1. 英语中的直接引语和间接引语 请把它说得详细一些
直接引语与间接引语
一． 基本概念
1、直接引语：一字不改地引述别人的话 He said,“I am a student．”(带引号)
2．间接引语：用说话人自己的话转述别人的话 He said he was a student．
二． 直接引语变间接引语（一）（人称变换规则同下）
1．如果直接引语所在的句中的谓语动词是现在时或将来时态,改为间接引语时,时态不变.
Eg.He says “I didn’t go to school today.”
He says that he didn’t go to school that day .
2．如果直接引语讲述的是客观真理现象,改为间接引语时,其一般现在时不变.
Eg.The teacher said ,“The earth is round .”
The teacher said that the earth is round .
三．直接引语变间接引语（二）
1．如果说话时间与引述时间不同,即引述某人过去说过的话,则动词时态要作相应的变化即动词时态一律向过去推移一步.（主句为过去式时）
2．变换规则（指的是间接引语中的从句部分）
（1）人称的变化 ------ 一随主,二随宾,三不变
（2）指示代词、时间状语、地点状语和动词的变化
1〉指示代词的变化
this---- that these----those
2〉时间状语的变化
now---- then,ago---- before,today----that day,yesterday----the day before,tomorrow----the next day,the day before yesterday----two days before,the day after tomorrow----two days later,next week/month,etc.---- the next week/month,etc.last week/month,etc.---- the week/month before
3〉地点状语的变化
here----there
4〉动词的变化
come----go
（3）时态的变化
1〉一般现在时-------一般过去时
2〉现在进行时-------过去进行时
3〉现在完成时-------过去完成时
4〉一般过去时-------过去完成时
5〉过去完成时-------过去完成时
6〉一般将来时-------过去将来时
四．变换类型
1．直接引语为陈述句
直接引语为陈述句,用that引导（口语中可以省略）.
e．g．直接引语：The teacher told the students,“I will give you a surprise． ”
间接引语：The teacher told the students that she would give them a surprise．
2．直接引语为疑问句（1）
直接引语为一般疑问句时,由whether或if引导,用陈述句的语序
e．g．直接引语：He said to us,“Are you going away today?”
间接引语：He asked us whether/if we were going away that day．
直接引语为疑问句（2）
直接引语为特殊疑问句时,其关联词用相应的疑问代词或疑问副词,其后用陈述语序
e．g．直接引语：She asked,“Who will help me finish the job?”
间接引语：She asked who would help her finish the job．
e．g．直接引语：He asked,“What have you done?”
间接引语：He asked what I had done．
直接引语为疑问句（3）
直接引语为选择疑问句,变为间接引语时应用whether…or…
e．g．直接引语：“Do you like tea or coffee?” she asked me.
间接引语：She asked me whether I liked tea or coffee．
3．直接引语为祈使句
直接引语为祈使句,变为间接引语时将祈使句的动词原形变为带to的不定式.它的否定是在to前加not.它没有时态的变化.其他的变化和直接引语是陈述句的情况相同.
e．g．直接引语：I said to her,“Please give me a glass of water.”
间接引语：I asked her to give me a glass of water．
直接引语：He said,“Don’t make so much noise,boys.”
间接引语：He told the boys not to make so much noise.
4．直接引语为感叹句
直接引语若是感叹句,变为间接引语时多采用宾语从句结构,即可用what或how引导,也可用that引导
e．g．直接引语：“ What a clever boy you are!” ,my teacher said to him.
间接引语：My teacher told him what a clever boy he was.
My teacher told him that he was a very clever boy.
2. 英语语法知识：直接引语/间接引语
如果引语的主句所用动词为过去时，那么间接引语要做相应变化：时态，人称，时间地点及指示词
1）时态变化：
一般现在时——一般过去时
现在进行时——过去进行时
一般过去时——过去完成时
现在完成时——过去完成时
一般将来时——过去将来时
be going to——was/were going to/would
can--could
may--might
2）时间地点及指示词的变化：
here-there, tomorrow-the next day, the following day, this-that
3） 人称变化：根据句意改变人称。
4）直接宾语/间接宾语
主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语
直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象，间接宾语是及物动词的'动作所涉及的人或事务，也可以说间接宾语表示动作是对谁做的，或者是为谁做的。所以间接宾语要用名词或者宾格代词来担当。
He gives me a book.（me间接宾语，a book直接宾语）
直接宾语和间接宾语的位置调换时要加一个介词to或for：
主语+及物动词+直接宾语+介词+间接宾语
Give me a book. = Give the book to me.
