㈠ 知识产权简称ipr是从什么时候开始的
知识产权（英语：Intellectual Property Rights），简称IPR。
Intellectual Property Rights由MrCheung在2005年提出，指知识产权的法定权利。而通常说的保护知识产权或者知识产权保护，保护的是IPR，即知识产权的法定权利。
㈡ 我想知道美国着作权法、专利法、商标法的发展，详细点，如果能有英文翻译最好，谁可以帮帮我
英日对照翻译的美国知识产权法介绍，希望对你有用
アメリカ知财戦略の基础知识 (BASICS OF US IP STRATEGY)
Four Types of Intellectual Property （4种类の知的财产権）
Patents （特许）
Trademarks（商标）
Copyright（着作権）
Trade Secrets（トレードシークレット）
What is Patent?（特许とは何か）
Definition of patent（特许の定义）
The right to exclude others from making, using, selling, offering for sale, or importing the invention throughout the United States
Limitations of patent （特许権の限界）
Geographical（地理的限界）
A patent issued by one country cannot be enforced in another – the inventor or its assignee must apply in each country in which patent protection is desired
Time（时间的限界）
A patent is enforceable for a limited period; 20 years from filing date for most types, 14 years for any new, original and ornamental design for an article of manufacture
What is patentable? （何が特许の対象となるか）
Processes（プロセス、方法）
Apparatus（机械）
Manufactured goods（制品）
Compositions of matters （组成物）(such as chemical compounds)
What are the requirements? （特许要件は何か）
An invention must be
Novel （新规性）
non-obvious（非自明性）
Useful（有用性）
One Year Time Limits for Filing in US （1年间のアメリカにおける特许出愿期间）
An application must be filed within one year of the earliest of any of the following:
the date that the invention is offered for sale or sold in the United States.
the date that the invention is used in public in the United States;
the date that the invention is published anywhere in the world;
Steps for Obtaining a Patent in US （特许取得までの流れ）
Consulting with a patent attorney
Concting a patentability search on the invention
Preparing a disclosure of the invention
Preparing and filing patent application in the US Patent and Trademark Office (PTO)
Examination by PTO and PTO’s office action
Publication in 18 months after filing date
Submitting responses
Notice of Allowance by PTO and payment of an issue fee
Issuance of patent
Who Owns an Invention? （谁が発明の所有者か）
Between employer and employee（雇用者と従业员间）
Without written assignment or implied-in-fact assignment (in the case that an employee was hired for the specific purpose of the invention), an employee owns the invention
Employer obtains only a non-exclusive, royalty-free license to use the invention （Shop Right）
Importance of a written assignment agreement
Who Owns an Invention? （谁が発明の所有者か）
Between co-inventors or co-developers（共同発明家、开発者间）
Without an agreement, each joint inventor or each joint developer has a full right to the invention
Two companies end up as joint owners of the invention and any resulting patent
Each company may use it freely
Importance of a written agreement regarding which party owns it, how they can use the invention, how they can exploit the invention, and how they will share profit
What is a Trade Secret? （トレードシークレットとは何か）
Information, including a formula, pattern, compilation, program device, method, technique, or process, that are protected by trade secret law.
Such as know-how (e.g.manufacturing techniques); business information (e.g. new proct information, business methods, source of supply, customers lists, and even knowledge of a particular customer’s needs), and ideas (e.g. innovations relating to new technology and manufacturing methods).
Example:
CoCa Cola Formula(コカコーラの原液の组成）
Three Conditions for Protection （保护のための3つの要件）
The information must not be “generally known” or “readily ascertainable” through proper means. （一般に知られていないこと）
The information must have “independent economic value” e to its secrecy. （秘密にすることに経済的価値があること）
The trade secret holder must use reasonable efforts under the circumstances to protect the secrecy of the information.（秘密を守ることに合理的な努力をしていること）
Reasonable Measures to Keep Secret （秘密を守る合理的な方法）
A trade secret holder must use “reasonable measures under the circumstances” to protect the confidentiality of the information.
Two Protection Measures （2种类の保护制度）
Two broad categories of measures that a business can take to protect the secrecy of its trade secrets:
physical security measures （物理的秘密保护制度）, and
notice measures（通知による秘密保护制度）.
Physical security measures prevent people who do not need to know the information from coming in contact with the information (e.g., confidentiality barriers).
Notice measures put persons who come in contact with the information on notice that the information is to remain secret.
Physical Security Measures （物理的秘密保护制度）
A business should:
determine how information flows into, through and out of the business;
place physical security barriers wherever reasonable; and
seek to preclude access by all those who do not need to know the information.
Notice Measures （通知による秘密保护制度）
Generally, an employee will not be held responsible for keeping information confidential if the employer has not expressed any desire to keep the information confidential. Therefore, all employees (and others) with access to confidential information should be given express notice as to what information is to remain confidential.
Notice Measures （通知による秘密保护制度）
Choose proceres that will be easy to show to a court (i.e., leave a paper trail wherever possible).
Any communication that identifies either what information is confidential or how to handle confidential information will work as a notice measure (e.g., employee handbooks, memoranm,, newsletters, and signs).
