1. 英语逻辑语义关系有哪几种
句子结构在英语知识运用中碰迅主要体现咐昌在句子间的逻辑关系上,考生需要熟知各种常见的逻辑关笑简此系词。这些逻辑关系主要体现在一些连词、副词以及某些介词词组上。具体可以分为以下几类:
表示转折/让步关系:but, however, nevertheless, whereas, although, despite, in spite of, still
表示比较或对比关系:similarly, in the same way, likewise, whereas, in contrast to, rather than
表示因果关系:because, since, now that, on account of, e to, on the ground of, accordingly, consequently, therefore, thus, hence
表示并列关系:and, or
表示举例与例证关系:for example, for instance, specially, such as, as follows
表示强调关系:in fact, in particular, particularly, above all, undoubtedly, certainly
表示顺承关系:in addition, furthermore, besides, likewise
此外,逻辑关系不仅可以成为直接的考查对象,而且还可以利用这些逻辑关系寻找其他题目的解题线索。
2. 有关英语基础知识问题
动词不定式的语法功能
一、作宾语
1) 动词+ 不定式
afford. aim. appear. agree. arrange . ask . be . decide. bother . care . choose . come. dare. demand. desire. determine . expect. elect . endeavor .hope. fail . happen . help . hesitate .learn . long . mean. manage . offer . ought. plan . prepare. pretend . promise. refuse. seem. tend. wait . wish. undertake.
举例:
The driver failed to see the other car in time.
司机没能及时看见另一辆车。
I happen to know the answer to your question.
我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。
2)动词+不定式 ;动词+宾语+不定式
ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish…
I like to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。
I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢你使每件东西都保持整洁。
I want to speak to Tom. 我想和汤姆谈话。
I want you to speak to Tom. 我想让你和汤姆谈话。
3) 动词+疑问词+ to
decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell
Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。
There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.有这么多的录音机,我都拿不定主意买哪一种。
注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时,谓语动词用单数。
The question is how to put it into practice.
问题是怎样把它付诸实施。
4)以下动词后,只能跟不定式作宾语。
如:agree,ask,aim,arrange,choose,decide,demand,expect,fail ,help,hope,lean,long,manage,offer,plan,prepare,
pretend,promise,refuse,wish 等,这些词大部分可接th at引导的从句。如:
I decided to ask for my money back.
I decided that I would ask for my money back.
When our visit to the farm was over,we expected to startback on foot.
When our visit to the farm was over, we expected that wewould start back on foot.
5)当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时,先用形式宾语it代替不定式,把不定式置于补语之后,即:主语+动 词+it+补语+to do句式。如:
We think it quite important for us to learn a foreignlanguage well.
He feels it his ty to help the poor.
二、作补语
1) 动词+宾语+不定式(to do)
advise allow appoint believe cause challenge command compel consider declare drive enable encourage find forbid force guess hire imagine impel ince inform instruct invite judge know like order permit persuade remind report request require select send state suppose tell think train trust understand urge warn
例句:
a. Father will not allow us to play on the street.
父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。
b. We believe him to be guilty.
我们相信他是有罪的。
Find 的特殊用法:
Find 后可用分词做宾补,或先加形式宾语,再加形容词,最后加带to 的动词不定式。find后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有get,have。
I found him lying on the ground.
I found it important to learn.
I found that to learn English is important.
2) to + be 的不定式结构,作补语的动词。
Acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare(声称), discover, fancy(设想), feel find, guess, judge, imagine, know, prove, see(理解), show, suppose, take(以为), understand
We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.
我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。
3) to be +形容词
Seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, mean…
The book is believed to be uninteresting.
人们认为这本书没什么意思。
4) there be+不定式
believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstand
We didn't expect there to be so many people there.我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。
有些动词需用as 短语做补语,如regard, think believe, take, consider.
We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。
Mary took him as her father . 玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。
三、作主语
动词不定式作主语时,句子的谓语动词常用单数,其位置有以下两种:
(1)把不定式置于句首。如:
To get there by bike will take us half an hour.
(2)用it作形式主语,把真正的主语不定式置于句后,常用于下列句式中。如:
①It+be+名词+to do
It's our ty to take good care of the old.
②It takes sb+some time+to do
How long did it take you to finish the work?
③It+be+形容词+for sb+to do
It is difficult for us to finish writing the compositionin a quarter of an hour.
④It+be+形容词+of sb+to do
It is stupid of you to write down everything the teachersays.
⑤It seems(appears)+形容词+to do
It seemed impossible to save money.
在句型③中,常用表示客观情况的形容词,如:difficult,easy,hard,important,impossible,necessary 等;在句型④中,常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise等 表示赞扬或批评的词。在不定式前的sb,可看作其逻辑主语。这一句式有时相当于Sb is+形容词+to do句式 ,如:It'skind of you to help me with my English.=You are kind to helpme with my English.
(3)举例
1) It's easy (for me) to do that.我做这事太容易了
easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better;
the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enough
It's so nice to hear your voice.
听到你的声音真高兴。
It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.
当你不用车的时候,锁车是有必要的。
2) It's very kind of you to help us. 他帮助我们,他真好。
Kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考虑周到的), silly, selfish(自私的)
例句:
It was silly of us to believe him. 我们真愚蠢,竟然相信了他。
It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不给他们任何东西,这显得太自私了。
注意:1) 其他系动词如,look,appear等也可用于此句型
2) 不定式作为句子成分时,动词用单数形式。
3) 当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时,不能用It is… to…的句型
(对)To see is to believe. 百闻不如一见。
(错)It is to believe to see.
四、作表语
不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作;动名词作表语表示抽象的一般行为。
①To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.
②My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties ofthe matter.
③What I would suggest is to put off the meeting.
当主语和表语都是不定式时,其含义一是条件,一是结果(例①)。当主语是aim,ty,hope,idea,mista ke,plan,purpose,suggestion等为中心词的名词词组(例②)时,或以what引导的名词性分句(例③),不定 式说明主语的内容。
④Our work is serving the people.
⑤What he likes is taking a walk after supper.
⑥The story told by Mr.Wang is interesting.
④⑤句动名词作表语,与主语部分可以转换,如Serving thepeople is our work,而⑥句中是现在分词作 表语,说明主语的性质、状态,现在分词具有形容词的各种特征,另外,动名词作表语还应与进行时态区别开 来。
五、作定语
⒈不定式作定语
不定式在句中作定语,置于被修饰的名词或代词之后。如:
①The next train to arrive is from Washington.
