① ()高二英语上册第5单元知识点:The British Isles
本文导航 1、首页2、同步练习题
学习是一个边学新知识边巩固的过程，对学知识一定要多加计划，这样才能进步。因此，为大家整理了 高二英语上册第5单元知识点 ，供大家参考。
(人教版)高二英语上册第5单元知识点：The British Isles
【The British Isles知识点】
1. Name five important cities in the United Kingdom. 说出联合王国(即英国)中五座重要城市的名字。(p.33 Warming Up Ex.2)
name动词，意为“说出……的名称(名字);给……取名，命名;任命，提名;决定，说定”等。如：① Can you name all the plants and trees in this garden? 你能叫得出这个花园的所有花草树木
的名称吗?
② The couple named the child Dick. 这对夫妇给孩子取名迪克。
③ Mr. Michael has been named as the new manager. 迈克尔先生被任命为新的经理。
④ Please name the day for our wedding. 请(你)决定我们婚礼的日子。
【拓展】name构成的短语：worth (worthy of) the name名副其实的;in the name of凭……的权威;以……的.名义;call sb. names辱骂某人;name... after ... 以……名字命名;name sb. for提名某人担任(某职务);know sb. by name仅仅知道某人的名字(没有见过面)
2. The conversation workshop is taught on Wednesday afternoon. 谈话技巧研讨会的上课时间是星期三的下午。(p.33 Listening Ex.1 No. 1)
1) 上句中workshop的词义并非“车间;工厂;作坊;工作室”之意，而是“研习会，专题学术讨论会”的意思。
2) 介词on表示时间的用法：
(1) 用在“日期 (date)，几号”和“星期几”之前。
如： on July 1st (= on the first of July)在7月l号(那一天);
on Wednesday在星期三;
on Sundays每逢星期天
(2) 用在“特定”的早、晚、日间、上午、下午等之间。
如： on the morning/afternoon/night of Oct. 1st 在10月1日的上午/下午/晚上;
on a cold night in January在一月的一个寒冷的夜晚;
on the eve of the war在战争前夕;
on New Year's Day在新年(那天)
(3) 用在某些动名词之前，作“在……之时”讲。
如：① They greeted us on our arrival. 他们在我们到达时迎接了我们。
② I'll show you the book on my return. 我一回来就让你看一下这本书。
③He got married immediately on his graation. 他一毕业就结了婚。
(4) 用在某些动名词之前，作“一……就……”讲。
如：① On arriving at my destination, I went to see my friend. 一到目的地，我便去看我的朋友。② On leaving school, he went into business. 一毕业，他便经起商来。
③ On hearing the good news, he jumped with joy. 一听到这个好消息，他高兴地跳了起来。
(5) 和occasion/opportunity等词连用，表示“在某一特殊的时机或场合”。
如：① I send you my best wishes on this happy occasion. 值此佳期，我奉上对你最美好的祝愿。 ② I will have a word with him on the first opportunity. 一有机会，我要跟他聊聊。
3. What are the opening hours of the language lab? 语言实验室的开门时间是几点到几点? (p.34 Listening Ex.3 No. 3)
上句中opening是形容词，意为“第一次的，开头的，开始的，开幕的”。另外，opening亦可用作名词，意为“开放，开始，口子，通路”等。
如： ① His opening remarks are very attractive. 他的开场白很有吸引力。
②The opening hours of the banks there are different. 那儿的银行的开门营业时间不一样。
③ This is the opening of the new play. 这是这部新戏的首场演出。
④ He attended the opening of the new museum. 他出席了新博物馆的开幕典礼。
⑤ He put a gate across the opening in the fence. 他在围墙的开口处安了一个门。
4. Try to reach agreement on main points.尽量在主要观点上达成一致。(p.34 Speaking)
上句中的agreement意为“同意，一致，协议”。常构成如下词组：
(1) in agreement on/upon/about…在/关于…”意见一致;(语法)相一致，呼应
① We are in agreement on that point.关于那一点我们意见一致。
② They are still not in agreement about the plan. 他们在这个计划上意见还是不一致。
③ The predicate should be in agreement with the subject in person and number. 谓语和主语应该在人称和数方面保持一致。
(2) come to (arrive at, reach, make) an agreement with sb. 与某人达成协议。
① They have made an agreement about the plan. 他们在这个计划上意见一致了
② An agreement should be reached immediately with the company on that point. 关于那一点应该与那家公司尽快达成协议。
5. Other people think geography is confusing and difficult to learn... 其他人认为地理课使人感到混乱无序，很难学…… (p.34 Speaking Ex. 2 第二行)
confusing (adj.)令人糊涂的，使人混乱的;confuse (vt.) 使混乱，使糊涂;confused (adj.) (某人)糊涂的，搞混乱的;confuse sb./sth. with sb. /sth. 把……和……弄混。
如：① That is exactly to confuse black with white. 那简直是混淆黑白。
② We tried to confuse the enemy.我们试图迷惑敌人。
③ They asked me so many questions that I got confused. 他们问了我许许多多的问题，把我弄糊涂了。
④ Don't confuse Austria with Australia.不要把奥地利与澳大利亚弄混淆了。
⑤ He was (became, got) confused with his mistake. 他因犯了错误而不知所措。
本文导航 1、首页2、同步练习题
【同步练习题】
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1.Everyone should enjoy the right of access to the________(农村).
