：
family-families
strawberry-strawberries
4.以“f或fe”结尾，变f或fe为v, 再加-es，如：
knife-knives
5.不规则名词复数：
man-men
woman-women
policeman-policemen
policewoman-policewomen
mouse-mice
child-children
foot-feet
tooth-teeth
fish-fish
people-people
Chinese-Chinese
Japanese-Japanese
不可数名词的复数就是原型： paper, juice, water, milk, rice, tea
(二)名词的格
1. 有生命的东西的.名词所有格：
(1) 单数后加 ’s 如: Lucy’s ruler my father’s shirt
(2)以s 结尾的复数名词后加 ’如: his friends’ bags
(3)不以s 结尾的复数后加 ’s children’s shoes
注：并列名词中，如果把 ’s加在最后一个名词后，表示共有, 如:
Tom and Mike’s car 汤姆和迈克共有的小汽车
要表示所有物不是共有的，应分别在并列名词后加’s，如：
Tom’s and Mike’s cars 汤姆和麦克各自的小汽车
2.表示无生命东西的名词通常用“ of +名词”来表示所有关系，如：
a picture of the classroom
a map of China
;Ⅱ 大学英语六级基础语法知识：虚拟语气
大学英语六级基础语法知识1. 表示现在/过去/将来情况的虚拟条件句
虚拟条件句主要有三种结构：
1)表示与现在情况相反：主句谓语用“would / could / might +动词原形”，从句谓语用“动词的一般过去时”(动词be的过去式一律用were)。
If I were you, I would not accept his offer.
If I had time, I would certainly go to the cinema with you.
2) 表示与过去情况相反：主句谓语用“would / could / might + have +过去分词”，从句谓语用过去完成时。
If I had got up a little earlier, I wouldn’t have missed the train.
If I had been more careful, I might have passed that exam.
3) 表示与将来情况相反：主句谓语用“would / could / might +动词原形”，从句谓语用“were +动词不定式”或“should +动词原形”。
If I were to do the job, I would not be able to have enough time to study.
If it should rain tomorrow, I would not go out with you.
大学英语六级基础语法知识2. 虚拟条件句连接词if的省略
如果虚拟条件句的从句中含有were, had, should, could等词时，可以省略连接词if，但这时必须把were, had, should, could等词移到主语前面，形成倒装。这种句型主要用于书面形式。
Were I to do the job, I would finish doing it within two weeks.
Had it not been for his help, we couldn’t have arrived there on time.
Should it rain tomorrow, I would stay at home.
3. wish后宾语从句中的谓语构成
动词wish后的宾语从句表示未实现的或不可能实现的愿望，其宾语从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气，有以下三种构成形式。
1) 表示现在不可能实现的愿望，宾语从句中的谓语动词用一般过去时。(be的过去式为were)。
I wish I had enough money to buy a car.
I wish I were as young and energetic as you.
2) 表示过去未能实现的愿望，宾语从句中的谓语动词用过去完成时(had +过去分词)或“would / could + have +过去分词 ”。
I wish I hadn’t made such a mistake.
I wish I could have done it better.
3) 表示将来不可能实现的愿望，宾语从句中的谓语动词用“would / should (could, might) +动词原形”。
I wish I would not get old.
I wish I could travel around the world one day.
大学英语六级基础语法知识4. 某些动词后的宾语从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气
在一些动词后面的宾语从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟语气。这时，谓语动词用动词原形或should +动词原形。这类动词一般表示命令，要求，决定，建议，主张等概念，主要有：advise, ask, command, decide, demand, desire, direct, insist, move, order, propose, recommend, request, require, suggest,等。
The workers demanded that their wages (should) be raised by 10 per cent.
The teacher decided that you do the experiment first.
5. 某些名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气
在一些名词后面的表语从句和同位语从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟语气。这时，谓语动词用动词原形或should +动词原形。这类名词一般表示命令，要求，决定，建议，主张等概念，主要有：advice, idea, instruction, motion, order, plan, proposal, recommendation, request, requirement, suggestion,等。
My suggestion is that we (should) send for a doctor immediately.
He gave the order that they (should) do the experiment again.
大学英语六级基础语法知识6. 错综时间条件句
条件从句表示的动作和主句表示的动作，有时发生的时间是不一致的.如从句是对过去情况的假设，而主句可能是对现在正在进行情况的假设。 这种句子称为错综时间条件句.
If the weather had been more favourable, the crops would be growing still better.
更多关于大学英语六级考试的备考技巧，备考干货，新闻资讯等内容，小编会持续更新。
Ⅲ 语法的基础英语知识
关于语法的基础英语知识
学英语，最基础的当然是语法了，下面是关于语法的基础英语知识，希望对大家有帮助。
名词：名词单复数，名词的格
（一）名词单复数
1．一般情况，直接加-s，如：book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds
2．以s. x. sh. ch结尾，加-es，如：bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches
3．以―辅音字母+y‖结尾，变y为i, 再加-es，如：family-families, strawberry-strawberries
4．以―f或fe‖结尾，变f或fe为v, 再加-es，如：knife-knives
5．不规则名词复数：
man-men,
woman-women,
policeman-policemen,
policewoman-policewomen, mouse-mice
child-children,
foot-feet,
tooth-teeth,
fish-fish,
people-people,
Chinese-Chinese,
Japanese-Japanese
不可数名词的复数就是原型： paper, juice, water, milk, rice, tea
（二）名词的格
1.有生命的东西的名词所有格：
（1） 单数后加 ‘s 如: Lucy‘s ruler my father‘s shirt
（2）以s 结尾的复数名词后加 ‘如: his friends‘ bags
（3）不以s 结尾的复数后加 ‘s children‘s shoes
并列名词中，如果把 ‘s加在最后一个名词后，表示共有；
如:Tom and Mike‘s car 汤姆和迈克共有的小汽车
表示所有物不是共有的，应分别在并列名词后加‘s.
如:Tom‘s and Mike‘s cars 汤姆和麦克各自的小汽车
2.表示无生命东西的名词通常用― of ＋名词‖来表示所有关系：
如:a picture of the classroom a map of China
冠词：不定冠词，定冠词种类
（一） 不定冠词：a / an
元音读音开头的'可数名词前用an :
an egg / an apple / an orange / an eraser / an answer / an ID card / an alarm clock / an actor / an actress / an e-mail / an address / an event / an example / an opera / an hour an old man / an interesting book / an exciting sport / an action movie / an art lesson /
（二）定冠词：the
定冠词的用法：
1.特指某（些）人或某（些）物： The ruler is on the desk.
2.复述上文提到的人或物：He has a sweater. The sweater is new.
3.谈话双方都知道的人或物：The boys aren‘t at school.
4.在序数词前： John‘s birthday is February the second.
5.用于固定词组中： in the morning / afternoon / evening 不用冠词的情况：
（1）专有名词前：China is a big country.
（2）名词前有定语：this , that , my , your , some, any , no 等：
This is my baseball.
（3）复数名词表示一类人和事：Monkeys can‘t swim. They are teachers.
（4）在节日，日期，月份，季节前：Today is Christmas Day. It‘s Sunday.
（5）一日三餐前：We have breakfast at 6:30.
（6）球类 棋类运动前：They often play football after class. He plays chess at home. * 但乐器前要用定冠词：I play the guitar very well.
（7）学科名称前：My favorite subject is music.
（8）在称呼或头衔的名词前：This is Mr Li.