Send him a letter. = Send a letter to him.
Show him the new dress. = Show the new dress to him.
3. 九年级英语语法知识点整理归纳
如何学好语法知识是值得每个学生深刻思考和体会的。接下来是我为大家整理的 九年级英语 语法知识点整理归纳，希望大家喜欢!
九年级英语语法知识点整理归纳一
一、过去完成时与现在完成时的区别
现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，以现在的时间为基点，但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响，与现在有关，其结构为“助动词 have (has) + 过去分词”;过去完成时则是一个相对的时态，已过去时间为基点，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调“过去的过去”，只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时，才用到它。
比较：I have learned 1000 English words so far.到目前为止我已经学会了 1000 个 英语单词 。
I had learned 1000 English words till then.到那时为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。
— I'm sorry to keep you waiting. 对不起，让你久等了。
— Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes.没什么，我只等了几分钟。(“等”的动作从过去某一时间点持续到现在)
二、过去完成时与一般过去时的区别
虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，但在使用时应注意以下几点：
1. 时间状语不同：过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去”;而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间。
比较：They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday.
They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.
2. 在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时，谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断：先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的则用一般过去时。
She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too.She had just won the first in the composition competition.
3. 当两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用 and 或 but 连接时，按时间顺序，只需用一般过去时来代替过去完成时;另外，在 before ， after ， as soon as 引导的从句中，由于这些连词本身已经表示出时间的先后，因此也可以用过去时来代替过去完成时。
He entered the room, turned on the light and read an eveningpaper.
Ⅰ. MultipleChoices.
1.I lost the dictionary I ________.
A.have bought B.bought C.had bought D.had been bought
2.The train had gone when my brother _______ at the station.
A.have arrived B.arrived C.had arrived D.am arriving
3. Mary _______ of visiting her grandmother, but the bad weathermade her change her mind.
A.has thought B.thought C.had thought D.had been thought
4.------Did you meet Tom at the airport? ------No，he _______ by the time I______ there.
A.has left;got B.had left;arrived C.left;arrived D.left;had got
5.-------Why didn’t Tom attend the meeting yesterday? -------He __________ Beijing.
A.has gone to B.had gone to C.went to D.had been to
6.-------I _______ to come to help you. ------But you didn’t come.
A.have meant B.had meant C.meant D.will mean
7.Finally one of my friends _______ by Beijing University，for which she ___ five timA.were admitted; had tried B.was admitted; had tried C.were admitted; has tried D.was admitted; tried
8.------I have bought you the books you want. ------Oh，good，I _______ afraid you had forgotten.
A.was B.am C.had been D.have been
9.We _________ four thousand new words by the end of last year.
A.had learned B.have learned C.learned D.will have learned
10.Helen _______her keys in theoffice so she had to wait until her husband ______home.
A.has left;comes B.left;had come C.had left;came D.had left;would come
11. My father _________ to the hospital when I hurried home.
A. had gone B. went C. had been taken D. had been sent
12. ----- Jim, ________ you _________ your homework?
----- Yes, of course, but I ________ it late bed time.
A. do do; finished B. did do; had finished C. have done; hadfinished D. have done; finished
13. You ____ football after school. Why not go home and do yourhomework first?
A. always played B. are always playing C. have always played D.have always been playing
es
14. Eversince Picasso’s painting went on exhibit, there ____ large crowds at the museumevery day.
A. is B. has been C. have been D. had been
15. ---What do you think of my suggestion? --- Sorry. What’s that?I _____ about something else.
A. was thinking B. thought C. am thinking D. had thought
Ⅱ. Fill in theblanks according to the meanings of the sentences by using tenses of the verbs.
1. How many English songs ___________ she __________ (learn) bythe end of last month?、
2. Hardly _______ I ______ (get) on the bus when it started tomove
3. He __________________(read) the book before he was ten yearsold.
4. She said she ___________________ (see) the film before.
5. Our English teacher _________________ (teach) English inGuangxi for ten years before he came to No.113 Middle School.
6. By the end of last month, they _________________(complete)thebridge .
7. No sooner ________ I _______ (go) out than he came to see me.
89. The classroom _______________ (clean) before we ___________(get) there yesterday.
10. ________ the boy ___________ (finish) his homework before yousaw him?