2.The________(可能性) of breaking the world record never occurred to him.
3.There will be a________(婚礼) in the village church on Saturday，
4.She________(安排) all her business affairs before going on holiday.
5.The climate here is always hot, summer and winter________(类似的).
6.F________the letter in two before putting it in the envelope.
7.I had a q________with my flatmate about who should do the housework.
8.We've got to fit five people p________all their luggage in the car.
9.The scenery over there was beautiful beyond d________.
10.Each of his rooms was comfortably f________before moving in.
答案：1.countryside 2.possibility 3.wedding 4.arranged
5.alike 6.Fold 7.quarrel 8.plus 9.description 10.furnished
Ⅱ.用所给词的适当形式填空
be able to, take the place of, be familiar with，be close to, pick up, of one's own, prefer to, on one's way to, break down, divide....into
1. White lines________the playing area ________sections.
2. By now you will________the one-way system in the centre of town.
3. Nothing in the world could________the family he had lost.
4. When we gave her the bad news, she________and cried.
5.Her career only began to________when she was in her forties.
6. I'd like to have a place________after living together with my friend.
7. I________wear clothes made of natural fibers ratherthan wearfashionable ones.
8. We'll have to stop for fuel________the airport.
9. The children________each other in age though they differ in height.
10. It's so wonderful to________see the sea from my window.
答案：1.divide; into 2.be familiar with 3.take the place of
4.broke down 5.pick up 6.of my own 7.prefer to 8.on our way to 9.are close to 10.be able to
想要更好的学习首先要做的就是理解运用课本中的知识，因此为同学们整理了 高二英语上册第5单元知识点 ，希望大家可以更快更好的提高成绩，相关内容请看【 高二英语知识点 】栏目!
② 高二英语选修七第三单元知识点
相对于高一，高二课程的难度提高了不少，知识容量大增。只有扎实掌握这部分知识才能较为轻松地完成高三总复习。这就对同学们高二期间的 英语学习 提出了更高要求。以下是我给大家整理的 高二英语 选修七第三单元知识点，希望大家能够喜欢!
高二英语选修七第三单元知识点1
Ⅰ.Hot words and hot phrases常用词与常用词组
1.Medical studies show that AIDS virus cannot be transmitted via the following routes：cups，glasses，toilet seats，swimming pools，mosquitoes，other insects or blood donation.(P.49)
2.AIDS is a disease that breaks down the body's immune system and leaves a person defenceless against infections and illness.(P.51)
3.People get AIDS after having been infected with the HIV virus.(P.51)
4.People transmit HIV by having unprotected sex，by receiving infected blood transfusions or，as in Xiaohua's case，through birth.(P.51)
5.Xiaohua's mother contracted the HIV virus when she was 28，and she died of AIDS only three years after Xiaohua was born.(P.51)
6.The disease is spreading faster in Africa and parts of Asia，mainly because of a lack of proper health care，prevention and ecation.(P.51)
7.The drugs that are available are much too expensive and difficult to find.(P.51)
8....but she does not let that knowledge discourage her.(P.51)
9.She also goes to visit other AIDS patients in hospitals across the country to support them and cheer them up.(P.51)
10.The disease is not the only thing that AIDS patients have to suffer from.(P.52)
11....that can persuade hospitals and companies to allocate more funds for AIDS research and ecation.(P.52)
12.Xiaohua has learnt to live with HIV and the fact she will eventually get AIDS.(P.52)
13.Two years ago，Dr Richards had asked me a great many questions and had taken samples of my blood.(P.55)
14.Mum held my hand and I saw that she was weeping.(P.55)
15.Cancer is a disease that begins in cells.(P.55)
16.In my body，the proction of cells is disrupted.(P.55)
17.Doctors do know that cancer is not caused by injury and is not contagious—it does not spread from one person to another.(P.55)
18.The cancer in my body has been defeated for the moment.(P.55)
19.Living with cancer has made me realize how precious life is and how important it is for us to take every chance to live life to the fullest.(P.55)
20.Every day is a new opportunity and I have learnt to appreciate every minute of each day.