（9）固定词组中：at noon at night by bus
形容词、副词：比较级，最高级
（一）、形容词的比较级
1、形容词比较级在句子中的运用：两个事物或人的比较用比较级，比较级后面一般带有单词than。比较级前面可以用more, a little来修饰表示程度。than后的人称代词用主格（口语中可用宾格）。
2．形容词加er的规则：
⑴ 一般在词尾加er ；
⑵ 以字母e 结尾，加r ；
⑶ 以一个元音字母和一个辅音字母结尾，应双写末尾的辅音字母，再加er ；
⑷ 以―辅音字母+y‖结尾，先把y变i，再加er 。
3．不规则形容词比较级：
good-better, beautiful-more beautiful
（二）副词的比较级
1．形容词与副词的区别 (有be用形，有形用be；有动用副，有副用动) ⑴在句子中形容词一般处于名词之前或be动词之后 ⑵副词在句子中最常见的是处于实义动词之后
2．副词比较级的变化规则基本与形容词比较级相同 (不规则变化：well-better, far-farther)
数词：基数词，序数词
（一）基数词
1.1-20
one，two，three，four，five，six，seven，eight，nine，ten，eleven，twelve，thirteen，fourteen，fifteen， sixteen，seventeen，eighteen，nineteen，twenty
2.21-99
先说―几十‖，再说―几‖，中间加连字符。
23→twenty-three，34→thirty-four，45→forty—five，56→fifty-six，67→sixty-seven，78→seventy-eight，89→eighty-nine，91→ninety-one
3.101—999
先说―几百‖，再加and，再加末两位数或末位数；
586→five hundred and eighty-six，803→eight hundred and three
4.l，000以上，先从右往左数，每三位数加一个―，‖，第一个―，‖前为thousand.第二个―，‖前为million，第三个―，‖前为billion 1，001→one thousand and one
18，423→eighteen thousand，four hundred and twenty-three
6，260，309→six million two hundred and sixty thousand three hundred and nine 750，000，000，000→seven hundred and fifty billion
（二）序数词
1.一般在基数词后加th
eg.four→fourth，thirteen→thirteenth
2.不规则变化
one→first，two→second，three→third，five→fifth，eight→eighth，nine→ninth，twelve—twelfth
3.以y结尾的十位整数，变y为ie再加th
twenty→twentieth， forty→fortieth， ninety→ninetieth
4.从二十一后的―几十几‖直至―几百几十几‖或―几千几百几十几‖只将个位的基数词变为序数词。
twenty-first，two hundred and forty-fifth 基数词转为序数词的口诀： 基变序，有规律，词尾加上-th.
一，二，三，特殊记，词尾字母t,d,d. 八去t,九去e, ve要用f替。 ty将y变成i，th前面有个e.
若是碰到几十几，前用基来后用序。
介词：常用介词：in, on, at, behind等
（一）.at表示时间概念的某一个点。（在某时刻、时间、阶段等）。
at 1：00（dawn，midnight，noon）在一点钟（黎明、午夜、中午）
（二）.on表示具体日期。
注：（1）关于"在周末"的几种表示法：
at（on）the weekend在周末---特指
at（on）weekends在周末---泛指
over the weekend在整个周末
ring the weekend在周末期间
（2）在圣诞节，应说at Christmas而不说on Christmas
（3）在（刚……）的时候。
On reaching the city he called up his parents． 一到城里他就给父母打了一个电话。
（三）．in.表示"时段"、"时期"，在多数情况下可以和ring互换，前者强调对比，后者强调持续。 in（ring）1988（December，the 20th century）在一九八八年（十二月、二十世纪）
动词：
动词的四种时态：
（一）一般现在时：
一般现在时的构成
1.be动词：主语+be(am, is, are)+其它。如： I am a boy. 我是一个男孩。
2. 行为动词：主语+行为动词(+其它)。 如： We study English. 我们学习英语。 当主语为第三人称单数(he, she, it)时，要在动词后加"-s"或"-es"。如：Mary likes Chinese.玛丽喜欢汉语。 动词+s的变化规则
（1）一般情况下，直接加-s，如：cook-cooks, milk-milks
（2）以s. x. sh. ch. o结尾，加-es，如：guess-guesses, wash-washes, watch-watches, go-goes 3．以―辅音字母+y‖结尾，变y为i, 再加-es，如：study-studies
（二）一般过去时:
动词过去式详解 动词的过去式的构成规则有：
1.、规则动词
① 一般直接在动词的后面加ed：如 worked , learned , cleaned , visited
② 以e结尾的动词直接加d：如 lived , danced , used
③ 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词要改y为i再加ed（此类动词较少）如 study – studied carry
– carried worry – worried （注意play、stay不是辅音字母加y,所以不属于此类）
④ 双写最后一个字母（此类动词较少）如 stopped B、不规则动词（此类词并无规则，须熟记）小学阶段要记住以下动词的原形和过去式：sing – sang , eat – ate ,
see – saw , have – had , do – did , go – went , take – took , buy – bought , get – got , read – read ,fly – flew , am/is – was ,
are – were , say – said , leave – left , swim – swam , tell – told , draw – drew , come – came , lose – lost , find – found , drink – drank , hurt – hurt , feel – felt
（三）一般将来时： 基本结构：
①be going to + do；
②will+ do. be going to = will I am going to go swimming tomorrow（明天）. = I will go swimming tomorrow.
（四）现在进行时: am,is,are+动词现在分词
动词现在分词详解 动词的ing形式的构成规则：
① 一般的直接在后面加上ing , 如doing , going , working , singing , eating
② 以e 结尾的动词，要先去e再加ing ，如having , writing
③ 双写最后一个字母的（此类动词极少）有：running , swimming , sitting , getting
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銆銆4銆佸仛瀹氲
銆銆a washing machine 涓鍙版礂琛ｆ満
銆 銆涓夈乽sed to 镄勭敤娉
銆銆used to 镒忎负杩囧幓甯稿父锅氭煇浜嬨
銆銆1銆佽偗瀹氩彞锛歶sed杩欎釜璇嶆病链変汉绉扮殑鍙桦寲锛宼o钖庨溃鎺ュ姩璇嶅师褰銆
銆銆钖﹀畾鍙ユ槸didn钬檛 use to钬︺
銆銆When I was a child锛 I didn钬檛 use to like apples銆
銆銆褰撴垜杩樻槸瀛╁瓙镄勬椂鍊欐垜涓嶅枩娆㈣娴鏋溿
銆銆鐤戦梾褰㈠纺鏄疍id you use to钬?
銆銆Where did you use to live before you came here?
銆銆褰扑綘𨱒ヨ繖鍎夸箣鍓崭綘浣忓摢鍎?
銆銆2銆佸惈链塽sed to 镄勫彞瀛愮殑鍙嶆剰鐤戦梾鍙ヤ笉瑕乽sedn钬檛 + 涓昏锛岃岀敤didn钬檛 + 涓昏銆
銆銆钬斺擧e used to smoke锛 didn钬檛 he?
銆銆钬斺斾粬杩囧幓甯稿父钖哥儫锛屾槸钖?