②Have you anything to be taken to your sister?
③Do you have anything to say on the question?
④Would you please give me some paper to write on?
⑤My wish to visit France has come true at last.
不定式短语作定语和被修饰词之间表示以下关系:
(1)表示将来的动作(例①)。
(2)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系,如是不及物动词,则需加介词(例④)。
(3)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系,同时与句中其它词之间又有逻辑上的主谓关系时,尽管有被动含义,却仍 用主动语态(例③);如只有动宾关系,而无逻辑上的主谓关系,则需用被动语态(例②)。
(4)不定式作定语时,一般可转换为定语从句,例①to arrive=that will arrive。
六、作状语
1)目的状语
To… only to (仅仅为了), in order to, so as to, so(such)… as to… (如此……以便……)
He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。
I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我来仅仅是向你告别。
2)作结果状语,表事先没有预料到的,要放在句子后面。
What have I said to make you angry.
He searched the room only to find nothing.
3) 表原因
I'm glad to see you.
省to 的动词不定式
1) 情态动词 ( 除ought 外,ought to):
2) 使役动词 let, have, make:
3) 感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作宾补,省略to。
注意:在被动语态中则to 不能省掉。
I saw him dance.
=He was seen to dance.
The boss made them work the whole night.
=They were made to work the whole night.
4) 表示个人意愿或倾向的would rather,had better,might(just) as well:rather than置于句首时。
Rather than ride on a crowded bus,he always prefers to ride a bike.
5) Why… / why not…:
6) help 可带to,也可不带to, help sb (to) do sth:
7) but和except:but前是动词do时,后面出现的动词用不带to的动词不定式。
8) 由and, or和than连接的两个不定式,第二个to 可以省去:
9) 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等词后,可以省去to be:
He is supposed (to be) nice. 他应该是个好人。
10)but作介词,后接不定式结构时,前面谓语动词部分若含有do的形式时,but后的不定式要省去to,否则要带to。
He wants to do nothing but go out.
He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.
11)当两个或多个不定时短语由连词and,but或or连接时,后一个或几个不定式符号to常省略。但若表示对比、对照关系时,则不能省略。
He wants to move to France and marry the girl.
The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier,not to make it more difficult.
12)不定式做表语时,一般要带to,但若主语部分中含有do的各种形式时,符号to可省去。
We've missed the last bus.All we could do now is walk home.
动词不定式的否定式
Tell him not to shut the window…
She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走过的时候,她假装没看见。
不定式的特殊句型
1、不定式的特殊句型so as to
1) 表示目的;它的否定式是so as not to do。
Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.
汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。
Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.
轻点进去,别惊醒了婴儿。
2) so kind as to ---劳驾
Would you be so kind as to tell me the time?
劳驾,现在几点了。
2、 "Why not +动词原形"表达向某人提出建议
"为什么不……?" "干吗不……?"
例如:
Why not take a holiday?
干吗不去度假?
3、It's for sb.和 It's of sb.
1)for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特点,表示客观形式的形容词,如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等:
It's very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。
2)of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格,品德,表示主观感情或态度的形容词,如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。
It's very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我,你真是太好了。
for 与of 的辨别方法:
用介词后面的代词作主语,用介词前边的形容词作表语,造个句子。如果道理上通顺用of,不通则用for。如:
You are nice. (通顺,所以应用of)。
He is hard. (人是困难的,不通,因此应用for。)
4、不定式的特殊句型too…to…
1)too…to 太…以至于…
He is too excited to speak.
他太激动了,说不出话来。
---- Can I help you ? 需要我帮忙吗?
---- Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same. 不用了。这箱子太重,恐怕你搬不动。谢谢您。
2) 如在too前有否定词,则整个句子用否定词表达肯定, too 后那个词表达一种委婉含义,意 为"不太"。
It's never too late to mend. (谚语)
改过不嫌晚。
3) 当too 前面有only, all, but时,意思是:非常… 等于very。
I'm only too pleased to be able to help you. 我非常高兴能帮助你。
He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。动词不定式的"to"与介词的"to"区别 to 有两种用法:
一为不定式+动词原形;
一为介词+名词/动名词, to 在下面的用法中是第二种,即to+ 名词/动名词:
admit to承认,confess to承认,be accustomed to 习惯于,be used to 习惯于, stick to 坚持, turn to开始,着手于, devote oneself to 献身于, be devoted to 致力于, look forward to 盼望,pay attention to 注意
介词but,except,besides+to do(do)
在这种句型中,如介词前有动词do,后面应接不带to的不定式;如无do,则接to不定式,即带do不带to, 带to不带do。如:
The enemy soldiers had no choice but to give in.
On Sunday afternoon I had nothing to do but watch TV.
动词不定式与动名词区别与联系
1) 动名词与不定式的区别:
动名词表达的是: 状态,性质,心境,抽象,经常性,已发生的 不定式表达的是: 目的,结果,原因,具体,一次性,将发生的
2) 接不定式或动名词,意义相同。
3)在下列情况下,一般要用不定式:
①hate,like,love前有would(should)时,如:I'd like to have a cup of coffee.
②当谓语动词begin,continue,start等是进行式时,如:Thestudents are starting to work on the di fficult maths problem.
③begin,continue,start与know,understand等状态动词连用时,如:I soon began to understand what was happening.
⒋advise,allow,encourage,forbid,permit等动词后接动名词作宾语,或带不定式作宾语补足语。如:
Our teachers don't permit our/us swimming in the lake.
Our teachers don't permit us to swim in the lake.
4) 部分动词后接不定式或动名词时,意义差别较大,应根据句子语境选择使用。
①forget,remember,regret后接不定式,表示现在或未来的动作,接动名词表示动作已经发生。如:
Don't forget fo post the letter for me.
Have you forgotten meeting her in Beijing Airport?
Remember to close the windows before you leave.
I remember writing him a letter a year ago.
We regret to tell you that all of you are not invited toattend the meeting.
They regretted ordering these books from abroad.