Ⅱ.Language points and grammar focus语言点和语法重点
A.Language points语言点
1.HIV/AIDS is incurable...(P.49)
AIDS is a disease that...leaves a person defenceless against infections and illness.(P.51)
本单元中由前缀或后缀派生出的 反义词 的小结
2.People get AIDS after having been infected with the HIV virus.(P.51)
完成时的动名词的被动式的内涵及用法
3.As with most diseases and disasters，the young suffer the most.
“定冠词 + 形容词/过去分词”表示“一类人”的用法的小结
4.I had been feeling sick for a long time and my mum had taken me to hospital to have me examined.(P.55)
1)过去完成进行时的内涵及用法
2)“to have + 宾语 + 过去分词”的两个内涵及用法
5.The treatment was successful and I was able to go home after exactly fourteen months，two days and six hours in hospital.(P.55)
was/were able to do与could do在内涵上的区别及各自的用法
6.I have been living with cancer for two years and...(P.55)
现在完成进行时的内涵及用法
Ⅲ.Skills of the four essential abilities：listening，speaking，reading and writing听、说、读、写四项基本能力的学习技巧
1.Listening：Master the main idea of a long dialogue through the inner connections among the questions so as to have better understanding of the questioned details
从各设问间的内在联系把握较长对话的中心思想，更好理解各检测点的细节
2.Speaking：Talk about deadly diseases and attitudes towards AIDS，cancer，etc.
关于那些致命疾病及对待艾滋病、癌症等的态度的谈论
3.Reading：Make full use of informational words and phrases
充分利用信息词
4.Writing：How to write a personal narrative
如何写一篇个人经历过的叙述性 故事
高二英语选修七第三单元知识点2
一、不定式做主语：
1、不定式做主语一般表示具体的某次动作。===动名词doing 表示习惯的，经常的动作。
e.g: To finish the building in a month is difficult.
To do such things is foolish.
To see is to believe. (对等)
注: 1). 不定式作主语时,谓语用单数
2). 当主语较长，谓语较短时，常用it做形式主语，而将不定式放到谓语的后面。
it做形式主语，不定式放在谓语动词之后常用于下列结构中：
(1)It is/was +adj.+of sb. to do…
(2) It is +adj.+for sb.+to do…
It is easy / difficult / hard / foolish / unwise / right / wrong / unnecessary
(3) it is +a +名词+ to do...
It is a pity / a pleasure / a pleasant thing / one’s ty / an honor / a shame / a crime / no easy job… to do
It takes (sb.) some time / courage / patience …to do…
It requires courage / patience / hard work… to do…
_注意: probable 和 possible 均可作表语，但possible可以用不定式作真实主语， 而probable不能用不定式作真实主语。
It is probable for him to come to the meeting.(错)
It is possible for him to come to the meeting.
It is possible / probable that he will come to the meeting.
二、不定式做表语
主语是以aim ty hope idea intention plan job suggestion wish purpose task 等为中心词的名词词组 或以 what 引导的名词性从句表示，后面的不定式说明其内容, 不定式作表语常表示将来或现在的动作或状态。
eg :My idea is to climb the mountain from the north.
Your mistake was not to write that letter.
What I would suggest is to start work at once.