銆銆Yes锛 he did銆/ No锛 he didn钬檛銆
銆銆鏄镄勶纴浠栧惛銆/ 涓嶏纴浠栦笉钖搞
銆 銆锲涖佽锷ㄨ镐
銆銆琚锷ㄨ镐佺敱锷╁姩璇峛e锷犲强鐗╁姩璇岖殑杩囧幓鍒呜瘝鏋勬垚锛屽姪锷ㄨ瘝be链夋椂镐侊纴浜虹О鍜屾暟镄勫彉鍖栥傝锷ㄨ镐佺殑镞舵佹槸鐢眀e镄勬椂镐佸喅瀹氱殑锛宐e鏄浠涔堟椂镐侊纴鍏ㄥ彞灏辨槸浠涔堟椂镐侊纴be锷ㄨ瘝钖庨溃镄勮繃铡诲垎璇崭笉鍙樸
銆銆1銆佸悇绉嶆椂镐佺殑琚锷ㄨ镐佺粨鏋勫备笅锛
銆銆涓鑸鐜板湪镞剁殑琚锷ㄨ镐侊细
銆銆涓昏+am / is / are (not)+杩囧幓鍒呜瘝
銆銆涓鑸杩囧幓镞剁殑琚锷ㄨ镐侊细
銆銆涓昏+was / were +杩囧幓鍒呜瘝
銆銆鐜板湪瀹屾垚镞剁殑琚锷ㄨ镐侊细
銆銆涓昏+have / has +been +杩囧幓鍒呜瘝
銆銆涓鑸灏嗘潵镞剁殑琚锷ㄨ镐侊细
銆銆涓昏+will +be +杩囧幓鍒呜瘝
銆銆杩囧幓灏嗘潵镞剁殑琚锷ㄨ镐侊细
銆銆涓昏+would / should + be +杩囧幓鍒呜瘝
銆銆杩囧幓杩涜屾椂镄勮锷ㄨ镐侊细
銆銆涓昏+was / were + being +杩囧幓鍒呜瘝
銆銆杩囧幓瀹屾垚镞剁殑琚锷ㄨ镐侊细
銆銆涓昏+had + been +杩囧幓鍒呜瘝
銆銆𨱍呮佸姩璇岖殑琚锷ㄨ镐侊细
銆銆𨱍呮佸姩璇+be+杩囧幓鍒呜瘝
銆銆2銆佽锷ㄨ镐佺殑鐢ㄦ硶
銆銆(1)涓岖煡阆撴垨娌℃湁蹇呰佽存槑锷ㄤ綔镄勬墽琛岃呮槸璋侊纴涓岖敤by+锷ㄤ綔镓ц岃呯煭璇銆
銆銆Football is played widely all over the world銆
銆銆鍏ㄤ笘鐣岄兘骞挎硾鍦拌涪瓒崇悆銆
銆銆(2)寮鸿皟锷ㄤ綔镄勬圹鍙楄呫
銆銆The bank was robbed yesterday afternoon銆
銆銆鏄ㄥぉ涓嫔崃杩椤堕摱琛岄伃鍒版姠锷銆
銆銆(3)浣滃㈣傝存槑镞讹纴甯搁噰鐢ㄤ竴绉嶈锷ㄨ镐佸彞鍨嬨
銆銆It is reported that about twenty children have died of flu in the USA銆
銆銆鎹鎶ラ亾缇庡浗澶х害浜屽崄钖嶅効绔ユ讳簬娴佹劅銆
銆銆3銆佷富锷ㄨ镐佺殑鍙ュ瓙鍙树负琚锷ㄨ镐佺殑姝ラ
銆銆(1)鎶婂师鍙ヤ腑镄勫捐鍙树负涓昏
銆銆(2)锷ㄨ瘝鏀逛负琚锷ㄥ舰寮忥纴鍗砨e+杩囧幓鍒呜瘝
銆銆(3)铡熸潵镄勪富璇锛屽傛灉闇瑕佺殑璇濓纴鏀惧湪by钖庨溃;濡傛灉娌″繀瑕侊纴鍙鐪佺暐銆
銆銆 浜斻佽櫄𨰾熻姘
銆銆濡傛灉鎴戜滑镓璇寸殑涓嶆槸浜嫔疄锛岃屽彧鏄涓绉嶅亣璁俱佹効链涖佸缓璁鎴栨槸涓绉嶅疄鐜颁笉浜嗙殑绌烘兂灏辩敤铏氭嫙璇姘斻
銆銆娉ㄦ剰锛氭浔浠跺彞鍒嗕袱绉嶏纴鐪熷疄𨱒′欢鍙ュ拰铏氭嫙𨱒′欢鍙ャ傚彧链夊湪铏氭嫙(闱炵湡瀹)𨱒′欢鍙ヤ腑锛屾墠鐢ㄨ櫄𨰾熻姘;钥屽湪鐪熷疄𨱒′欢鍙ヤ腑锛岃佺敤闄堣堪璇姘斻
銆銆璇锋瘆杈冿细
銆銆(1)If it is sunny tomorrow 锛 we钬檒l go to the zoo銆
銆銆濡傛灉鏄庡ぉ澶╂皵濂斤纴鎴戜滑灏嗕细铡诲叕锲銆
銆銆鍦ㄨ繖鍙ヨ瘽涓锛屾槑澶╁ぉ姘斿ソ鏄瀹屽叏链夊彲鑳藉疄鐜扮殑锛屽苟闱炶櫄𨰾熴佸够𨱍筹纴锲犳ゆ槸鐪熷疄𨱒′欢鍙ワ纴鍦ㄦ湰鍙ヤ腑锛岄傜敤钬滀富灏嗕粠鐜般傗
銆銆(2)If I were you 锛 I would go at once銆
銆銆濡傛灉鎴戞槸浣犵殑璇濓纴鎴戠珛鍒诲氨璧般
銆銆鍦ㄨ繖鍙ヨ瘽涓锛屾浔浠跺彞钬滃傛灉鎴戞槸浣犫濓纴浣嗕簨瀹炰笂锛屾垜涓嶅彲鑳芥垚涓轰綘锛岃繖鍙鏄锅囱剧殑𨱍呭喌锛屾病链夊疄鐜扮殑鍙鑳姐傚綋𨱒′欢瀹炵幇镄勫彲鑳芥у緢灏忥纴鐢氲呖鍙浠ヨ存病链夋椂锛屽氨闇瑕佺敤铏氭嫙璇姘旀潵琛ㄧず銆
銆銆铏氭嫙璇姘旇〃绀哄拰鐜板湪镄勪簨瀹炵浉鍙嶏纴浠庡彞鐢ㄤ竴鑸杩囨椂锛屼富鍙ョ敤 钬渟hould/would/could/ might +锷ㄨ瘝铡熷舰銆
銆銆渚嫔 锛
銆銆If I had time锛 I would go for a walk銆
銆銆If I were invited锛 I would go to the dinner party銆
銆銆If I won a million dollars in the lottery锛 I would put it in the bank銆
銆銆If I were you 锛 I钬檇 wear a shirt and tie銆
銆銆娉ㄦ剰锛氩湪铏氭嫙璇姘旂殑鍙ュ瓙涓锛宐e锷ㄨ瘝鍙鑳界敤were锛屼笉鑳界敤was銆
銆銆 鍏銆乵ust/might/could/can't
銆銆1銆乵ust
銆銆(1)must 琛ㄧず涓昏傜湅娉曪纴镒忎负钬滃繀椤烩濄
銆銆濡傦细
銆銆You must stay here until I come back銆
銆銆Must I hand in my homework right now?
銆銆瀵筸ust寮曞肩殑鐤戦梾鍙ワ纴镶瀹氩洖绛斾负must锛屽惁瀹氩洖绛斾负needn钬檛 鎴杁on钬檛 have to 銆
銆銆濡傦细
銆銆钬拟ust I finish my homework?
銆銆钬擭o锛 you needn钬檛銆
銆銆(2)must涔熷彲浠ヨ〃绀烘湁鎶婃彙镄勬帹娴嬶纴镒忎负钬 涓瀹氾纴镶瀹气濓纴鐢ㄤ簬镶瀹氩彞銆
銆銆濡傦细
銆銆The light is on锛 so he must be at home now銆
銆銆鍏跺惁瀹氩舰寮弇ustn钬檛琛ㄧず钬灭佹锛屼笉璁糕濄
銆銆濡傦细
銆銆You mustn钬檛 play with fire銆
銆銆You mustn钬檛 be late銆
銆銆2銆乧ould
銆銆(1)can镄勮繃铡诲纺锛屾剰涓衡滆兘銆佷细钬濓纴琛ㄧず杩囧幓镄勮兘锷涖
銆銆濡傦细
銆銆He could write poems when he was 10銆
銆銆(2)could鍦ㄧ枒闂鍙ヤ腑锛岃〃绀哄斿夎锋眰镄勮姘旓纴姝ゆ椂could娌℃湁杩囧幓寮忕殑镒忔濄
銆銆濡傦细
銆銆Could you do me a favour?
銆銆钬擟ould I use your pen?
銆銆钬擸es锛 you can銆(娉ㄦ剰锲炵瓟)
銆銆3銆乵ight
銆銆might涓簃ay镄勮繃铡诲纺銆俶ight琛ㄧず鎺ㄦ祴镞讹纴琛ㄧず鍙鑳芥т绠浜巑ay(姝ゆ椂might娌℃湁杩囧幓寮忕殑镒忔)锛屽綋璇锋眰璁叉椂锛屾瘆may镄勮姘旀洿濮斿夈
銆銆He is away from school銆侣e might be sick銆
銆銆Might I use your dictionary?
銆銆4銆乧an
銆銆(1)琛ㄧず鑳藉姏锛屼竴鑸璇戜负钬滆兘銆佷细钬濓纴灏ゅ叾鎸囩敓𨱒ュ叿澶囩殑鑳藉姏銆
銆銆濡傦细She can swim fast锛 but I can钬檛 銆
銆銆(2)琛ㄧず璁稿彲锛屽父鍦ㄥ彛璇涓銆
銆銆濡傦细You can use my dictionary銆
銆銆(3)琛ㄧず鎺ㄦ祴锛屾剰涓衡滃彲鑳解濓纴甯哥敤浜庡惁瀹氩彞鍜岀枒闂鍙ヤ腑锛屾ゆ椂can钬檛璇戜负钬滀笉鍙鑳解濄
銆銆濡傦细钬擟an the news be true?