动名词与不定式语义不同的有11 组:
1 stop to do stop doing
2 forget to do forget doing
3 remember to do remember doing
4 regret to do regret doing
5 cease to do cease doing
6 try to do try doing
7 go on to do go on doing
8 afraid to do afraid doing
9 interested to do interested doing
10 mean to do mean doing
11 begin/ start to do begin/ start doing
1 forget doing/to do
forget to do 忘记要去做某事。 (未做)
forget doing 忘记做过某事。 (已做)
The light in the office is stil on. He forgot to turn it off.
办公室的灯还在亮着,它忘记关了。(没有做关灯的动作)
He forgot turning the light off.
他忘记他已经关了灯了。 ( 已做过关灯的动作)
Don't forget to come tomorrow.
别忘了明天来。 (to come动作未做)
2 stop doing/to do
stop to do 停止,中断做某事后去做另一件事。
stop doing 停止做某事。
They stop to smoke a cigarette. 他们停下来,抽了根烟。
I must stop smoking.. 我必须戒烟了。
3 remember doing/to do
remember to do 记得去做某事 (未做)
remember doing 记得做过某事 (已做)
Remember to go to the post office after school.
记着放学后去趟邮局。
Don't you remember seeing the man before?
你不记得以前见过那个人吗?
4 regret doing/to do
regret to do 对要做的事遗憾。 (未做)
regret doing 对做过的事遗憾、后悔。 (已做)
I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice.
我很遗憾必须这样去做,我实在没有办法。
I don't regret telling her what I thought.
我不为告诉她我的想法而后悔。
5 cease doing/to do
cease to do 长时间,甚至永远停做某事。
cease doing 短时停止做某事,以后还会接着做。
That department has ceased to exist forever.
那个部门已不复存在。
The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by.
姑娘们在老师走过时,停了会聊天。
6 try doing/to do
try to do 努力,企图做某事。
try doing 试验,试着做某事。
You must try to be more careful.
你可要多加小心。
I tried gardening but didn't succeed.
我试着种果木花卉,但未成功。
7 go on doing/to do
go on to do 做了一件事后,接着做另一件事。
go on doing 继续做原来做的事。
After he had finished his maths,he went on to do his physics.
做完数学后,他接着去做物理。
Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one.
作完这个练习后,接着做其他的练习
8 be afraid doing/to do
be afraid to do 不敢,胆怯去做某事,是主观上的原因不去做,意为"怕";
be afraid of doing 担心出现doing的状况、结果。 doing 是客观上造成的,意为"生怕,恐怕"。
She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being
bitten by a snake.
她生怕被蛇咬着,而不敢在草丛中再走一步。
She was afraid to wake her husband.
她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。
She was afraid of waking her husband.
她生怕吵醒她丈夫。
.9 be interested doing/to do
interested to do 对做某事感兴趣,想了解某事。
interested in doing 对某种想法感兴趣,doing 通常为想法。
I shall be interested to know what happens.
我很想知道发生了什么事。 (想了解)
I'm interested in working in Switzerland. Do you have any idea about that?
我对在瑞士工作感兴趣。你想过这事吗? (一种想法)
10 mean to doing/to do
mean to do 打算、想
mean doing 意味着
I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to.
我想去,但是我父亲不肯让我去。
To raise wage means increasing purchasing power.
赠加工资意味着增加购买力。
11 begin(start) doing/to do
begin / start to do sth
begin / start doing sth.
1) 谈及一项长期活动或开始一种习惯时,使用doing.
How old were you when you first started playing the piano?
你几岁时开始弹钢琴?
2) begin, start用进行时时,后面动词用不定式to do
I was beginning to get angry。
我开始生起气来。
3) 在attempt, intend, begin, start 后接know, understand, realize这类动词时,常用不定式to
do。
I begin to understand the truth。
我开始明白真相。
4) 物作主语时
It began to melt.
参考资料:http://ke..com/view/345.html?tp=0_11
3. 英语语法基础知识点归纳
英语语法基础知识点归纳
导语:把比较基础的英语知识点归纳在一起,提供给英语基础不是很好的同学,让他们先打好基础再接触更深的英语。下面是我收集整理的英语语法基础知识点,欢迎参考!
1.as...as...引导的比较级:
(1)“as +形容词或副词原级+as+被比较对象”结构。例句: He studies as hard as you. 他像你一样学习努力。
(2)在否定句或疑问句中可用 not so…as…. 例句:He can notrun so/as fast as you. 他没你跑得快。
2.only引导的倒装句型:only +状语 (或状语从句)位于句首时,句子部分倒装。
例句: Only by diligence and honesty can one succeed inlife. 只有勤奋、正直,一个人在生活中才能成功。
注意:但 only修饰主语时,不倒装。例句: Onlythat girl knew how to work out the problem. 只有那位女生知道怎样解那道题。
3.wish引导的虚拟语气:wish 后面的从句,当表示与事实相反的情况,或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望时,其宾语从句的动词形式为:
⑴表示对现在情况的虚拟:从句动词用过去式或过去进行式表示,be 的过去式用were.
I wish I knew the answer to the question. 我希望知道这个问题的答案。(可惜不知道。)
⑵表示对过去情况的虚拟:从句动词用had +过去分词。
I wish (that) I hadn’t wastedso much time. 我后悔不该浪费这么多时间。( 实际上已经浪费掉了。)
⑶表示对将来的主观愿望:谓语动词形式为“would/ should/ could/ might +动词原形”。在这种情况下,主句的主语与从句的主语不能相同,因为主句的主语所期望的从句动作能否实现,取决于从句主语的态度或意愿(非动作名词除外) 。
I wish it would stop raining. 但愿雨能停止。
注意:若wish 后的宾语从句中用 would,可以表示请求,通常意味着说话人的不快或不满。
例句:I wish you would be quiet. 我希望你安静一些。
4.it形式宾语:和it 作形式主语一样, 我们常用it 来作形式宾语, 把真正的宾语从句放在句末, 这种情况尤其出现在带复合宾语的`句子中。
例句:He has made it clear that he will not give in. 他表明他不会屈服。
5.The+比较级,the+比较级表示“越......越......”。
例句:The more scared we are, the stronger the difficultywill become.我们越害怕困难,困难就会变得越强大。
6. 宾语从句:一般疑问句做宾语,引入if或whether
例句: I want to know if he will join us in thediscussion?
7. 原因状语从句:since引导的
例句: Don’t eat too much sugarsince it is bad for your health.
8. 否定词前置倒装:scarcely...when...
例句: Scarcely had he arrived at home when it began torain.