三、动词不定式作宾语
以不定式结构为宾语的动词有：
ask, agree, care, choose, demand, decide, expect, fail, help, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish等只能用动词不定式作宾语
口诀(接不定式作宾语的动词)
想要学习 早打算( want learn plan)
快准备 有希望( prepare hope wish expect)
同意否 供选择(agree offer choose)
决定了 已答应(decide be determined promise)
尽力去 着手做(manage undertake)
别拒绝 别假装(refuse pretend)
失败不是属于你(fail)
e.g.Tom refused to lend me his pen.
We hope to get there before dark.
The girl decided to do it herself.
_注意:某些及物动词可用-ing也可用动词不定式作宾语但意义不同的有
stop go on remember forget
regret try mean can’t help
be used to
高二英语选修七第三单元知识点3
1. slide on a banana skin在香蕉皮上滑倒
2. bump into someone else撞到别人
3. round a corner在拐角处
4. fall down掉下
5. be cruel to …对…残忍
6. at times有时,常常
7. be content with对…满意
8. badly off(worse off) 贫困
9. astonish us with the deep feelings
用深厚的感情打动…
10. be born in poverty出生贫寒
11. become famous for变的有名
12. a particular from of acting一种特殊表演方式
13. his entertaining silent movies他滑稽无声电影
14. be well-known throughout the world举世闻名
15. wear worn-out shoes穿着破鞋子
16. carry a walking stick拿着手杖
17. a social failure一个社会生活中的失败分子
18. overcome difficulties克服困难
19. be unkind to sb对…不好
20. a boiled shoe煮熟的鞋子
21. the problem facing sb面对某人的问题
22. thousands of成千上万
23. rush there in search of冲向…寻找…
24. fortunate enough足够幸运
25. pick up拾起…/接某人
26. be caught in a snowstorm遭遇到暴风雪
be caught on被…钩住
27. on the edge of a mountain在大山边缘
28. pick out挑出
29. cut off切断,隔绝…
30. as if似乎,好象
31. eat every mouthful with great enjoyment
每口都吃得津津有味
32. star in主演…
33. his lifetime outstanding work
他终生杰出的工作
34. be buried in被埋葬在…
35. knock into撞到…
36. think it funny to…觉得滑稽…
37. play on words说俏皮话
38. treat it as a question把…当作一个问题
39. an answer to the question问题的答案
40. go camping去露营
41. in a mountainous area在山区
42. in the open air在户外
43. look up at the stars抬头看着星星
44. how vast the sky is 天空多么广阔
45. try a third time又试了一次
46. pay special attention to特别注意…
47. bring out the humorous meaning
指出/阐明幽默的意思
48. turn into变成…
49. improve your English vocabulary
扩大英语词汇量
50. a sense of success成功感,成就感
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③ 求高二上学期，语法内容。
高二上学期英语语法总结
Grammar focus语法重点
1．The simple passive form of the infinitives．
不定式被动态的一般形式的内涵及用法。
2．Four functions of the infinitives used as subject，attribute，object and adverbial．用作主语、定语、宾语和状语的不定式的四种功能的用法。
本单元的语法项目是不定式的被动式，具体讲解如下：
①当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示动作的承受者时，不定式一般用被动形式。不定式被动形式在句中可作主语、表语、状语、补语等。如：
To be obeyed was natural to her．她生性让别人听命于她。(作主语)
The problem remained to be solved．这个问题还有待解决。(作表语)
It needs not to be said that they are very happy together．
不必说他们在一起非常幸福。(作宾语)
There were plans to be made at once．要立即制定计划。(作定语)
He has returned only to be sent away again．
他回来以后又被打发走了。(作状语)
The captain ordered the flag to be hoisted．
船长命令升旗。(作宾语补足语)
The book is intended to be read and not to be torn．