11. When we got to the station, the train _____________ already_____________. (leave)
12. The book __________ by the end of last month. (finish)
13. When I got back to the shop , my bag _________________ (take)away by someone else.
14. When I arrived at the cinema, the film _________________ (be)on for ten minutes.
15. ---What’s that terrible noise?
---The neighbors ______ (prepare) for a party.
16. The mayor of Beijingsays that all construction work for the Beijing Olympics ______ ( complete) by2006.
17. The teacher, with 6 girls and 8 boys of her class, ______(visit) a museum when the earthquake struck.
18. ---Mr. Johnson didn’t turn up at the meeting yesterdaymorning, did he?
--- No. We __________ (wait) till twelve o’clock. A whole morningwas wasted.
19. ---Why haven’t you asked her to come here?
---She _______ (do) an important experiment when I found her andshe ________ (not, finish) it.
答案：
Keys:
Ⅰ. 1-5 CBCBB 6-10BBAAC 11-15. DDBCA
Ⅱ. 1. had learnt2. had got 3. had read 4. had seen 5. had taught 6. had completed 7. had gone8. had gone 9. had been cleaned, got 10. Had finished 11. had left 12. had beenfinished 13. had been taken 14. had been on 15. are preparing 16. will havebeen completed 17. was visiting 18. were waiting 19. was doing, hasn’t finished
九年级英语语法知识点整理归纳二
语法：直接引语变间接引语。
直接引用别人的话叫直接引语，用来转述别人的话叫间接引语。例：
Hesaid,"HewillgotoBeijingtomorrow."(直接引语)
.
直接引语变间接引语时时态、人称及一些时间或个别词都要做相应的改变。
①时态：
一般现在时→一般过去时一般将来时→过去将来时
现在进行时→过去进行时一般过去时→过去完成时
现在完成时→过去完成时
_真理性的 句子 时态不变。例：
Hesaid:"Thesunrisesintheeast."
.
他说太阳从东方升起。
②时间：
now→then,lastmonth→themonthbefore.
today→thatday,threedaysago→threedaysbefore.
tonight→thatnight,tomorrow→thenextday.
yesterday→thedaybefore,thedayaftertomorrow→intwodays.
③ 其它 变化：
this→thatthese→thosehere→there
come→go
句式的改变：
①直接引语是陈述句加"that"可以省去。例：
Hesaid,"Mysisterwasherethreedaysago."→
.
②直接引语是一般疑问句，变成用if/whether引导的宾语从句，人称时态等作相应改变。
Motheraskedme,"Didyoubuyanymeatforlunch?"→
Motheraskedmeif/.
③直接引语是特殊问句，变成由原来疑问词一样的连接词引导的宾语从句，时态人称等作相应改变。例：
"Whatdoyoudo?"heaskedme.
HeaskedmewhatIdid.
④直接引语是选择问句变成由whether或if引导的宾语从句。
"DoyoulikeEnglishorChinese?"Heaskedme.
.
语法：被动语态
1.英语中动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态
主动语态表示主语是谓语动词动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是谓语动词动作的承受者。
当我们强调谁是某个动作的执行者，即"谁做了某种事情"时，用主动语态。
eg:Danielboughtanewcomputer丹尼尔买了一台新电脑。(不是别人)
如果主语不是动作的执行者，而是动作的承受者时，就是被动语态。
eg:AnewcomputerwasboughtbyDaniel一台新电脑被丹尼尔买了。
被动语态的谓语由be+动词的过去分词构成，其中be是助动词，随时态改变。
一般现在时的被动语态由"am/is/are+动词的过去分词"构成。
一般过去时的被动语态由"was/were+动词的过去分词"构成。
2.被动语态的用法：
当不知道或没必要说明动作的执行者时，用被动语态。
eg:RiceisgrowninSouthChina.华南 种植 水稻。(没必要说明是谁种)
Thisbridgewasbuilt100yearsago.这座桥是100年前建的。(不知道谁建的)
Passivevoicewith'by'
在被动语态中，如果我们也要把动作的执行者表达出来的话，我们就在被动句子的后面，用"by+动作的执行者(宾格)"来表示。
e.g.Jackbrokethewindow.(主动语态)
ThewindowwasbrokenbyJack.(被动语态)窗户是被杰克打碎的。
.在家饭是她母亲烧的。
.这本书是他几年前写的。
3.难点：
1).当一个含有复合宾语(宾语+宾补)的句子变为被动语态时，只能把宾语变为被动语态的主语，宾补还放在原来的位置。
e.g.WecallhimXiaoWang.---HeiscalledXiaoWang.