9. If虚拟条件句
10. 宾语从句:放在介词后面,作介词的宾语。
例句:I know nothing about him except that he used towork in Shanghai.
11.状语从句省略(分词作状语):从句的主语和状语从句的主语一致,状从省略采用分词作状语。
例句:(Because) being short of money, we can’t afford a TV set. =Because we are short of money, we can’t afford a TV set.
12.并列句:由and,or , but连接的两个句子成为并列句。
13.省略句 /倒装:so/系动词/助动词/情态动词 +sb 表示“前者情况适用于后者”。
例句:You are a student, so am I.
14.定语从句 who引导的限定性定从。
例句:Do youremember the girl who taught us English ?你还记得教我们英语的那个女孩吗?
15.宾语从句:whether的用法。
例句:I wonder if/whether it is going to rain tomorrow.
16.不定式做定语。
例句:Theonly way to solve our problems will continue to be rejected.
17.原因状从:now that的用法。now that 表示 “既然”。与 since 的不同之处在于,now that 引出的必须是一个新出现的事实或情况,如果依然如故,和过去相比并没有变化,则不用 now that 引导。
例句:Now that we have all the materials ready, we shouldbegin the new task at once.既然我们把所有材料都准备好了,我们应该立刻开始这项新的工作。
18. 原因状从:for的用法。由because 引导的从句如果放在句末,且前面有逗号,则可以用并列连词 for 来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因,而是多种情况加以推断,就只能用 for。
例句:He is absent today, because/for he is ill. 他今天没来,因为他生病了。
19. 原因状从:as 的用法。
例句:The Singapore passengers begin to decrease as otherairlines spread their operating range.
20. 同位语从句:Iwant to know the answer to this question who will be our next president.原因状从: in that的用法。
例句:Privatization is thought to be beneficial in that itpromotes competition. 私营化的优点在于能促进相互竞争。
21. 不定式:不定式做目的状语。
例句:Weget up very early to catch the first bus.
22.同位语从句:同位语从句在句中作A同位语,对被修饰名词的内容予以解释说明。同位语的特点是:抽象名词在前,表达具体内容的从句在后。常见的名词包括: assumption假定/belief看法/ conclusion结论/ doubt怀疑等。
例句:The suggestion that we should develop the natural resources in theregion has been discussed. 关于我们应该开发本地区资源的建议已经讨论过了。
23.现在完成时:表示过去延续到现在的动作或状态。具体来说,这种用法是表示开始于过去的动作一直持续到现在,而且还可能继续持续下去。谓语动词一般为延续性动词。
例句:An old woman walked out into the middle of the street. The policemanyelled to her, “Don’t you knowwhat it means when I hold up my hand?” The lady said, “Sure I do. I have been a schoolteacher for 28 years now.” 一个老妇人走到了马路中央,这时,一位交警朝着她嚷道:“我都把手举起来了,你难道还不知道什么意思吗?”老太太说:“我当然知道,我都做了28 年的老师了。”
24. 时间状从:not…until… 用法。
例句:The students didn’t stop talking until the teacher came in.
25. it做形式主语,句子做逻辑主语:如果主语太长,常用代词 it 作形式主语,将真正的主语从句置于句尾,以保持句式的平衡。
例句:It makes no difference what you read or study ifyou can’t remember it. 如果你记不住,那么你读什么或者学什么都不重要了。
26. 现在分词短语作状语:
(1)现在分词作时间状语。例句:There areseveral things to consider when buying fresh foods. 当购买新鲜食品时,有几个事情要考虑。
(2)现在分词作条件状语。例句:Working hard,you will succeed. 如果努力工作,你将会成功。
(3)现在分词作伴随状语。例句:All night longhe lay awake, thinking of the problem. 他整夜躺在床上睡不着,思考着那个问题。
(4)现在分词作方式状语。例句:Please answerthe question using another way. 请用另一种方法回答问题。
(5)现在分词作原因状语。例句:Not knowingher address, I can’t write to her.由于不知道她的地址,我没法给她写信。
(6)现在分词作结果状语。例句:Possessing a car gives a much greater degree ofmobility, enabling the driver to move around freely. 拥有汽车使机动程度更高,使司机能自由自在地往来各地。
(7)现在分词作让步状语。例句:Although working from morning till night his fatherdidn’t get enough food.虽然他父亲从早到晚拼命干,但是还是挣不够吃的。
27. 情态动词表推测
(1)对现在、将来情况的推测,用情态动词+动词原形
对现在、将来情况的肯定推测:must+动词原形
对现在、将来情况的否定推测:can’t +动词原形
对现在、将来情况的可能推测:may/might +动词原形
例句:What is he doing?
He must be sleeping./He can’tbe reading./ He may/might be reading but I’m not sure.
(2)对过去情况的推测,用情态动词+have donesth.
对过去情况的肯定推测:must+have done sth.
对过去情况的否定推测:can’t +have donesth.
对过去情况的可能推测:may/might +have done sth.
例句:It must / may / might / have rained last night. Theground is wet.
The door is locked. He cannot / may ( might ) not havebeen at home.
28. 部分倒装:否定词前置
(1)hardly/scarcely…when…
例句:Hardly had she gone out when a student came tovisit her.她刚一出门,一个学生就来拜访她。
(2)no sooner…than…
例句:No sooner had the game begun than it began to rainheavily.比赛刚一开始就下起了雨。
29. 动词 ing 形式作独立主格结构:逻辑主语和主句主语不一致时采用。
例句:Time permitting, we will go for a picnic tomorrow.(=f time permits, we will go for apicnic tomorrow.) 如果时间允许,我们明天会去野餐。
30. so...as to 结构:表示“如此......以至于......”。
例句:The girl was so excited as to shout herself hoarse.那个女孩兴奋得喊哑了嗓子。
31. even if 引导的让步状语从句:“即使”。
例句: Even if we achieve great success in our work, weshould not be proud.即使我们在工作中取得了巨大成绩,也不应该自满。
32. when 引导的状语从句
(1)when可以和延续性动词连用,也可以和短暂性动词连用。
例句:Why do you want a new job when you’ve got such a good one already?(get为短暂性动词)你已经找到如此好的工作,为何还想再找新的?