这书是供人阅读的而不是供人撕毁的。(作主语补足语)
②在某些句子中，不定式虽表被动，但仍用主动形式。如：
What is to pay？要付多少钱？
The reason is not far to seek．道理很浅显。
He gave me some books to read．他给了我一些书读。
We found the report easy to understand．我们发现这些报告很容易懂。
不定式作主语、定语、宾语和状语的功能和用法讲解如下：
由于不定式有名词、形容词和副词的特点，所以它在句中可做主语、表语、宾语、定语、同位语、状语、补语等。但由于时间关系，今天我只把不定式作主语、定语、宾语和状语的用法讲解一下。
1)作主语。如：
To see is to believe．眼见为实。
To serve the people is our ty．为人民服务是我们的职责。
在日常英语中，常用it作为语法上的主语，即形式主语，而将真正的主语放在后面。
It is our ty to serve the people．为人民服务是我们的职责。
2)作宾语。如：
I couldn't afford to buy a new car．我买不起汽车。
Have you decided to marry him？你决定嫁给他吗？
有些动词常常跟不定式作宾语，它们是：want，wish，hate，prefer，hope，continue，manage，try，ask，offer，start，forget，remember，begin，decide，agree，choose，learn，pretend，promise，mean，expect，desire等。
另外，在一些复合宾语中，常用it代表不定式作为形式宾语，而将真正的宾语不定式放在后面。如：
I thought it right to do this test．我认为做这项实验是对的。
3)作定语。通常都置于被修饰名词或代词之后。如：
This is the best way to solve this problem．
这是解决这个问题的最好办法。
I have a lot of work to do．我有许多工作要做。
如果不定式和它所修饰的词有逻辑上的动宾关系，且这个不定式是不及物动词，则它后面需有必要的介词。如：
He is a good comrade to work with．他是一个很好共事的同志。
There is nothing to think about．没什么值得考虑的。
4)作状语，表示目的、结果、原因等。如：
He went home to see his parents．他回家看望父母。(表目的)
I turned the radio down so as not to disturb you．
我把收音机音量调小，以免打扰你。(表目的)
The problem is too hard to understand．
这问题太难了，理解不了。(表结果)
What have I done to make you unhappy？
我做了什么事使你不高兴？(表结果)
I'm glad to hear the news．听了这消息，我很高兴。(表原因)
I was surprised to see him there．
我真想不到会在那里见到他。(表原因)
Grammar focus语法重点
The past participle used as attribute and predicative
用作定语和表语的过去分词
本单元的语法项目是过去分词作定语、表语。它们的用法讲解如下：
1)过去分词作定语。如果是及物动词的过去分词作定语，过去分词与被修饰词有逻辑上的被动关系，且表完成的状态；如果是不及物动词的过去分词作定语，过去分词与被修饰词在逻辑上没有主被动关系之说，所以不及物动词的过去分词只表完成的状态。但有些表示思想感情的过去分词如astonished，disappointed，excited，frightened，interested，pleased，surprised，tired，worried等既不表主动，又不表完成。此外，作定语的过去分词如果是单词，一般放在被修饰词的前面；作定语的过去分词如果是动词短语，一般放在被修饰词的后面。如：
We need more qualified teachers．我们需要更多的合格老师。
He stepped carelessly on some broken glass．
他不小心踩到了碎玻璃上了。
The letter written by my brother is on the desk．
我兄弟写的信在桌子上。
The TV set made in China are good quality．
中国制造的电视机质量很好。
You can drink boiled water，not boiling water．
你可以喝白开水，但不可以喝沸腾的水。
From his disappointed look，I knew he didn't pass the examination．
从他的失望表情看，我知道他没通过考试。
2)作表语，过去分词作表语，多表示主语的状态。如：
This machine part is broken．这个机器零件坏了。
He looked very excited．他看起来很激动。
有些过去分词实际上已被看成形容词了，常见的有：delighted，disappointed，discouraged，drunk，amused，astonished，hurt，interested，crowded，tired，satisfied，pleased，surprised，worried，excited，married，puzzled，upset等。
Grammar focus语法重点
The Past Participle used as Object Complement
用作宾补的过去分词
本单元的语法项目是过去分词作宾补，你能把它的用法讲解一下吗？
师：过去分词作宾补，与前面的宾语有逻辑上的被动关系且表动作的完成。
1)作表感觉或心理状态的动词的宾补，它们是：see，hear，watch，feel，find，think等
We hear the music played by the band．我们听了乐队演奏这首乐曲。
I found her greatly changed．我发现她变化很大。
Everybody thought the battle lost．人人都认为这场战役输掉了。