銆銆钬擭o锛 it can钬檛 be our teacher銆侣e is on a visit to the Great Wall銆
銆銆 涓冦佸畾璇浠庡彞
銆銆1銆佸畾璇浠庡彞镄勬傚康
銆銆鍦ㄥ嶅悎鍙ヤ腑锛屼慨楗版煇涓钖嶈瘝鎴栦唬璇岖殑浠庡彞鍙瀹氲浠庡彞銆傝淇楗扮殑钖嶈瘝鎴栦唬璇嶅彨鍏堣岃瘝锛屽紩瀵煎畾璇浠庡彞镄勮瘝鍙鍏崇郴璇嶏纴瀹氲浠庡彞涓鑸鏀惧湪鍏堣岃瘝镄勫悗闱銆
銆銆2銆佸畾璇浠庡彞镄勫叧绯昏瘝
銆銆寮曞煎畾璇浠庡彞镄勫叧绯昏瘝链夊叧绯讳唬璇嶅拰鍏崇郴鍓璇嶏纴甯歌佺殑鍏崇郴浠ｈ瘝鍖呮嫭that锛 which锛 who(瀹炬牸whom锛屾墍链夋牸whose)绛夛纴鍏崇郴鍓璇嶅寘𨰾瑆here锛 when锛 why绛夈傚叧绯讳唬璇嶅拰鍏崇郴鍓璇嶆斁鍦ㄥ厛琛岃瘝鍙婂畾璇浠庡彞涔嬮棿璧疯繛鎺ヤ綔鐢锛屽悓镞跺张浣滃畾璇浠庡彞镄勯吨瑕佹垚鍒嗐
銆銆3銆佸畾璇浠庡彞镄勫垎绫
銆銆镙规嵁瀹氲浠庡彞涓庡厛琛岃瘝镄勫叧绯伙纴瀹氲浠庡彞鍙鍒嗕负闄愬埗镐у畾璇浠庡彞鍙婇潪闄愬埗镐у畾璇浠庡彞銆傞檺鍒舵у畾璇浠庡彞绱ц窡鍏堣岃瘝锛屼富鍙ヤ笌浠庡彞涓岖敤阃楀彿鍒嗗紑锛屼粠鍙ヤ笉鍙鐪佸幓銆傞潪闄愬埗镐у畾璇浠庡彞涓庝富鍙ヤ箣闂存湁阃楀彿鍒嗗紑锛岃捣琛ュ厖璇存槑浣灭敤锛屽傜渷铡伙纴镒忔濅粛瀹屾暣銆
銆銆4銆佸叧绯讳唬璇岖殑鐢ㄦ硶
銆銆(1)that 镞㈠彲浠ョ敤浜庢寚浜猴纴涔熷彲浠ョ敤浜庢寚鐗┿傚湪浠庡彞涓浣滀富璇銆佸捐鎴栬〃璇銆备綔涓昏镞朵笉鍙鐪佺暐锛屼綔瀹捐鍙鐪佺暐銆
銆銆渚嫔傦细
銆銆Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle銆
銆銆鐜涗附锽沧㈣交镆旂殑阔充箰銆(that浣滀富璇)
銆銆The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue銆
銆銆鎴戞斁鍦ㄦ屽瓙涓婄殑闾ｄ欢澶栧楁槸钃濊壊镄勚(that浣滃捐)
銆銆(2)which鐢ㄤ簬鎸囩墿锛屽湪鍙ヤ腑浣滀富璇銆佸捐鎴栬〃璇銆备綔涓昏涓嶅彲鐪佺暐锛屼綔瀹捐鍙鐪佺暐銆
銆銆渚嫔傦细
銆銆The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket銆
銆銆浣崭簬𨱔杞︾珯闄勮繎镄勯偅搴уぇ妤兼槸涓瀹惰秴甯伞(浣滀富璇)
銆銆The film (which) we saw last night was wonderful銆
銆銆鎴戜滑鏄ㄥぉ鏅氢笂鐪嬬殑闾ｉ儴鐢靛奖寰埚ソ鐪嬨(浣滃捐)
銆銆(3)who锛 whom鐢ㄤ簬鎸囦汉锛寃ho 鐢ㄤ綔涓昏锛寃hom鐢ㄤ綔瀹捐銆傚湪鍙ｈ涓锛屾湁镞跺彲鐢╳ho浠ｆ浛whom銆倃ho鍜寃hom浣滃捐镞朵篃鍙鐪佺暐銆
銆銆渚嫔傦细
銆銆The girl who often helps me with my English is from England銆
銆銆缁忓父鍦ㄨ嫳璇鏂归溃甯锷╂垜镄勯偅涓濂冲╂槸鑻卞浗浜恒(浣滀富璇)
銆銆Who is the teacher (whom) Li Ming is talking to?
銆銆姝ｅ湪涓庢潕鏄庤皥璇濈殑钥佸笀鏄璋?(浣滃捐)
銆銆5銆佸叧绯诲坛璇岖殑鐢ㄦ硶
銆銆(1)when鎸囨椂闂达纴鍏跺厛琛岃瘝琛ㄧず镞堕棿锛寃hen鍦ㄥ畾璇浠庡彞涓浣沧椂闂寸姸璇銆
銆銆渚嫔傦细
銆銆This was the time when he arrived銆
銆銆杩欐槸浠栧埌杈剧殑镞堕棿銆
銆銆(2)where鎸囧湴镣癸纴鍏跺厛琛岃瘝琛ㄧず鍦扮偣锛寃here鍦ㄥ畾璇浠庡彞涓浣滃湴镣圭姸璇銆
銆銆渚嫔傦细
銆銆This is place where he works銆
銆銆杩欐槸浠栧伐浣灭殑鍦扮偣銆
銆銆(3)why 鎸囧师锲狅纴鍏跺厛琛岃瘝鏄铡熷洜锛寃hy鍦ㄥ畾璇浠庡彞涓锅氩师锲犵姸璇銆
銆銆渚嫔傦细
銆銆Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school銆
銆銆娌′汉鐭ラ亾浠栦负浠涔堜笂瀛︽昏繜鍒般
銆銆𨰾揿𪾢阒呰伙细鍒濅腑鑻辫鎴愮哗鎻愬崌鏂规硶
銆銆1. 鏋佸害閲嶈呜炬湰銆
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銆 銆7. 鑳屾柊姒傚康2鍜屾柊姒傚康3銆
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Ⅳ 英语基础语法知识点汇总：动词的语态
语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。
主语是动作的发出者为主动语态;主语是动作的接受者为被动语态。
1)若宾语补足语是不带to 的不定式，变为被动语态时，该不定式前要加"to"。此类动词为感官动词。
feel, hear, help, listen to, look at, make, observe, see, notice, watch
The teacher made me go out of the classroom.
--> I was made to go out of the classroom (by the teacher).
We saw him play football on the playground.
--> He was seen to play football on the playground.
2)情态动词+ be +过去分词，构成被动语态。
Coal can be used to proce electricity for agriculture and instry.
12.1 let 的用法
1)当let后只有一个单音节动词，变被动语态时，可用不带to 的不定式。
They let the strange go.---> The strange was let go.
2) 若let 后宾补较长时，let 通常不用被动语态，而用allow或permit 代替。
The nurse let me go to see my classmate in the hospital.
----> I was allowed / permitted to see my classmate in the hospital.
12.2 短语动词的被动语态
短语动词是一个整体，不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。
This is a photo of the power station that has been set up in my hometown.
My sister will be taken care of by Grandma.
Such a thing has never been heard of before..
12.3 表示"据说"或"相信" 的词组
believe, consider, declare, expect, feel , report, say, see, suppose, think, understand
It is said that… 据说
It is reported that… 据报道
It is believed that…大家相信
It is hoped that…大家希望
It is well known that… 众所周知
It is thought that…大家认为
It is suggested that…据建议
It is taken granted that… 被视为当然
It has been decided that… 大家决定
It must be remember that…务必记住的是
It is said that she will leave for Wuhan on Tuesday.
12.4 不用被动语态的情况
1) 不及物动词或动词短语无被动语态：
appear, die disappear, end (vi. 结束), fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand
break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place.