when从句的谓语动词可以在主句谓语动作之前、之后或同时发生。
例句:When he had finished his homework,he took a short rest.(finished先发生)当他完成作业后,他休息了一会儿。
When I got to the airport,theguests had left.(got to后发生)当我赶到飞机场时,客人们已经离开了。
33. that 引导的宾语从句
名词从句作动词宾语时,前面的that常被省略,特别是在非正式语体中。
例句:I suggested (that) they should drive along thecoast. 我建议他们沿着海岸开车。
I hoped (that) I would / should succeed. 我曾希望我会成功。
34. which 引导的主语从句。
例句:Which book they will choose is still unknown. 他们将选择哪本书仍然不被人知。
35.过去完成时和过去将来时
(1)过去完成时(past perfect tense):强调的是过去某一动作或状态发生在另一动作前或过去某个时间常常用到的时态,或指在过去某个时间段已经发生的事情,它就是过去的过去。
①表示发生在过去的动作对现在造成的某种影响或结果,用来指定在另一个过去行动之前就已经完成了的一个事件。
②过去某动作一直持续到现在将来可能还要延续下去。句中的动作发生在过去之前(过去的过去),即过去完成时动作发生在过去的过去。例句: He said he had been to Beijing twice. 他说他已经去过北京两次。
(2)过去将来时表示在过去某个时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态。即:过去将来时是“立足过去,着眼未来”的一种时态, 常用于宾语从句中。判断这种时态的依据是:要有表示过去的“动作”, 而不是时间。例句:I heard that they were going toreturn to Shanghai soon. 我听说他们不久要回到上海。
36. there be句型:表示的是 “某处有(存在)某人或某物”,其结构为There be (is,are,was, were )+名词+地点状语。例句:There are fifty-two students in our class. 教室里有52个学生。
;4. 英语零基础怎么学
零可以从以下几个方面学习英语:
1.学习26个英文字母
所有的英文字母是由26个英文字母组成的。字母是单词的基础,是学好英语最重要的第一课。只有学好这26个英文字母,才能进行下一步的教学。
2.学好音标
学英语首先要从学英标开始,一定要学好音标。找英语老师或者一些专业人士学习音标的发音,然后背几遍。音标是学习单词的基础。这是所有节目开始的关键!
3.积累单词
背单词是学好英语的唯槐颤磨一方法。只有积累单词,才能增加词汇量,才能更接近英语。至于背单词,常见的方法是死记硬背。但是,背完之后,我们还是要不断的复习。比如我们今天背10个单词,明天复习昨天背过的,然后再背10个单词,不断重复。
阅读
在你有了拼写单词的能力之后,你就可以开始慢慢阅读文章了,从一小段开始,最重要的是你可以试着背一些你认为不错的段落和对话。这是一方面,另一方面,当你发现一些不会的生词时,一定要把眼泪标出来,然后查字典,加入到背单词的列表中。
5. 初中英语基本知识点总结
初中英语在新课程标准实行之前一直作为 英语学习 的开始。 即使在小学开始开设英语课,而学生正式接触系统的英语学习却是在初中阶段。下面我给大家分享一些初中英语基本知识点,希望能够帮助大家!
目录
初中英语基本知识总结
初中英语基本知识点
初中英语基本知识点总结
初中英语基本知识 总结形容词/副词的比较级和最高级的构成规则
(1)单音节词和少数以-er,-ow结尾的双音节单词,比较级在后面加-er,最高级在后面加-est。
① 单音节单词:small→smaller→smallest short→shorter→shortest
tall→taller→tallest great→greater→greatest
② 少数以-er,-ow结尾的双音节单词:clever→cleverer→cleverest narrow→narrower→narrowest
(2)以不发音e结尾的单音节单词,比较级在原形后加-r,最高级在原级后加-st。
large→larger→largest nice→nicer→nicest able→abler→ablest
(3)以一个辅音字母结尾的闭音节(即:辅音+元音+辅音)单词中,先双写末尾的辅音字母,比较级加-er,最高级加-est。
big→bigger→biggest hot→hotter→hottest fat→fatter→fattest
(4)以“辅音字母+y”结尾的双音节词, 把y改为i,比较级加-er,最高级加-est。
easy→easier→easiest heavy→heavier→heaviest
busy→busier→busiest happy→happier→happiest
(5)其他双音节词和多音节词,比较级在前面加more,最高级在前面加most。
beautiful→more beautiful→most beautiful
