‘壹’ 英语语言学词义的分类
从广义上说，词义可以分为两种类型：语法意义（grammatical meaning）或结构意义（structural meaning）和词汇意义（lexical meaning）。语法意义是词在语言系统结构中的相互关系，即词义能显示语法概念或语法关系，如词性（名词、动词、形容词、副词等）、名词的单复数、动词的时态及其屈折形式（contract，contracts，contracted，contracting）。语法意义只有在具体的语境中才有重要性。例如：
Totally 3 500 cases of hepatitis C were studied.
在该句中，“cases”是名词“case”的复数形式，作句子主语，而“were studied”为过去时的被动语态，是句子的谓语成分。它们分别表示丙型肝炎的病例不只1例，并且研究的动作发生在过去。这些意义只有在具体的上、下文或语境中才能体现出来。具有不同词汇意义的不同词语可能有着相同的语法意义。例如，men，women，mice，patients，bacteria都有相同的复数语法意义；而反过来同一词语可能具有不同的语法意义。例如，wash，washes，washed，washing。
除了语法意义，词义更为重要的组成部分是词汇意义。语法意义只有在使用中才表现出来，而实词中的词汇意义却是一直存在的，代表词所关联的概念，不论这个词有没有上、下文。词汇意义又可以分为概念意义（conceptual meaning）和联想意义（associative meaning）。
‘贰’ 英语语言学名词解释
区域多样性
the cultural differences between different regions
求采纳~
‘叁’ 英语语言学指的是什么
语言学是对语言的系统研究，对于一个学习英语的人来说，应该懂一点语言学的知识，它可以在理论上对学习语言有指导作用，有助于更好的学习语言，下面介绍一点语言学知识。
I. Introction
1. What is Language
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
2. What is Linguistics(语言学)
Linguistics is the scientific study of language.
3.Some Basic Distinctions(区分) in Linguistics
3.1 Speech and Writing
One general principle(原则) of linguistic analysis is the primacy of speech over writing. Writing gives language new scope(范畴) and uses that speech does not have.
3.2 Descriptive(描述性) or Prescriptive(说明性)
A linguistic study is descriptive if it describes and analyses facts observed; it is prescriptive if it tries to lay down rules for "correct" behavior.
3.3 Synchronic(共时) and Diachronic(历时) Studies
The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study and The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.
3.4 Langue(语言) and Parole(言语)
This is a distinction made by the Swiss linguist F.De Saussure (索绪尔）early last century. langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community and parole refers to the actualized(实际的) language, or realization of langue.
3.5 Competence(能力)and Performance(行为)
Competence is the ideal language user's knowledge of the rules of his language. Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in utterances(发声).
4.The Scope of Linguistics
General linguistics is the study of language as a whole.
Phonetics(语音学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription.
Phonology(音韵学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of languages.
Morphology(词法) is the branch of linguistics which studies the form of words.
Syntax(句法) is the branch of linguistics which studies the rules governing the combination of words into sentences.
Semantics(语义学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the meaning of language.
Applied linguistics(应用语言学) is the study of the teaching of foreign and second languages.
Sociolinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and society.
Psycholinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and the mind.
Historical Linguistics(历史语言学) is the study of language changes.
Anthropological linguistics(人文语言学) uses the theories and methods of anthropology to study language variation and language use in relation to the cultural patterns and beliefs of man.
Neurolinguistics(神经语言学) studies the neurological basis of language development and use in human beings.
Mathematical linguistics(数学语言学) studies the mathematical features of language, often employing models and concepts of mathematics.
Computational linguistics(计算语言学) is an approach to linguistics in which mathematical techniques and concepts(概念) are applied, often with the aid of a computer.
II. Phonetics(语音学）
1. scope of phonetics
Speech sounds may be studied from different angles, thus we have at least three branches of phonetics:
Articulatory phonetics(发音语音学）we may examine the way in which a speech sound is proced to discover which vocal organs are involved and how they coordinate(协调） in the process.
Auditory phonetics （听觉语音学）we may look into the impression a speaker makes on the hearer as mediated(调节） by the ear, the auditory nerve(神经） and the brain.
Acoustic phonetics (声学语音学） we study the physical properties of speech sounds, as transmitted（传送） between mouth and ear.
2. The vocal organs
The vocal organs may be viewed as consisting of three parts, the initiator of the air-stream,(气流发生器官） the procer of voice（声音发生器官） and the resonating cavities.（声音共振器官）
3. Consonants(辅音）
Places of articulation(发音部位）: bilabial,(双唇） Labiodentals,（唇齿） dental,（齿） alveolar,（齿龈） retroflex,（卷舌） palate-alveolar,（上齿龈） palatal,（上颚） velar,（软腭） uvular,（小舌） glottal(声门）
Manners of articulation: plosive,（暴破） nasal,（鼻音） trill,（颤音） lateral,（边音） fricative,（摩擦） approximant,（近似音） affricate（破擦）
4. Vowels (元音）
The classification of vowels: the height of tongue raising (high, mid, low), the position of the highest part of the tongue(front, central, back), and the degree of lip rounding(rounded, unrounded)
III. Phonology（音韵学）
1. phonemes(音素）：a distinctive(有区别的） sound in a language.