After the fire, very little remained of my house.
比较： rise, fall, happen是不及物动词;raise, seat是及物动词。
(错) The price has been risen.
(对) The price has risen.
(错) The accident was happened last week.
(对) The accident happened last week.
(错) The price has raised.
(对) The price has been raised.
(错) Please seat.
(对) Please be seated.
要想正确地使用被动语态，就须注意哪些动词是及物的，哪些是不及物的。特别是一词多义的动词往往有两种用法。解决这一问题唯有在学习过程中多留意积累。
2) 不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语：
fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to
This key just fits the lock.
Your story agrees with what had already been heard.
3) 系动词无被动语态：
appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn
It sounds good.
4) 带同源宾语的及物动词，反身代词，相互代词，不能用于被动语态：
die, death, dream, live, life
She dreamed a bad dream last night.
5) 当宾语是不定式时，很少用于被动语态。
(对) She likes to swim.
(错) To swim is liked by her.
12.5 主动形式表示被动意义
1)wash, clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell, drive…
The book sells well.这本书销路好。
This knife cuts easily. 这刀子很好用。
2)blame, let(出租), remain, keep, rent, build
I was to blame for the accident.
Much work remains.
3) 在need, require, want, worth (形容词), deserve后的动名词必须用主动形式。
The door needs repairing.= The door needs to be repaired.
This room needs cleaning. 这房间应该打扫一下。
This book is worth reading.这本书值得一读。
4) 特殊结构：make sb. heard / understood (使别人能听见/理解自己)，have sth. done ( 要某人做某事)。
12.6 被动形式表示主动意义
be determined, be pleased, be graated (from), be finished, be prepared (for), be occupied (in), get marries
He is graated from a famous university.
他毕业于一所有名的大学。
注意： 表示同某人结婚，用marry sb. 或get married to sb. 都可。
He married a rich girl.
He got married to a rich girl.
12.7 need/want/require/worth
注意：当 need, want, require, worth(形容词)后面接doing也可以表示被动。
Your hair wants cutting.你的头发该理了。
The floor requires washing. 地板需要冲洗。
The book is worth reading.这本书值得一读。
典型例题
The library needs___, but it'll have to wait until Sunday.
A. cleaning B. be cleaned C. clean D. being cleaned
答案A. need (实意) +n /to do，need (情态)+ do，当为被动语态时，还可need + doing. 本题考最后一种用法，选A。如有to be clean 则也为正确答案。
典：done，"不可能已经"。must not do 不可以(用于一般现在时)。
Ⅵ 初中英语语法大全 中考版
初中英语语法知识难点整理
英语语法知识难点（一）
（一） 形容词和副词
I． 要点
A． 形容词
1、 形容词的用法
形容词是用来修饰、描绘名词的，通常在句中作定语、表语或宾补，有时还可作状语。：
He is honest and hardworking.
I found the book interesting.
某些形容词与定冠词连用表示一类人作主语时，谓语通常用复数形式。如：
The rich and the poor live in different parts of the city.
The English like to be with their families.
多个形容词作定语修饰名词的顺序：
冠词+序数词+基数词+性质状态（描述性）+形状大小+新旧老少+颜色+国籍+材料+名词。如：
the second five interesting big new red Chinese wall papers.
2、 形容词比较等级的形式
（1） 规则形式
一般说来，单音节词及少数双音节词在后加-er; --est 来构成比较级和最高级；其他双音节词及多音节词在前加more, most.如：
great-greater-greatest
busy-busier-busiest
important-more important-(the)most important
（2） 不规则形式
good (well)-better-best
bad (ill)-worse-worst
many (much)-more-most
little-less-least
（3） 形容词比较等级的用法
①表示两者的比较，用形容词的比较级+than. 如：
He is cleverer than the other boys.
This one is more beautiful than that one.
②表示两者以上的比较，用"the +形容词最高级（+名词）+of(in) …"如：
He is the cleverest boy in his class.
③表示两者是同等程度，用"as +形容词原级+as". 如：
He is as tall as I.
I have as many books as you.
④ 越… 越…
例如：The more I learn, the happier I am.
⑤ You can never be too careful. 越小心越好
又如：You can never praise the teacher too highly.
你怎么赞扬这个老师也不过分。
⑥ I have never spent a more worrying day.
那一天是最令我担心的一天。
I have never had a better dinner.
这是我吃过的最好的一顿饭。
⑦ My English is no better than yours.
我的英语和你的英语都不怎么样。
B．副词
1、 副词的种类
（1） 时间副词 如：ago, before, already, just, now, early, late, finally, tomorrow等
（2） 地点副词 如：here, there, near, around, in, out, up, down, back, away, outside等。
（3） 方式副词 如：carefully, angrily, badly, calmly, loudly, quickly, politely, nervously等。
（4） 程度副词 如：almost, nearly, much, greatly, a bit, a little, hardly, so, very等。
2、 副词比较等级的用法
其用法与形容词相似，只是副词最高级前可省略定冠词。如：
Of all the boys he sings (the) most beautifully.
We must work harder.
3、 某些副词在用法上的区别
（1） already, yet, still
already表示某事物已经发生，主要用于肯定句；yet表示期待某事发生，主要用于否定句和疑问句；still表示某事还在进行，主要用于肯定句和疑问句，有时也可用于否定句。如：
We've already watched that film.
I haven't finished my homework yet.
He still works until late every night.
（2） too, as well, also, either
too, as well和 also用于肯定句和疑问句，too和as well多用于口语，一般放在句末，而also多用于书面语，一般放在句中与动词连用。either用于否定句和否定的疑问句，往往放在句末。如：
He went there too.
He didn't go there either.
I like you as well.
I also went there.
(3) hard, hardly
hardly意为"几乎"与hard在词义上完全不同。如：
I work hard every day.
I can hardly remember that.
(4) late, lately
lately意为"最近、近来"，late意为"晚、迟"。如：
He never comes late.
Have you been to the museum lately?
II． 例题
例1 Tom's father thinks he is already ____
A high enough B tall enough
C enough high C enough tall
解析：该题正确答案是B。修饰人高用tall, 而建筑物的高用high,并且enough修饰形容词要放在形容词后面。因此该题选B。
例2 ____ the worse I seem to be.
A When I take more medicine
B The more medicine I take
C Taking more of the medicine
D More medicine taken
解析：该题正确答案为B。"the+形容词比较级+… , the +形容词比较级+…"意为越…，越…。该句意为：吃的药越多，我的病越是加重。
例3"I haven't been to London yet".
"I haven't been there ____".
A too B also C either D neither
解析：该题正确答案为C。A和B都用于肯定句中。D-neither本身意为否定"两者都不"，而C-either则用于否定句中，意为"也"。
例4 Mr Smith was ____ moved at the news.
A deep B deeply C very deep D quite deeply
解析：该题正确答案为B。A. deep用于副词时，修饰具体的深，如dig deep,而B-deeply则修饰表示感情色彩的词，如该题为deeply moved.另如deeply regret等。而D-quite和deeply均为副词，不能互相修饰。
（二） 介词
I． 要点
1、介词和种类
（1） 简单介词，常用的有at, in, on, about, across, before, beside, for , to, without等。
（2） 复合介词，如by means of, along with, because of, in front of, instead of等。
2、介词和其他词类的习惯搭配关系
（1） 和动词的搭配，如agree with, ask for, belong to, break away from, care about等。
（2） 和形容词的搭配，如afraid of, angry with, different from, good at
（3） 和名词的搭配，如answer to , key to, reason for, cause of, visit to等.
3、介词短语可以有自己的修饰语，这种修饰语通常有right, just, badly, all, well, directly, completely等少数几个副词。如：
He came right after dinner.
He lives directly opposite the school.
4、 某些介词的意义与用法举例
（1） at, on, in（表时间）
表示时间点用at,如at four o'clock, at midnight等；表示不确定的时间或短期假日也用at,如at that time, at Christmas等。
指某天用on, 如on Monday, on the end of November, 指某天的朝夕用on,如on Friday morning, on the afternoon of September lst等。
指长于或短于一天的时段用in,如in the afternoon, in February, in Summer, in 1999等。
（2） between, among（表位置）
between仅用于二者之间，但说三者或三者以上中的每两个之间的相互关系时，也用between, 如
I'm sitting between Tom and Alice.