different→more different→most different
easily→more easily→most easily
(6)有少数形容词、副词的比较级和最高级是不规则的,必须熟记。
good→better→best well→better→best
bad→worse→worst ill→worse→worst
old→older/elder→oldest/eldest
many/much→more→most little→less→least
far →further/farther→ furthest/farthest
形容词和副词比较级的用法
(1)“甲+be+(倍数)+形容词比较级+than+乙”表示“甲比乙…”或“甲比乙…几倍”。
Tom is taller than Kate.汤姆比凯特高。
This room is three times bigger than that>这个房间比那个大三倍。
(2)“甲+实意动词+(倍数)+副词比较级+than+乙”表示“甲比乙…”或“甲比乙…几倍”。
I got up earlier than my mother this morning.我今天早晨起床比我妈妈还早。
He runs three times faster than his brother.他跑的速度比他弟弟快三倍。
句子 成分
1.主语:句子所陈述的对象。
2.谓语:主语发出的动作。一般是有动作意义的动词。
3. 宾语:分为动词宾语和介词宾语,属于动作的承受者。
4. 系动词:表示状态或状态变化的动词,没有实际的动作意义。如 be, 感官系动词(look, sound, smell, taste 和 feel)、保持类系动词(keep, stay 和 remain)、状态变化类系动词(become、get、turn 和 go)等。
5. 表语:紧跟系动词后面的成分。
6. 定语:修饰名词或代词的成分。
7. 状语:修饰形容词、副词、动词或句子的成分。
8. 补语:分为宾语补足语和主语补足语。是对宾语和主语的补充说明,与其有主动或被动的逻辑关系。
例如:You should keep the room clean and tidy.你应该让屋子保持干净整洁。(You是主语, should keep是谓语,the room是宾语,clean and tidy是宾语补足语。)
This kind of food tastes delicious.这种食物吃起来很可口。(This kind of food是主语, tastes是系动词, delicious是表语。)
★ 注意:主语、谓语、宾语、系动词、表语、补语是一个句子的主干成分;定语和状语是一个句子的修饰性成分,不是主干成分。
简单句的五种基本句型
1.“主语 + 谓语”(即“主谓”句型)
例:They arrived in Harbin yesterday morning.分析:“they”(主语)“arrived”(谓语)。
2.“主语 + 谓语 + 宾语”(即“主谓宾”句型)
例:I study English.分析:“I”(主语)“study”(谓语动作)“English”(宾语即动作涉及的对象)。
3.“主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语”(即“主谓双宾”句型)
例:Our teacher taught us English.分析:“our teacher”(主语)“教”(谓语动作)“us”(间接宾语)“English”(直接宾语)。
4.“主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语”(即“主谓宾宾补”句型)
例:He asked her to go there.分析:“he”(主语)“asked”(谓语动作)“her”(宾语即动作涉及的对象)“to go there”(补语—补充说明宾语做什么)。
5.“主语 + 系动词+ 表语”(即“主系表”句型)
常用的系动词有be, keep,lie, remain, stand, become, fall, get, go, grow, turn, look, feel, seem, smell, sound, taste, 等。
例:I am a teacher.分析:“I”(主语)“am”(系动词)“a teacher”(表语—即表明主语的身份)。
宾语从句
1. 宾语从句的含义
在主句中做宾语的从句叫做宾语从句。
如:She knew that the teacher had seen the film.她知道这位老师看过这部电影。
“that the teacher had seen the film”做 knew 的宾语,同时又是由连接词 that 引导的从句,所以它叫做宾语从句。
2. 宾语从句的分类
(1)动词宾语从句:顾名思义,它是位于动词后面的宾语从句。
如:He asked whose handwriting was the best in our class.他问我们班上谁的书法最好。
(2)介词宾语从句:顾名思义,它是位于介词后面的宾语从句。
如:I agree with what you said just now. 我同意你刚才说的话。
(3)形容词宾语从句:顾名思义,它是位于形容词后面的宾语从句。