Hecuthishairshort.---Hishairwascutshort.
2).带双宾语的动词变为被动语态时，常常把间接宾语变为被动语态的主语;如果直接宾语变为被动语态的主语时，间接宾语前要加介词to或for.
e.g.Someonegavetheboyanapple.--Theboywasgivenanapple.
Anapplewasgiventotheboy.
Hismotherboughtapresentforhim.---Hewasboughtapresent.
Apresentwasboughtforhim.
3).在let,hear,watch,see,help,have等词的句子中，主动语态不加to,被动语态要加to.
e.g.Thebossmakesuswork12hoursaday.---Wearemadetowork12hoursaday.
.---.
⑤直接引语是祈使句，根据说话语气变成ask/tell/orderwarnsb.todosth.的结构。例：
Shesaidtome,"Stanp."→
Sheaskedmetostanp.
Fathersaidtohisson,"Don'tplayfootballinthestreet."→
.
语法：祈使句
表示命令、叮嘱等的句子叫祈使句。祈使句省略主语，以动词原形开头，常加please表示客气。常有以下三种结构：
(1)行为动词开头。例：
Sitdown,please.(Pleasesitdown.)
Comehere.
Gothere.
(2)系词be开头。
Becareful!
Besilent.
(3)Let开头。例：
Let'sdoitatonce.
Lethimdoit.
注：(1)祈使句的否定式在句首加don't。例：
Don'tspeakinChinese.别用汉语说。
Don'tbeheresoearly.别来这太早。
(2)在祈使句前可以加never或always。
Neverclimbuptoohigh.It'sdangerous.
Alwayscomeontime.总是准时。
Alwaysbepolitetoothers.总是对人礼貌。
语法：并列句
由并列连词but，and，or，so，while等构成的并列句，例：
HehelpsmeandIhelphim。
Hewasill，buthestillworkedon。
。
语法：条件状语从句，以if引导。
if在英语中可以构成条件状语从句，意为“如果”，也可以构成宾语从句，意为“是否”。例：
Idon‘tknowifhewillcometomorrow。(宾从)
我不知道他明天是否来。
Ifhecomes，I’llletyouknow。(条从)
如果他来，我让你知道。
_1)在if构成的条件状语从句中，如果主句是将来时，或祈使句或有情态动词，从句通常用一般现在时。如上面的例句，再如：
。
如果他努力学习会通过考试的。
(2)if构成的条件从句可以放于句子前面，也可以放于后面。例：
Ifitrains，Iwon‘tgowithyou。
如果下雨我就不和你去了。
Iwon’tgowithyouifitrains。
九年级英语语法知识点整理归纳三
【篇一】一般过去时：
1.概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态;过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。
2.时间状语：ago,yesterday,thedaybeforeyesterday,lastweek,last(year,night,month...),in1989,justnow,attheageof5,oneday,longlongago,onceuponatime,etc.
3.基本结构：be动词;行为动词的过去式
4.否定形式：was/were+not;在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词。
5.一般疑问句：was或were放于句首;用助动词do的过去式did提问，同时还原行为动词。
6.例句：.
Ididn'tknowyouweresobusy.
【篇二】现在进行时
：
1.概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。
2.时间状语：now,atthistime,thesedays,etc.
3.基本结构：am/is/are+doing
4.否定形式：am/is/are+not+doing.
5.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首。
6.例句：Howareyoufeelingtoday?
Heisdoingwellinhislessons.
【篇三】过去进行时：
1.概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。
2.时间状语：atthistimeyesterday,atthattime或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。
3.基本结构：was/were+doing
4.否定形式：was/were+not+doing.
5.一般疑问句：把was或were放于句首。
6.例句：.
Whenhecamein,Iwasreadinganewspaper.
【篇四】现在完成时：
1.概念：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。
2.时间状语：recently,lately,since...for...,inthepastfewyears,etc.
3.基本结构：have/has+done
4.否定形式：have/has+not+done.
5.一般疑问句：have或has。
6.例句：I'vewrittenanarticle.