The village lies between three hills.
among用于三者或三者以上之间。如：
He is the best among the students.
（3） beside, besides
beside意为"在…旁边"，而besides意为"除…之外"。如：
He sat beside me.
What do you want besides this?
（4）in the tree, on the tree
in the tree 指动物或人在树上，而on the tree 指果实、树叶长在树上
（5）on the way, in the way, by the way, in this way
on the way 指在路上 in the way 指挡道
by the way 指顺便问一句 in this way 用这样的方法
（6）in the corner, at the corner
in the corner 指在拐角内 at the corner 指在拐角外
（7）in the morning, on the morning
in the morning 是一般说法 on the morning 特指某一天的早晨
（8）by bus, on the bus
by bus 是一般说法 on the bus 特指乘某一辆车
II． 例题
例1 Do you know any other foreign language____ English?
A except B but C beside D besides
解析：A、B两项except等于but，意为"除了…"，C-beside意为"在…旁边"，不符合题意。而D-besides, 意为"除了…之外，还有"。所以该题正确答案为D。该题意为：除了英语外，你还知道别的语言吗？
例2 He suddenly returned ____ a rainy night.
A on B at C in D ring
解析：我们均知道，at night这一短语，但如果night前有修饰词，表具体的夜晚，则要用介词on来修饰，故该题正确答案为A。
例3 I'm looking forward ____your letter.
A to B in C at D on
解析：该题正确答案为A。look forward to 为固定搭配，意为"期望、盼望"。
（三） 连词
I． 要点
1、 连词的种类
（1） 并列连词用来连接并列关系的词、短语或分句，如and, for, or, both…and, either…or, neither…nor等。
（2） 从属连词用来引导从句，如that, if, whether, when, after, as soon as等。
除了从属连词（引导状语从句）外，还有其它可以用来引导从句的词类。它们是连接代词和连接副词（引导名词性从句），关系代词和关系副词（引导定语从句）。
2、 常用连词举例
(1)and 和，并且
They drank and sang all night.
(2) both…and 和， 既…也…
Both my parents and I went there.
(3) but 但是，而
I'm sad, but he is happy.
(4) either…or 或…或…， 要么…要么…
Either you're wrong, or I am.
(5) for因为
I asked him to stay, for I had something to tell him.
(6) however 然而，可是
Af first, he didn't want to go there. Later, however, he decided to go.
(7) neither…nor 既不…也不
Neither my parents nor my aunt agrees with you.
(8) not only…but(also) 不但…而且…
He not only sings well, but also dances well.
(9) or 或者，否则
Hurry up, or you'll be late.
Are you a worker or a doctor?
(10) so 因此，所以
It's getting late, so I must go.
(11) although 虽然
Although it was late, they went on working.
(12) as soon as 一 …就
I'll tell him as soon as I see him.
(13) because 因为
He didn't go to school, because he was ill.
（14）unless 除非，如果不
I won't go unless it is fine tomorrow.
（15）until 直到…
He didn't leave until eleven. (瞬间动词用于not… until 结构)
He stayed there until eleven.
（16）while 当…时候，而 (表示对比)
While I stayed there, I met a friend of mine. (while后不可用瞬间动词)
My pen is red while his is blue.
（17）for 因为
He was ill, for he didn't come. (结论是推断出来的)
（18）since自从…
I have lived here since my uncle left.
（19）hardly… when 一…就
I had hardly got to the station when the train left.
（20）as far as 就… 来说
As far as I know, that country is very small.
You may walk as far as the lake. (一直走到湖那里)
II． 例题
例1 John plays football ____, if not better than, David.
A as well B as well as C so well D so well as
解析：该题意为：John踢足球如果不比David好的话，那也踢得和David一样好。 和…一样好为as well as. 故该题正确答案为B。
例2 She thought I was talking about her daughter, ____, in fact, I was talking about my daughter.
A when B where C which D while
解析：该处意为"然而"，只有while有此意思，故选D。
例3 Would you like a cup of coffee ____ shall we get down to business right away?
A. and B. then C. or D. otherwise
解析：该处意为"或者"，正确答案为C。
英语语法知识难点（二）
（四）动词时态、语态
I． 要点
1、 一般现在时
（1） 表示经常发生的动作或现在存在的状态，常与sometimes, always, often, every day等时间状语连用。如：
Sometimes, we go swimming after school.
（2） 表示客观真理、科学事实等。如：
The earth goes round the sun.
2、 现在进行时
(1) 表示说话时或现阶段正在进行的动作，常与now, at present等时间状语连用。如：
What are you doing now?
(2) 和always, continually等连用，表一种经常反复的动作，常含有某种情感。如：
He is always doing good deeds.
3、 现在完成时
主要表示动作发生在过去，对现在仍有影响，或动作一直延续到现在，或可能还要继续下去，常与just, already, so far, once, never 等词连用。如:
Have you ever been to Beijing?
4、一般将来时
表示将来某一时间要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与tomorrow, next year等连用。如：
I'll meet you at the school gate tomorrow morning.
We're going to see a film next Monday.
5、一般过去时
表示在过去某一时间或某一阶段内发生的动作或存在的状态，常与yesterday, last year, in 1998, a moment ago等词连用。如：
It happened many years ago.
6、过去进行时
表示过去某一时刻或某一时期正在发生的动作。如：
What were you doing this time yesterday?
7、 过去完成时
表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作。如：
The train had already left before we arrived.
8、一般过去将来时
表示说话人从过去的角度来看将来发生的动作。如：
He said he would come, but he didn't.
9、被动语态
被动语态的时态，以give为例。
（六）短语动词
I． 要点
英语中有许多短语动词在意义上是一个整体，其用法有的相当于及物动词，有的相当于不及物动词，有的兼有及物动词和不及物动词的特征。英语短语动词的构成主要有以下六种：
（1） 动词＋介词
常见的有look for, look after, send for, care about, ask for, laugh at, hear of (from), add to, lead to等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后。如：
Don't laugh at others.
I didn't care about it.
（2） 动词＋副词
常见的有give up, pick up, think over, find out, hand in, point out等。这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词，既可放在副词前边，又可放在副词后边；宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词，则要放在副词前边。如：
You'll hand in your homework tomorrow.
Please don't forget to hand it in.
（3） 动词＋副词＋介词
常见的有look down upon, go on with, break away from, add up to, catch up with等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。如：
All his money added up to no more than $100.
After a short rest, he went on with his research work.
（4） 动词＋名词＋介词
常见的有take care of, make use of, pay attention to, make fun of 等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。如：
You should pay attention to your handwriting.
We should make full use of our time.
（5） 动词＋形容词
常见的有leave open, set free, cut open等。这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词，则宾语可放在形容词的前边，也可放在后边；宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词，则必须放在形容词前边。如：
The prisoners were set free.
He cut it open.
（6） 动词＋名词
常见的有take place, make friends等。这类短语动词用作不及物动词。如：
This story took place three years ago.
I make friends with a lot of people.
（7）辨析
give away(让给，暴露)和 give up（放弃，停止）
put away（放起，收起）和 put out （扑灭）
turn up（出席，放大）和 turn on （打开）
keep out（阻止）和 keep off （不让靠近）
make up（编造，补上）和 make out（辨认）
take off（脱，起飞）和 take out（拿出）
II． 例题
例1 It is wise to have some money ____ for old age.
A put away B kept up C given away D laid up
解析：该题正确答案为A。意为"存"；keep up意为"继续"；give away意为"分发"；lay up"贮藏"。
例2 Here's my card. Let's keep in ____.
A touch B relation C connection D friendship
解析：该题正确答案为A. keep in touch为短语动词，意为"保持联系"。
例3 ____! There's a train coming.
A Look out B Look around C Look forward D Look on
解析：该题选A. look out 意为"小心"。
（七）动词不定式
I． 要点
1、 不定式的形式。以动词write为例。
2、 不定式的句法功能
（1） 作主语
To hear from you is nice.
To be a good teacher is not easy.
不定式作主语时，为了保持句子的平衡，往往以it作形式主语，而不定式置于谓语动词后。如：
It's nice to hear from you.
It's not easy to be a good teacher.