2)作使役动词的宾补，它们是：make，keep，leave，have，get，help等
When you speak，you have to make yourself understood．
说话时要让人听懂。
Please keep us informed of the latest development．
请随时向我们通报事态的最新发展。
I must get my bike repaired．我必须请人修自行车。
3)作表希望或要求的动词的宾补，它们是：want，like，wish，prefer，need，declare，report，order，acknowledge等。这种用法与不定式的被动形式作宾补基本相同。
I don't want any of you(to be)involved in the scandal．
我不要你们任何人牵涉到丑闻中去。
The viewers wish the serial film(to be)continued．
观众们希望这部系列片继续下去。
She needs the work(to be)done before tomorrow．
他要此项工程明天以前完成。
Grammar focus语法重点
The Past Participle used as Adverbial
用作状语的过去分词
本单元课文中出现了许多过去分词作状语的句子，您能把这一语法现象讲解一下吗？
师：无论过去分词作状语还是现在分词作状语，分词的逻辑主语都要和主句的主语一致。过去分词与主句的主语应是被动关系。过去分词作状语，表示时间、原因、让步或伴随等，这种过去分词通常相当于状语从句。下面我将举例说明。
1)表时间
(When the metal is)Heated，the metal expands．加热后，这种金属会膨胀。(The couple took good care of the baby while(the couple was)occupied by their work．这对夫妇一边工作，一边很好地照顾这个婴儿。
像第二句那样当强调实践概念时，过去分词之前可用连词when，while。
2)表原因
(As he was)Greatly surprised，he couldn't say a word．
他大吃一惊，一时说不出话来。
(Because she was)Scolded by the teacher，the girl felt unfair．
那姑娘因受老师责备，而愤愤不平。
3)表让步
Even if(I were)invited，I wouldn't go．即使受邀请，我也不愿去。
Though(they were)defeated again and again，they went on fighting．尽管一再遭受挫败，他们仍然继续战斗。
4)表伴随
He stared at me(he was)astonished．他两眼瞪着我，惊恐万状。
Einstein walked along the street，(he was)lost in thought．爱因斯坦漫步街头，沉浸在思索中。
Grammar focus语法重点
Noun Clauses introced by relating pronoun“that”
由关系代词“that”引导的名词性从句
本单元的语法项目是关联词“that”引导的名词性从句，你能把它的内涵及用法讲解一下吗？
that引导名词性从句时，本身没有什么意思，它只起一个连接作用。①that引导主语从句时，一般不可省略，且可把that所引导的主语从句放在后面，前面用it代替that从句；当然，当主句用了被动语态或是一般疑问句时多用it作形式主语；如主句是感叹句时，必须用it作形式主语，把that从句放在后面。②引导及物动词的宾语从句时，在不引起歧义的情况下，that可以省略；that很少引导介词的宾语从句(中学阶段常见的能引导that从句的介词有：except、but、in等)，如介词引导that从句作宾语，常常在其后加it，在加that从句作宾语。③that从句作表语从句，一般不可省略。④that从句作同位语从句，一般不可省略。请看下列例句：
That we shall be late is certain．=It is certain that we shall be late．
我们要晚了，这是确定无疑的。
It is said that he's got married．听说他结婚了。
How strange it is that the children are so quiet！
真奇怪孩子们如此安静。
He told me(that)he would come to Gu'an the next day．
他告诉我第二天他来固安。
He did come here in that he had another thing to do．
他没来是因为他有其他事要做。
You can depend on it that he is a millionaire．
你就放心吧，他是百万富翁。
The fact is that he doesn't understand English at all．
事实上他根本不懂英语。
I know the fact that the doesn't understand English at all．
我知道他根本不懂英语(那个事实)。
如何区别 where 引导的定语从句与状语从句
1．where 引导定语从句时，where 是关系副词，在从句中作地点状语，其前面有表示地点的先行词，where 引导的从句修饰先行词。例如：
The bookshop where I bought this book is not far from here．
我买这本书的那个书店离这里不远。
This is the house where I lived two years ago．
这就是我两年前住的那所房子。
We will start at the point where we left off．
我们将从上次停下来的地方开始。
2．where 引导状语从句时，where 是从属连词，where 引导的从句修饰主句的谓语动词，where 前面没有表示地点的先行词。例如：
Wuhan lies where the Changjiang River and the Han Jiang River meet．
武汉位于长江和汉江的汇合处。
Mark a mark where you have any doubts or questions．在有疑问的地方做一个记号。