Notice Measures （通知による秘密保护制度）
Non-Disclosure Agreement（秘密保持契约） Should be Signed
Trade secrets are often lost through disclosures in the absence of a Non-Disclosure Agreement (NDA).
NDA for Employees
NDA for Business Partner
Trade Secret Protection （トレードシークレットの保护内容）
Trade secret law prevents misappropriation (i.e., wrongful taking of trade secret information).
A wrongful taking can occur in a variety of manners.
For example, the taking of information would be wrongful when the taking is a: breach of contract, breach of ficiary obligation, theft, or other legal wrong.
Injunctive Relief and Damages
Patent vs. Trade Secret （特许とトレードシークレット）
Patent advantages(特许の长所）
Perfect exclusivity – you can stop others from using the invention even if others independently developed the invention
Patent disadvantages（特许の短所）
Limited period of protection
Discloses technology
Patent vs. Trade Secret （特许とトレードシークレット）
Trade secret advantages（トレードシークレットの长所）
Unlimited period of protection
Inventions maintained in secrecy
Trade secret disadvantages（トレードシークレットの短所）
Cannot stop others form using the invention if it was independently developed by the others or if it was discovered by reverse engineering.
Easily lost if it is disclosed to public
A third-party patentee could stop a trade secret owner from performing a trade secret, even if the trade secret owner invented (but never disclosed) first
What is Copyright? （着作権とは何か）
A Copyright is an intellectual property right to protect the tangible expression of ideas（具体的な考えの表现）, not to protect an idea itself.
For example, a right protects an author of a book from having the work copied but does not protect the author from having the ideas disclosed in the book utilized.
Subject Matter of Copyright （着作権の対象）
(1) literary works（文芸着作物）;
(2) musical works, including accompanying words（音楽着作物）;
(3) dramatic works, including any accompanying music（演剧着作物）;
(4) pantomimes and choreographic works（舞踏振り付けの着作物）;
(5) pictorial, graphic, and sculptural works（図画雕刻着作物）;
(6) motion pictures and other audiovisual works（动画视聴覚着作物）;
(7) sound recordings（录音着作物）; and
(8) architectural works（建筑着作物）.
Subject Matter of Copyright （着作権の対象）
Computer Programs/Software（コンピュータープログラム、ソフトウエア－）:
Prior to 1980 courts generally viewed computer programs as literary works protected by right as literary works. A 1980 amendment to the Copyright Act extended right protection to computer programs, which it defined as “a set of statements or instructions to be used directly or indirectly in a computer to bring about a certain result.”
Subject Matter of Copyright （着作権の対象）
Derivative Works（派生着作物）
A “derivative work” is a work based upon preexisting material to which enough original creative work has been added so that the new work represents an original work of authorship.
Examples of a derivative work include an English translation of a book written in Japanese, a movie based on a book, and a jazz version of a pop song.
Remaking right (リメーク権） is one type of rights to derivative works.
How to obtain a Copyright （着作権の取得方法）
A right starts to exist as soon as a work of expression is rendered in some fixed, tangible form, such as a book, word processor file, audio recording, digital recording, etc.
A registration is not required for a valid US right.
How to obtain a Copyright （着作権の取得方法）
Two Requirements of Copyrightability(着作権の2要件）
(1) Fixation（固定性）. The work must be fixed in a tangible medium of expression. That means it must be reced to some physical form or representation “sufficiently permanent or stable to permit it to be perceived, reproced or otherwise communicated for a period of more than transitory ration.”
How to obtain a Copyright （着作権の取得方法）
(2) Originality（独创性）. There are two aspects to originality – independent creation and a modest quantum of creativity:
A. Independent Creation（独立した创造）. This condition is met if the work was not copied from another work. This condition does not require the work to be new, novel, or unique.
B. Quantum of Creativity（わずかの创造性）. This condition is met if the work demonstrates a minimal amount of creative authorship. Artistic merit or aesthetic value is not required.
很遗憾字数超过了 你给我邮箱吧
㈢ 求"知识产权"的英语名词解释
知识产权或称智慧财产权（Intellectual Property Rights, IPR）系指对所拥有的知识资本（Intellectual Capital）的专有权利，一般只在一定时间期内有效。智力创造如发明、文学和艺术作品、和商业中使用的标志、名称、图像以及外观设计都可被认为是某一组织或个人所拥有的知识产权。
知知识产权保护在现在都很受世界各国的重视，尤其是中国加入WTO以后，这方面将更加明显。识产权保护对人类的继续发展有着十分重要的意义，这些意义体现在以下几个方面：
第一，人类的进步和福祉取决于其在技术与文化领域所取得新的创造成果的能力，而知识产权在鼓励和保护创新的宗旨对于人类发明创造活力的继续进行具有及其关键的作用。
第二，从法律上对这些新的创造成果予以保护，可以鼓励社会资源的优化配置，鼓励额外的资源投入到发明创造活动中，从而实现进一步的创新。
第三，保护知识产权可刺激经济的增长，近年以来很多新兴产业（如信息产业等）的发展都是受益于知识产权保护。
参考资料：http://fatianxia.com/wiki_list.asp?n=%D6%AA%CA%B6%B2%FA%C8%A8