（2） 作宾语
通常用于want, hope, wish, like, need, hate, begin, start, remember, agree, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help等词后。如：
I forgot to lock the door.
Please remember to write to me.
（3） 作表语
My job is to pick up letters.
He seemed to have heard nothing.
（4） 作定语
不定式作定语时，须放在它所修饰的名词或代词后。如：
I have two letters to write.
I have a lot of work to do.
（5） 作宾补
通常用于want, wish, ask, order, tell, know, help, advise, allow, cause, force等词后。如：
He ordered her to leave at once.
He was forced to obey his order.
（6） 作状语
He got up early to catch the first bus.
He worked hard to catch up with the other students.
（7） 作独立成分
To tell you the truth, I told a lie.
（8） "疑问词＋不定式"结构。 如：
I don't know how to choose them.
I cannot decide where to go.
（9）不定式的否定式。如：
I decided not to go.
（10）不定式的完成式。如：
He seemed to have cleaned the room before I came in.
The boy is said to have been sent to the hospital last week.
（11）too…to 结构。如：
He was too excited to go to sleep.
He was only too glad to go. (他太高兴了，乐意去)
（12）主动表被动。如：
The book is easy to read.
I have a book to read.
II．例题
例1 I haven't got a chair ____.
A to sit B for to sit on C to sit on D for sitting
解析：该题选C。不定式to sit on在句中作定语，修饰名词chair. 因为不定式和它所修饰的名词间是"动宾关系"，所以不定式必须是及物动词，故此处on不能省略。
例2 He was made ____.
A go B gone C going D to go
解析：该题选D。make sb. do sth. 如果是被动形式，不定式do前的to不能省略。
例3 A new factory is ____ very soon.
A to be built B built
C to build D to building
解析：该题选A。is to be built意为"将要被建"。
（八）动名词
I． 要点
动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。
1、 动名词的形式，以write为例。
否定式 not +动名词
2、 动名词的用法
（1） 作主语
Playing football is my favorite sport.
Travelling with friends at weekend is fun.
作主语的动名词结构复杂且长时，可用it作形式主语。如：
It is fun travelling with friends at weekend.
（2） 作宾语
I enjoy playing PC game.
He gave up writing five years ago.
（3） 作表语
What he hated most was doing nothing.
Seeing is believing.
动名词作表语时，句子的主语常是无生命名词或what引导的名词性从句。
（4） 作定语
There's a dining room in my school.
All the people watching laughed.
（5） 动名词的复合结构"物主代词（或名词的所有格）+动名词"。如：
Tom's going home late made her mother angry.
Would you mind my opening the window?
不过，动名词的逻辑主语在遇到以下情况时，必须用名词的普通格（或人称代词的宾格）。
①无生命名词
The girls were afraid of the door suddenly closing.
Fire burns better by oxygen being at work.
②有生命名词，但表泛指。
Have you ever heard of girls smoking?
③两个以上的有生命的名词并列。
Do you still remember my parents and me coming to see you that day?
3．后面常接动名词的动词和短语
mind, enjoy, finish, consider, practise, magine,
keep, suggest, advise, allow, permit,
be worth doing, be used to doing, be busy doing,
can't help doing, it is no good doing, it is no use doing,
look forward to doing, stick to doing, pay attention to doing,
devote to doing, lead to doing
II．例题
例1 She says she doesn't feel like ____ out with you.
A going B to go C for going D went
解析：该题正确答案为A。 feel like = want, 此处like 为介词，后面要接名词或动名词作宾语
例2 The garden needs ____.
A water B watering C to water D watered
解析：该题正确答案为B。 need = want = require. 如果物作主语，此三者后要接动名词或to be done这一结构作宾语。
例3 Excuse me ____ you.
A interrupting B to interrupt
C interrupted D to have interrupted
解析：该题正确答案为A。excuse 后接动名词作宾语，此句中的me为动名词的逻辑主语（常用于口语中）。
（九）分词
I． 要点
分词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有形容和副词的句法功能。它分为现在分词和过去分词两类。现在分词和过去分词的主要差别在于现在分词有一般式和完成式，过去分词则只有一般式。现在分词表动作正在进行，表主动。过去分词及物动词表动作已经完成，表被动。过去分词不及物动词表动作已经完成，表主动。
Ⅶ 英语基础语法知识
必备英语基础语法知识
英语语法是针对英语语言进行研究后，英语语法系统地总结归纳出来的一系列语言规则。英语语法的精髓在于掌握语言的使用。不妨看看必备英语基础语法知识。
必备英语基础语法知识第1课：
1、be(是)动词的用法：am接I;is接第三人称单数，即除you、I外;are接表示多个人或事物，即复数。(我是am，你是are，is连接它、她、他，单数is，复数are)。
2、not是表示否定的词：不是的表达，am not，is not(isn’t)，are not(aren’t)。
3、“一个”和“几个”的问题：“一个”是a+名词;“多个”是名词后面加s。
4、以元音开头(如O、E等)，前面的冠词用an。
必备英语基础语法知识第2课：
1、及物动词与不及物动词的区别：及物动词后面接宾语;而不及物动词后面不接宾语。如I like ice cream ，It hurts。
2、主语是he、she、it和单数名词时，动词要发生第三人称的变化，即加s。
3、否定的用法：在动词之前加do not或does not。I、You和复数名词做主语时，否定就用do not;凡是单数名称和he、she、it做主语，否定就用does not。
必备英语基础语法知识第3课
1、my(我的)、your(你的)、his(他的)、her(她的)、their(他们的)、our(我们的)、its(它的)+名词，如my love，your love 。
2、名词所有格形式为：名词+’s，表示“……的”，如Sophie’s world，children’s Day，Japan’s tomorrow。
3、用名词+of+名词，一般用在无生命的名词上，表示“……的’’，如The sound of music(音乐之声)。
必备英语基础语法知识第4课
1、“have”和“there be”翻译成汉语都可以用一个“有”字来表示，但have是指主观的“所有、拥有”，而there be则是指客观的“存在，某处有某物”。
2、There be的单复数变化与be的变化规则相同，取决于后面所接的主语。主语为单数，就变成there is，主语是复数，就变成there are。
3、“have”在第三人称单数时变成“has”。
4、“there be”的否定形式在be后加not，对于have通常直接在它的宾语前加“no”，表示“没有”的意思。
必备英语基础语法知识第5课
1、 一般疑问句概念：是可以用“yes”或“no”来回答的疑问句。
2、 一般疑问句的结构模式：助动词+陈述句形式+?
如：Do you have a car? No, I don’t 或Yes, I do
Are you a chicken guy? No , I am not 或Yes , I am
Is there any cake in the icebox? No , there isn’t 或 Yes , there is
3、注意：Your boss has a car. Does your boss have a car? 这句中的Has在助动词does提前时，需要改变成原形。
4、在一般疑问句中，表示“一些”的概念时，用Many而不用some。
必备英语基础语法知识第6课
1、六个特殊疑问词：what(什么，对什么提问);where(在哪里，对地点提问);why(为什么，对原则提问);when(何时，对时间提问);who(谁，对人提问);how(怎么样，对方式提问)。
2、特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句+?。
3、特殊疑问句回答法：把句中的.一般疑问句改为陈述句，再加上被提问部分。
例：Who am I? Who is she? What is her name? Where do you live?