I found my books where I had left them．我在我原来放书的地方找到了我的书。
有时，where 引导的地点状语从句兼有抽象条件含义，可放在主句的前面，而 where 引导的定语从句则不能。例如：
Where there is a will，there is a way．(谚语)有志者事竟成。
Where there is water，there is life．有水的地方就有生命。
3．在有些情况下，where 引导的定语从句可转换为 where 引导的地点状语从句。例如：
A tall building was put up at the place where there used to be a desert．( = A tall building was put up where there used to be a desert．)在以前曾是沙漠的地方盖起了一幢高楼。
Bamboo grows best in places where it is warm and where it rains often．( = Bamboo grows best where it is warm and where it rains often．温暖而多雨的地方最适合于竹子生长。
Grammar focus语法重点
Noun Clauses Introced by Question Words
由疑问词引导的名词性从句
[讲解]由疑问词引导的名词性从句多作主语从句、宾语从句或表语从句，偶尔也作同位语从句。在作上述从句时，其句型结构应该采用以下两种：
1．疑问词 + 主语 + 谓语动词 + 其他
2．本身是主语的疑问词 + 谓语动词 + 其他
不管采用哪种句型，其词序总是正装的，即主语必须置于谓语动词前面。
[例句]
1)What you need is more practice．(主语从句)
2)What is hard is to do good all one's life and never do anything bad．(主语从句)
3)I can't imagine when we will be able to travel in space．(动词宾语从句)
4)This reminded me of what he had once told us．(介词宾语从句)
5)The problem is whether robots will be smarter than humans．(表语从句)
6)Scientists have not found answers to the question why there is no life on Mars．(同位语从句)
Grammar focus语法重点
虚拟语气
语气是一种动词形式，表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。英语中共有三种语气：陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气。本单元所讲的是虚拟语气。
虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式，用来表示说话人所说的话不是一个事实，而只是一种愿望、假设、怀疑、建议、猜测、可能或纯粹的空想等。
本单元要学习关于虚拟语气的以下三个用法：
1．虚拟语气在一般现在时的条件句和主句中的谓语动词的形式如下：
从 句 主 句
过去式(be用were) would + 动词原形
[例句]
1)If I knew German，I would read Das Capital in the original．
要是我懂德文，我就读《资本论》的原文。
2)If he were here now，everything would be all right．
要是他现在在这儿，一切就都没问题了。
3)How nice it would be if I could stay a bit longer！
2．虚拟语气在wish后的宾语从句中的应用。
如果该宾语从句表示一般现在时，其动词一律用其过去式形式，be用were；如果该从句表示一般过去时，其动词形式要用：had + 过去分词；如果该从句表示现在进行时，其动词形式要用were／was + 现在分词；如果该从句表示一般将来时，其动词形式要用：would／could + 动词原形。
[例句]
1)I wish I were／was as strong as you．
2)I wish I remembered his phone number．
3)I wish I had not forgotten his address the other day．
4)How I wish it weren't／wasn't raining now！
5)I wish he would try again．
3．虚拟语气在含有as if引导的从句中的动词形式与wish后的宾语从句中的动词形式相同。
1)He acts as if he were／was an expert．
2)It seems as if it were／was spring．
3)They are talking as if they had been friends for years．
Grammar focus语法重点
Subjunctive Mood in the Past Tense and the Future Tense
一般过去时与一般将来时中的虚拟语气
[ ]表示过去情况的虚拟条件句的主句与从句中谓语动词的主要形式如下：
从 句 主 句
had + 过去分词 would have + 过去分词
[例句]
1．If we had left a little earlier，we would have caught the train．
2．If I hadn't taken your advice，I would have made a bad mistake．
3．You wouldn't have caught cold if you had put on more clothes．
[ ]表示将来情况的虚拟条件句的主句与从句中的谓语动词的主要形式如下：
从 句 主 句
were to／should + 动词原形 would + 动词原形
[例句]