如:I am afraid that I will be late. 恐怕我要迟到了。
3. 引导名词性从句的连接词
(1)that:没有含义,在宾语从句中不做成分
(2)whether/if:表示是否,在宾语从句中不做成分。
I don t know if /whether he still lives here after so many years. 我不知道这么多年后,他是否还住在这里。
(3)连接代词:what, which, who, whom, whose(在宾语从句中做主、宾、表和定语)
连接副词:where, when, how, why(在宾语从句中做状语)
The small children don t know what is in their stockings.(what 在宾语从句中做主语)这些小孩子不知道什么在他们的长筒袜里。
Could you tell me why you were late for the meeting this morning?(why 在宾语从句中做原因状语)你能告诉我为什么你今天早上开会迟到吗?
4. 在做宾语从句的题目时应注意两点
(1)时态:
①当主句是现在时态时,宾语从句可以根据需要使用任何时态。
I don t know when he will come back.我不知道他将何时回来。
He tells me that his sister came back yesterday.他告诉我他姐姐昨天回来了。
②当主句是过去时态时,宾语从句必须是一种过去的时态。
She asked me if I knew whose pen it was.她问我是否知道这是谁的钢笔。
He said that he could finish his work before supper.他说他会在晚饭前完成工作。
③当表示客观事实或普遍真理的句子做宾语从句时,任何时候都用一般现在时。
The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.老师说过地球绕着太阳转。
(2)语序:任何从句都使用陈述句语序,宾语从句当然也不例外。
初中英语基本知识点总结相关 文章 :
★ 初中英语基础知识归纳总结
★ 初中英语知识点总结归纳3篇
★ 初中英语五种语法知识点总结
★ 初中英语基础知识归纳笔记
★ 初一英语全册语法知识点汇总
★ 初中英语语法知识点总结
★ 初中英语常用知识点总结
★ 初一英语语法知识点总结归纳
★ 初一上英语知识点总结
★ 初三英语知识点大总结
var _hmt = _hmt || []; (function() { var hm = document.createElement("script"); hm.src = "https://hm..com/hm.js?"; var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(hm, s); })();6. 英语的基本知识有哪些
1、字母:26个字母的大小写
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ,abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz。
2、语音:元音的发音
五个元音字母:AEIOU。
12个单元音:
前元音:[i:] [ɪ] /e/ [æ]。
中元音:[ɜ:] [ə]。
后元音:[ɑ:] [ɒ] [ɔ:] [u :] [ʊ] [ʌ]。
双元音(8个) 合口双元音(5个)[ai] [ei] [au] [əu] [ɔi] 集中双元音(3个) [iə][εə][uə]。
3、词汇:词汇量,近反义词。
4、句子:大小写,标点符号。
学习英语的方法有:
1、积累词汇。如果你是学生,可以通过英语课程,让老师帮助你了解英语的基础知识和思维方式。如果你是自学者,可以通过网络视频,根据视频上的内容了解英语的基础知识等。并且需要购买一本中英的英语词典,让你在学习英语的前期掌握足够的英语词汇。
2、学习语法。学习语法的目的,是为了可以更好地进行听说读写等语言实践活动。也就是说,通过对语法规则规律的掌握,减少在语言实践练习中的盲目性,提高语言的准确性。
3、多读、多背、多写。因为学习语言需要对我们的各种感观进行刺激,每天至少看 60-120分钟的英语,早晨和晚上是学英语的最好时间。
4、勇于交流。加强交际训练,为自己提供一个英语环境,只有多交流,才能把口语说的很流利。
7. 英语常见的八种逻辑关系
1、并列关系;2、递进关系;3、因果关系;4、转折关系;5、让步胡塌举关系;6、列举关系;7、举例关系;8、总结关系。
在考研英语的学习中,发现考研英语阅裤碧读重在素材的积累,而词汇和短语更是素材积累的基础,衫逗即便是考研英语大纲也不能全面的覆盖词汇和短语。常见的八种逻辑关系不论是阅读、完型还是作文,逻辑关系词的用法都无比重要。
8. 鏅阃氶昏緫瀛︿箣浼犵粺璇嶉”阃昏緫
璇诲彶浣夸汉鏄庢櫤锛岃昏疭浣夸汉𨱔电锛屾暟瀛︿娇浜哄懆瀵嗭纴绉戝︿娇浜烘繁鍒伙纴浼︾悊瀛︿娇浜哄箪閲嶏纴阃昏緫淇杈炰娇浜哄杽杈╋纴鍑℃湁镓瀛︼纴镄嗘垚镐ф牸銆 钬斺 鑻卞浗鍝插﹀跺煿镙
绗涓璁 阃昏緫瀛︽傝堪
涓銆佸︿範鏅阃氶昏緫瀛︾殑鐩婂
绗涓锛屽归昏緫瀛︾殑锘虹鐭ヨ瘑链変竴涓锘烘湰镄勪简瑙e拰搴旂敤銆
绗浜岋纴阃氲繃阃昏緫瀛﹀熀纭鐭ヨ瘑镄勫︿範锛屾彁鍗囧湪镞ュ父鐢熸椿涓镄勭悊镐ф濈淮鑳藉姏锛岀壒鍒鏄鐜板湪澶у堕兘闱炲父鎺ㄥ磭镄勬壒鍒ゆф濈淮鑳藉姏銆