How old are you? 你多大了? How old问年龄。
How long is the rope? 这绳子有多长? How long问长度。
How far is it from A to B? 从A至B有多远? How far 问距离。
What many books do you have? 你有多少书? What many 对“可数名词的多少”提问。
What much is the book? 这本书多少钱? What much 问价格
How often do you visit here? 你多久来拜访这里? How often 对“频率”提问。
必备英语基础语法知识第7课
1、现在进行时：它是由主语+be动词+实义动词的ing形式构成的，表示现在正在发生和进行的动作。比如：现在我在讲，你在听。就应该说：Now I am talking，You are listing。
2、现在进行时的否定形式：就是在be动词的后面加Not来构成，这点和be动词的否定式是一样的。
3、两种进行时的基本法：一种与Now连用;另一种是与一些表示一段时间的词连用，表示现阶段正在进行的动作。
4、一般情况下，实义动词是可以直接加“ing”的，但有两种特殊的情况是需要有一些变化的。第一种是像put和get这样以一个元音字母加一辅音字母结尾并重读的实义字母，需双写结尾的辅音字母再加ing，就是putting和getting。第二种是以一个元音加e结尾的实义动词，要把“e”去掉，再加ing，如dance(跳舞)，come(来)。
必备英语基础语法知识第8课
1、动词的过去式：一般的动词后面可直接加“ed”。但是以“e”结尾的动词，直接加“d”;以辅音字母加“y”结尾的词，变“y”为“i”加“ed”;一个元音字母+一个辅音字母结尾的词，且此音节重读，双写结尾的这个辅音字母，再加“ed”。
2、常用过去式时的一些时间状语。
3、过去时的否定和疑问结构。
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Ⅷ 英语语法知识大全汇总
英语的重点主要在词汇，语法、阅读理解、 作文 ……等等，其中语法是让大家一直比较头疼的知识点，下面给大家带来一些关于英语语法 知识大全 汇总，希望对大家有所帮助。
1.英语语法指的是什么
英语语法是针对英语语言进行研究后，系统地 总结 归纳出来的一系列语言规则。英语语法的精髓在于掌握语言的使用。英语语法包括词语、时态、语态、语气、 句子 成分、句型结构等。
1.一般现在时：表示现在的状态、经常的或习惯性的动作、主语具备的性格和能力等。基本结构：主语+be/do+其他。
2.一般过去时：表示过去某个时间内(或某一段时间内)发生的动作或存在的状态，过去经常或反复发生的动作。基本结构：主语+动词的过去式或be的过去式+名词。
3.一般将来时：表示将要发生的动作、打算、计划或准备做某事。基本结构：主语+am/is/are+going to + do sth;主语+will/shall+do sth
4.一般过去将来时：立足于过去某一时刻，从过去看将来，常用于宾语从句中。基本结构：主语+was/were+going to+do+ 其它 ;主语+would/should+do+其它。
5.现在进行时：表示现在(说话时)或当前阶段正在进行或发生的动作。基本结构：主语+be+doing+其它。
6.过去进行时：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。基本结构：主语+was/were+doing+其它。
7.将来进行时：表示将来某一时间正在进行的动作，或表示要在将来某一时间开始，并继续下去的动作。常用来表示询问、请求等。基本结构：主语+shall/will+be+现在分词+其它。
8.过去将来进行时：表示就过去某一时间而言，将来某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作，主要用于宾语从句中，尤其多用于间接引语中。基本结构：should/would+be+现在分词。
9.现在完成时：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。基本结构：主语+have/has+p.p(过去分词)+其它。
10.过去完成时：以过去某个时间为标准，在此以前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前完成的行为，即“过去的过去”。基本结构：主语+had+p.p(过去分词)+其它。
2.英语语法基础知识汇总
1.as...as...引导的比较级：
(1)“as +形容词或副词原级+as+被比较对象”结构。例句：He studies as hard as you. 他像你一样学习努力。
(2)在否定句或疑问句中可用not so…as…. 例句：He can notrun so/as fast as you. 他没你跑得快。
2.only引导的倒装句型：only +状语(或状语从句)位于句首时，句子部分倒装。
例句： Only by diligence and honesty can one succeed inlife. 只有勤奋、正直，一个人在生活中才能成功。
注意：但 only修饰主语时，不倒装。例句：Onlythat girl knew how to work out the problem. 只有那位女生知道怎样解那道题。
3.wish引导的虚拟语气：wish 后面的从句，当表示与事实相反的情况，或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望时，其宾语从句的动词形式为：
(1)表示对现在情况的虚拟：从句动词用过去式或过去进行式表示，be 的过去式用were.
I wish I knew the answer to the question. 我希望知道这个问题的答案。(可惜不知道。)
(2)表示对过去情况的虚拟：从句动词用had +过去分词。
I wish (that) I hadn’t wastedso much time. 我后悔不该浪费这么多时间。( 实际上已经浪费掉了。)
(3)表示对将来的主观愿望：谓语动词形式为“would/ should/ could/ might +动词原形”。在这种情况下，主句的主语与从句的主语不能相同，因为主句的主语所期望的从句动作能否实现，取决于从句主语的态度或意愿(非动作名词除外) 。
I wish it would stop raining. 但愿雨能停止。
注意：若wish 后的宾语从句中用would，可以表示请求，通常意味着说话人的不快或不满。
例句：I wish you would be quiet. 我希望你安静一些。
4.it形式宾语：和it 作形式主语一样, 我们常用it 来作形式宾语, 把真正的宾语从句放在句末, 这种情况尤其出现在带复合宾语的句子中。
例句：He has made it clear that he will not give in. 他表明他不会屈服。
5.The+比较级，the+比较级表示“越......越......”。
例句：The more scared we are, the stronger the difficultywill become.我们越害怕困难，困难就会变得越强大。
6.宾语从句：一般疑问句做宾语，引入if或whether
例句： I want to know if he will join us in thediscussion?
7. 原因状语从句：since引导的
例句： Don’t eat too much sugarsince it is bad for your health.
8. 否定词前置倒装：scarcely...when...
例句： Scarcely had he arrived at home when it began torain.
9.If虚拟条件句
3.英语语法解析
1.连词that, if, whether，连接代词what, which, who, whom, whose以及连接副词how, when, why, where可用来引导名词从句，充当主语、表语、宾语等。非正式文体中的宾语从句常省略that：
I think (that) he’ll be back in an hour. 我认为他一小时后就会回来。
Who they are doesn’t matter much. 他们是谁没什么大关系。
Can you tell me where he is? 你能告诉我他在哪儿吗?
He asked me if/whether I knew John. 他问我是否认识约翰。
此外，that, which, who, whom, whose, when, why, where等还可以引导定语从句。
2.连词when, while, before, after, till/until, since, as soon as等引导时间状语从句：
She said hello to me when she saw me. 她看到我的时候，和我打了招呼。
I’ll wait here until you come back. 我将在这里等你回来。
3.连词if, unless引导条件状语从句;because, as, since引导原因状语从句：
I’ll help her if she asks me to. 如果她要求我，我就帮助她。
I won’t help her unless she asks me to. 除非她要求我，否则我不会帮她。
He didn’t come because he was ill. 因为他病了，所以没来。
As he hasn’t appeared yet, we shall start without him. 既然他还没有出现，我们就先开始吧。
Since everybody is here, let’s begin. 既然大家都到了，咱们就开始吧。
4.连词in order than, so that引导目的状语从句;so … that …引导结果状语从句：
I locked the door in order that we might continue our discussions undisturbed. (=I locked the door in order to continue our discussions undisturbed.) 我把门锁上了，以便我们可以继续讨论而不受打扰。
The car ran so fast that I couldn’t see who was in it. 汽车跑得那么快，我没看清谁坐在里面。
5.连词than, as…as…, not as/so…as…用来引导比较状语从句：
He is better ecated than his brother. 他比他兄弟受的 教育 好。
He is as well ecated as his brother. 他和他兄弟受的教育一样好。
He is not as/so well ecated as his brother. 他没有他兄弟受的教育好。
6.连词although, though 引导让步状语从句;where, wherever 引导地点状语从句：
I’ll go wherever you go. 不管你去哪儿，我就去那儿。
Stay where you are! 原地别动!
Though/Although she is rich, she’s not happy. 尽管她富有，但她并不幸福。
一般来说，连词性质的连接词连接两个分句或引导一个从句，两个分句或主从复合句之间用逗号连接。
二、副词性连接词
副词性质的连接词不能象连词一样分句或主从复合句之间用逗号连接。也就是说它们不能连接两个分句或引导从句。它们引导的句子与前面的句子之间要用分号或句号，而它们与引导的句子之间往往用逗号。副词性质的连接词在写作中常常使用，主要分为以下几类：
1.表示顺序的，如first, in the first place, then, finally, in the end等等。尤其要注意then. 如：
误：He graated from college in 2003, then he found a job.
正：He graated from college in 2003, and then he found a job.
He graated from college in 2003. Then he found a job.
2.表示递进关系的，如in addition, what is more, furthermore, moreover等。注意in addition 与in addition to 的区别：in addition 是副词性质;而in addition to 是介词性质，后面必须接宾语。
3.表示转折关系的，如however, nevertheless, nonetheless, on the contrary, in contrast, 等等。要注意不要把however 当成连词。
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