1．If I were to study at Harvard University next year，I would major in biology．
2．If he were to／should travel on Mars in the future，he would drive a space wagon all over it．
注：在虚拟条件中，有时可以把表示假设的从属连词if省掉不用，在此语境中，就把从句中的助动词had，should或were移至其主语前，如：
1．Had we made enough preparations，we might have succeeded in doing the experiment．
2．Were they to act like that again，we would／should criticize them severely．
3．Should we fail again next time，we wouldn't lose courage．
Grammar focus语法重点
Inversion 倒装
主语与谓语有两种顺序：一是主语在前，这和汉语是一致的，称为自然语序或正装语序。反之，如果谓语的全部或一部分置于主语之前，就是倒装语序。
产出倒装语序主要有两个原因：语法结构的要求；第二种则是修辞上措辞和安排的需要。下面就是按两种要求讲授本单元有关倒装语序的知识。
1．主谓倒装
A)凡表方位、方向或时间的副词或介词词组处于句首时往往引起主谓倒装。如：
1)There exist different opinions on this question．
关于这个问题存在着不同的意见。
2)Here comes the old lady．那位老太太来了。
3)Then came the hour we had been looking forward to．
我们期待的时刻到来了。
4)Up went the arrow into the air．
飕的一声箭射上了天空。
5)Now comes your turn．现在轮到你了。
6)Through the air hurtled a jet-plane．
呼地一声在天空中飞过一架喷气式飞机。
B)否定词置于句首，引起部分倒装(助动词或情态动词移至主语前)，如：
1)Never before has our country been so prosperous．
我们的国家从来没有这样繁荣昌盛。
2)Hardly did I think it possible．我几乎认为这是不可能的。
3)On no account should we follow blindly．我们决不应盲从。
C)“only + 状语”置于句首引起部分倒装，如：
1)Only after a bitter struggle was the aim achieved．
只有在艰苦斗争之后这一目标才得以实现。
2)Only in this way can we hope to improve the situation there．
只有用这种方式我们才有可能改善那里的局势。
D)省略了if的虚拟条件句中要用部分倒装，如：
1)Should anyone phone me，tell him to call me again in two hours' time．
万一有人给我打电话，叫他两小时以后再给我打。
2)Had I been informed earlier，I might not have bought the air ticket．
要是早点通知我，我就可能不买那机票了。
2．表语倒装
当表语置于句首，其系动词也就随之移至主语前形成完全倒装，如：
1)Near the southern end of the village was a large apple orchard．
靠近村子南头是一个很大的苹果园。
2)Among its exhibits are computers and mobile phones made in China．
在展品中有中国制造的电脑和手机。
3)Their grandparents are very warm-hearted，as are their parents．
他们的祖父母是非常热心的人，他们的父母也一样。
Grammar focus语法重点
Ellipsis省略
在有些英语句子中，某些成分被省略掉了，这样的句子称为省略句(Elliptical Sentences)。一般说来在上下文已经交待清楚的情况下，可以省略那些已经提到的或不言而喻的部分。
省略是避免重复、突出重要内容和使上下文紧密连接的一种语言手段。
省略可出现于简单句、并列复合句和主从复合句中。
一、常被省略的部分
1．省略主语
Beg your pardon？请再说一遍。(省略I)
2．省略谓语或谓语的一部分
He is a doctor and his wife a teacher．
他是医生，他妻子是老师。(省略is)
I will do the best I can．我将尽力而为。(省略do)
3．省略表语
表语的省略指的是：在主系表句子中，回答其问句时省略表语。这种省略已成固定格式，如果不省略反而不成句子习惯。There be句型的回答以及其反意问句的后半部分也要用省略式。
—Are you hungry？你饿吗？
—Yes，I am．(hungry)．我饿。
4．省略宾语
This is the book(that)you're looking for．
5．主语和谓语(系动词)一起省略
—What would you like to eat？—你要吃什么？
—(I would like)Rice and meat．—米饭和肉。
6．在if，when，though，as if等引导的从句中，如果其谓语动词是be，可将主语一起省略。Don't speak while(you are)eating．吃饭时别说话。
7．一般疑问句的省略回答中动词只用系动词、情态动词、助动词
Can you swim？Yes，I can／No，I can't．
8．只保留一个主要句子成分，其余全部省略。
What did you get？A book．(保留宾语)
Wait！(保留谓语)
9．the reason why，the time when等限定性定语从句中可省略关系副词。
This is the place(where)we came last month．
这就是我们上个月来过的地方。
That was the reason(why)he had not arrived on time．
这就是他没按时到达的原因。