浜屻侀昏緫瀛︾殑钖涔夊强鍏跺垎绫
1銆佲滈昏緫钬濇槸涓涓澶栨潵璇嶆眹锛屾槸鑻辫钬淟ogic钬濈殑阔宠疟銆傗淟ogic钬濅粠璇嶆簮瀛︾殑镒忎箟涓婏纴鏄𨱒ヨ嚜浜庡彜甯岃厞璇钬溛晃课澄ς钬濓纴鎴戜滑鎶婂畠缈昏疟涓衡滈诲悇鏂钬濄
2銆佲滈诲悇鏂钬濈殑镒忔濓细镐濇兂锛岃█璇达纴鐞嗘э纴瑙勫緥銆
3銆佷弗澶嶉栨″湪浠栨墍缈昏疟镄勚婄﹩鍕掑悕瀛︺嬩腑锛屽皢钬淟ogic钬濅竴璇嶉煶璇戜负钬滈昏緫钬濓纴钖庢潵缁忚繃绔犲+阍婄殑澶у姏鎺ㄥ箍锛屾渶缁堚滈昏緫钬濊繖涓璇嶈鎴愪负浜嗛昏緫瀛︾晫镄勫叕璁ゃ
4銆佲 阃 杈 钬 镄勬棩甯镐娇鐢 锛
钬滀笉钖岀殑浜嬬墿閮芥湁鍏惰嚜韬鍙戝𪾢镄勯昏緫钬濓纴钬滃巻鍙茬殑阃昏緫鏄镞犳儏镄勨浓斺旇勫緥
钬沧疮涓浜洪兘链夎嚜宸变负浜哄勪簨镄勯昏緫钬濓纴钬滀綘杩欐槸寮虹洍阃昏緫钬浓斺旇傜偣銆佺珛鍦
钬滃舰寮忛昏緫钬濓纴钬沧ā镐侀昏緫钬浓斺旈昏緫瀛
5銆佹荤粨锛氱嫮涔夌殑阃昏緫瀛︽槸鎸囩爷绌舵帹鐞嗘槸钖︽湁鏁堢殑绉戝︼纴瀹冧粎浠呭叧涔庢帹鐞嗘湁鏁堟х殑闂棰樸傝屽箍涔夌殑阃昏緫瀛﹀垯鏄鎸囩爷绌舵濈淮镄勫舰寮忓强鍏跺熀链瑙勫緥镄勭戝︺
镫涔夐昏緫瀛︼细镰旂┒鎺ㄧ悊链夋晥镐
骞夸箟阃昏緫瀛︼细镰旂┒镐濈淮褰㈠纺鍜屾濈淮锘烘湰瑙勫緥
涓夈侀昏緫瀛︾殑镰旂┒瀵硅薄
阃昏緫瀛︽槸涓闂ㄧ爷绌舵濈淮镄勭戝︺傚畠涓岖爷绌舵濈淮镄勫叿浣揿唴瀹癸纴钥屾槸镰旂┒镐濈淮镄勫舰寮忥纸褰㈠纺阃昏緫锛夈傛濈淮镄勫舰寮忓氨鏄闄ゅ幓鍐呭逛箣澶栵纴镐濈淮镓鍏锋湁镄勪竴绉嶅浐链夌殑銆佷笉鍙樼殑缁撴瀯銆
濡备綍鍖哄垎镐濈淮镄勫唴瀹瑰拰褰㈠纺锛
涓句緥锛
钬沧湁镄勫姩鐗╁緢鍙鐖便傗
钬沧湁镄勯噾灞炴槸娑蹭綋镄勚傗
锛埚叡钖岀殑镐濈淮褰㈠纺锛氭湁镄勨︹︽槸钬︹︼级
濡傛灉鎶婅繖涓ゅ彞璇濈湅浣沧槸浜轰滑镄勬濈淮镄勮瘽锛屽緢鏄剧劧锛岃繖涓や釜鍙ュ瓙镓琛ㄨ揪镄勫唴瀹规槸瀹屽叏涓崭竴镙风殑銆备竴涓璇寸殑鏄锛屾湁浜涘姩鐗╂槸钖﹀叿链夊彲鐖辫繖镙蜂竴绉嶅睘镐х殑闂棰桡纴钥屽彟涓涓鍒栾寸殑鏄锛屾湁浜涢噾灞炴槸钖﹀叿链夋恫浣撹繖镙蜂竴绉嶆ц川镄勯梾棰樸傝繖涓や釜鍙ュ瓙灏界″湪鍐呭逛笂鏄鐩镐簰鍖哄埆镄勶纴浣嗘槸瀹冧滑閮藉叡钖屽垎浜钖屼竴绉嶅舰寮忥纴钬沧湁镄勨︹︽槸钬︹︹濄
涓句緥锛
钬滆繖涓鐝绾ф墍链夌殑瀛︾敓閮藉緢鍕ゅ嬨傗濓纸镐濈淮褰㈠纺锛氭墍链夆︹︽槸钬︹︼级
钬滆繖涓鐝绾ф湁镄勫︾敓寰埚嫟濂嬨傗濓纸镐濈淮褰㈠纺锛氭湁镄勨︹︽槸钬︹︼级
瀹冧滑镄勫唴瀹归兘鏄鍏充簬鍦ㄨ繖涓鐝绾ч噷瀛︾敓鏄涓嶆槸鍕ゅ嬬殑闂棰樸备絾鏄瀹冧滑镄勫舰寮忎笉涓镙枫傜涓鍙ヨ瘽镄勫舰寮忔槸钬沧墍链夆︹︽槸钬︹︹濓纴绗浜屽彞璇濈殑褰㈠纺鏄钬沧湁镄勨︹︽槸钬︹︹濄
瀹冧滑镄勫唴瀹归兘鏄鍏充簬鍦ㄨ繖涓鐝绾ч噷瀛︾敓鏄涓嶆槸鍕ゅ嬬殑闂棰樸备絾鏄瀹冧滑镄勫舰寮忎笉涓镙枫傜涓鍙ヨ瘽镄勫舰寮忔槸钬沧墍链夆︹︽槸钬︹︹濓纴绗浜屽彞璇濈殑褰㈠纺鏄钬沧湁镄勨︹︽槸钬︹︹濄
阃昏緫瀛﹁缮镰旂┒镐濈淮镄勫熀链瑙勫緥銆傛垜浠涓崭粎𨱍宠佺煡阆扑笉钖岀殑鍙ュ瓙鍒嗗埆鍏锋湁浠涔堟牱镄勫舰寮忥纴鎴戜滑杩樻兂鐭ラ亾涓嶅悓镄勫舰寮忓湪缁勫悎涔嫔悗锛屽摢浜涜兘澶熷府锷╂垜浠銮峰缑姝g‘镄勬濈淮锛屽摢浜涘张浼氲瀵兼垜浠寰楀嚭阌栾镄勭粨璁恒备篃灏辨槸璇达纴鎴戜滑甯屾湜镓惧埌镐濈淮镄勫熀链瑙勫緥銆傚彧链夐伒寰杩欎簺瑙勫緥锛屼汉浠镄勬濈淮镓嶈兘淇濇寔涓瀹氱殑链夊簭镐у拰姝g‘镐с傜浉鍙嶏纴濡傛灉杩濆弽浜呜繖浜涜勫緥锛屾濈淮灏变细闄峰叆娣蜂贡鍜岄敊璇涔嬩腑銆
镐濈淮镄勫熀链瑙勫緥锛氱煕鐩惧緥銆佹帓涓寰嬨佸悓涓寰
涓句緥锛
涓涓娉曞畼鍦ㄥ″垽镄勬椂鍊栾达细钬沧煇 A 镞㈢姱浜嗙姜鍙堟病链夌姱缃钬濄
涓涓鐢诲跺湪鐪嬭繃涓涓锲惧舰涔嫔悗璇达细钬滆繖涓锲惧舰镞涓嶆槸鍦嗙殑鍙埚苟闱炰笉鏄鍦嗙殑钬濄
涓涓镍掓眽鍦ㄥ埆浜鸿翠粬镍掓俨镄勬椂鍊欙纴鍙嶉┏璇达细钬滀腑锲戒汉鏄鍕ゅ姵镄勶纴鎴戞槸涓锲戒汉锛屾墍浠ユ垜鏄鍕ゅ姵镄勨濄
缁撹猴细鍗旷函镄勪粠阃昏緫镄勮掑害鐪嬶纴瀹冧滑閮借缭鑳屼简镐濈淮镄勫熀链瑙勫緥銆
锲涖侀昏緫瀛︾殑锘烘湰绫诲瀷
阃昏緫瀛︿袱涓锘烘湰绫诲瀷锛氭紨缁庨昏緫鍜屽綊绾抽昏緫
婕旂粠阃昏緫镰旂┒镄勬槸蹇呯劧镐ф帹鐞嗭纴鍗充粠鍓嶆彁镄勭湡鏄涓嶆槸鑳藉熷繀铹舵帹鍑虹粨璁虹殑鐪熴
褰掔撼阃昏緫镰旂┒镄勬槸鎴栫劧镐ф帹鐞嗭纴鍗冲墠鎻愮殑鐪熷彲浠ュ湪澶氩ぇ绋嫔害涓婃敮鎸佺粨璁虹殑鐪熴
涓句緥锛
绗涓涓锛氱煡璇嗗垎瀛愰兘鏄搴旇ュ弹鍒板皧閲岖殑
浜烘皯鏁椤笀閮芥槸鐭ヨ瘑鍒嗗瓙
镓浠ワ纴浜烘皯鏁椤笀閮芥槸搴旇ュ弹鍒板皧閲岖殑
绗浜屼釜锛氢腑锲界殑澶╅箙鏄锏界殑
缇庡浗镄勫ぉ楣呮槸锏界殑
娆ф床镄勫ぉ楣呮槸锏界殑
钬︹
镓浠ワ纴涓栫晫涓婃墍链夌殑澶╅箙閮芥槸锏界殑
杩欐槸涓や釜涓嶅悓鍐呭圭殑阃昏緫鎺ㄧ悊銆傜涓涓璇娈典负婕旂粠阃昏緫锛屽傛灉鍓崭袱鍙ヨ瘽閮芥槸鐪熺殑锛岄偅涔埚彲浠ヤ缭璇佺涓夊彞璇濅篃鏄鐪熺殑銆傜浜屼釜璇娈典负褰掔撼阃昏緫锛屽氨绠楀墠鍑犲彞璇濋兘鏄鐪熺殑锛屼篃涓嶈兘淇濊瘉链钖庝竴鍙ヨ瘽鏄鐪熺殑銆
镐荤粨褰掔撼锛岀煡璇嗗洖椤
涓銆佸︿範鏅阃氶昏緫瀛︾殑鐩婂勫湪浜庢彁鍗囩悊𨱍虫濈淮鑳藉姏鍜屾壒鍒ゆф濈淮鑳藉姏
浜屻侀昏緫瀛︾殑钖涔夊强鍏跺垎绫
阃诲悇鏂
镫涔夐昏緫瀛︼细鎺ㄧ悊镄勬湁鏁堟
骞夸箟阃昏緫瀛︼细镐濈淮褰㈠纺鍜屽熀链瑙勫緥
涓夈侀昏緫瀛︾殑镰旂┒瀵硅薄
镐濈淮锛氭濈淮褰㈠纺鍜屾濈淮锘烘湰瑙勫緥锛堢煕鐩惧緥銆佸悓涓寰嬨佹帓涓寰嬶级
锲涖侀昏緫瀛︾殑锘烘湰绫诲瀷
婕旂粠阃昏緫锛埚繀铹舵ф帹鐞嗭级
褰掔撼阃昏緫锛堟垨铹舵ф帹鐞嗭级