.
【篇五】过去完成时：
1.概念：以过去某个时间为标准，在此以前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前完成的行为，即"过去的过去"。
2.时间状语：before,bytheendoflastyear(term,month...),etc.
3.基本结构：had+done.
4.否定形式：had+not+done.
5.一般疑问句：had放于句首。
6.例句：Assoonaswegottothestation,thetrainhadleft.
Bytheendoflastmonth.Wehadreviewedfourbooks
【篇六】一般将来时：
1.概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。
2.时间状语：tomorrow,nextday(week,month,year...),soon,inafewminutes,by...,thedayaftertomorrow,etc.
3.基本结构：am/is/are/goingto+do;will/shall+do.
4.否定形式：was/were+not;在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词。
5.一般疑问句：be放于句首;will/shall提到句首。
6.例句：.
Itisgoingtorain.
【篇七】过去将来时：
1.概念：立足于过去某一时刻，从过去看将来，常用于宾语从句中。
2.时间状语：thenextday(morning,year...),thefollowingmonth(week...),etc.
3.基本结构：was/were/goingto+do;would/should+do.
4.否定形式：was/were/not+goingto+do;would/should+not+do.
5.一般疑问句：was或were放于句首;would/should提到句首。
6.例句：.
Iaskedwhowasgoingthere.
【篇八】将来完成时：
1.概念：在将来某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态
2.时间状语：bythetimeof;bytheendof+时间 短语 (将来);bythetime+从句(将来)
3.基本结构：begoingto/will/shall+havedone
4. 高一英语必修一直接引语间接引语总结还有重点知识点的总结，谢啦
引述别人的话时，一般采用两种方式：一是引用别人的原话，把它放在引号内，称为直接引语；二是用自己的话加以转述，被转述的话不放在引号内，称为间接引语。间接引语在大多数情况下是一个宾语从语。直接引语变成间接引语时，要注意以下几点：人称变化、时态变化、宾语从句要用陈述句语序。
1.直接引语是陈述句，变成间接引语时，由连词that
引导。例如：
She
said,
"I
am
very
happy
to
help
you."→
She
said
that
she
was
very
happy
to
help
you.
2.
直接引语是一般(选择/反意)疑问句，变成间接引语时，由连词whether或if
引导。例如：
He
asked
me,
"Do
you
like
playing
football?"→
He
asked
me
if/whether
I
liked
playing
football.
注意：大多数情况下，if和whether
可以互换，但后有or
not,或在动词不定式前，或放在介词后作连接词时，一般只用whether。例如：
She
asked
me
whether
he
could
do
it
or
not.
He
hesitated
about
whether
to
drive
or
take
the
train.
3.
直接引语是特殊疑问句，变成间接引语时，由相应的疑问词who,
whom,
whose,
how,
when,
why,
where
等引导。例如：
My
sister
asked
me,
"How
do
you
like
the
film?"→
My
sister
asked
me
how
I
liked
the
film.
4.
直接引语是祈使句，变成间接引语时，把动词原形变成动词不定式，并在动词不定前加tell,
ask,
order
等的宾语。例如：
The
captain
ordered,
"Be
quiet."→
The
captain
ordered
us
to
be
quiet.
注意：此种情况的否定句，在动词不定式前加not。
My
teacher
asked
me,
"Don't
laugh."→
My
teacher
asked
me
not
to
laugh.
5.
一些注意事项
(1)直接引语是客观事实、普遍真理等，变成间接引语时，时态不变。例如：
They
told
their
son,"The
earth
goes
round
the
sun."→
They
told
their
son
that
the
earth
goes
round
the
sun.
(2)直接引语变间接引语时，
指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等要作相应的变化。如：this/that→
these/those,
now→then,
today→that
day,
yesterday→the
day
before,
last
year→the
year
before,
ago→before,
here→there等。例如：
He
said,
"I
haven't
seen
her
today."→
He
said
that
he
hadn't
seen
her
that
day.
注意：如果转述时就在原来的地方，就在说话的当天，就不必改变指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等。
(3)间接引语一般要用陈述句的语序，即主、谓、宾的顺序。例如：
He
asked
Lucy,
"Where
did
you
go?"→
He
asked
Lucy
where
she
went.
Tom
said,
"What
do
you
want,
Ann?"→
Tom
asked
Ann
what
she
wanted