2. Allophones(音位变体）：The nondistinctive sounds are members of the same phoneme.
3. Minimal pairs(最小对立体）： word forms which differ from each other only by one sound.
4. Free variation (自由变异）：If two sounds occurring in the same environment(环境）, they does not proce a different word form, but merely a different pronunciation of the same word.
5. Complementary distribution(补充分类）：Not all the speech sounds occur in the same environment. When two sounds never occur in the same environment
6.Suprasegmental phonology(超音段音位）：the study of phonological properties(性质） of units lager than the segment-phoneme. They are syllable(音节）， stress,（重音） word stress, sentence stress. pitch （音调）and intonation（语调）.
IV. Morphology（词法）
1. inflection(构形法）：the grammatical relationships through the addition of inflectional affixes.(屈折词缀）
2. Word-formation(构词）：the processes(过程） of word variations signaling lexical relationships.（表明词法关系） They are compound(合成）and derivation (派生）.
3. Morpheme(词素）： the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content.
4. Allomorph(同质异象变体）： some morphemes have considerable variation, for instance, alternate shapes or phonetic forms.
5. Types of morphemes: They are roots,(词根） affix（词缀） and stem（词干）.
6. Lexicon(语言词汇）：in its most general sense, is synonymous with vocabulary.
7. Closed-class words(封闭性） and open-class words(开放性）：the former whose membership is fixed or limited and the latter whose membership is in principle(实际上） indefinite or unlimited.
8. Word class(词性）：It displays a wider range of more precisely defined classes.
9. Lexeme(词位）：the smallest unit in the meaning system of a language that can be distinguished from other smaller units.
10. Idiom(习语，成语）：Most phrasal lexemes are idioms. It is especially true for a sequence of words(词序） which is semantically（语义上） and often syntactically(句法上） restricted.（限制）
11. Collocation(搭配）： the habitual(习惯的） co-occurrences （同时出现）of indivial lexical items.
V. Syntax (句法）
1. Positional relation or word order（词序）：the sequential(顺序） arrangement of words in a language.
2. Construction or constituent (句子结构）： the overall process of internal (内部）organization of a grammatical unit .
3. Syntactic function(句法功能）： the relationship between a linguistic form and other parts of the linguistic pattern in which it is used. The names of functions are expressed in terms of subjects, objects, predicates, modifiers,(修饰语） complements（补语）, etc.
4. Category(范畴）：It refers to classes and functions in its narrow sense, e.g. noun, verb, subject, predicate, noun phrase, verb phrase, etc. The categories of the noun include number, gender, case and countability.
5. Phrase: a single element of structure containing more than one word, and lacking the subject-predicate structure typical of clause.
6. Clause: a group of words with its own subject and predicate, if it is included in a larger sentence.
7. Sentence: It is the minimum part of language that expresses a complete thought.
VI. Semantics
1. Conceptualism or mentalism (概念主义）：Following F. De Saussure(索学尔）'s "sign" theory, the linguistic sign is said to consist of a signifier （所指）and signified（被指）, i.e., a sound image and a concept, liked by a psychological（心理的） "associative" bond.（相关联系）
2. Mechanism(机械主义）：Some linguists, Bloomfield,(布鲁费尔德） for example, turned to science to counter（反）-act the precious theories and this leads to what call the mechanistic approach（方法）. The nature of this theory has nothing to do with the scientific study of mental phenomena.（智力现象）
3. Contextualism （语境主义）：It is based on the presumption(假定） that one can derive meaning from or rece it to observable context.
4. Behaviorism (行为主义）：Behaviourists attempt to define (定义）the meaning of a language form as "the situation(情景） in which the speaker utters（说话） it and the response（反应） it calls forth in the hearer."
5. functionalism (功能主义）：Functionalists as represented (代表）by the Prague school（布拉格学派） linguists and neo-Firthian （新弗斯）linguists, approach the problem from an entirely new orientation（方法）. They argue（争辩） that meaning could only be interpreted（解释） from its use or function in social life.
6. Sense relationships: While reference deals with the relationship between the linguistic elements, words, sentences, etc.,and the non-linguistic world of experience, sense relates to the complex system of relationships that hold between the linguistic elements themselves. They include synonymy(同义词），antonymy(反义词）,hyponymy(下层次）Polysemy(一词多义）and Homonymy (同音异义词）
7. Semantic analysis: It includes 1) componential（成分） analysis which defines the meaning of a lexical element in terms of semantic components.(意义成分）2) predication (表述）analysis in which the meaning of a sentence is not merely the sum of the meanings of the words which compose it. 3) relational components in which the semantic analysis of some words presents a complicated picture, because they show relations between two and perhaps more terms.
VII. Language Variation (语言变化）
1. Lexical change(词汇的变化）：changes in lexis.
2. Invention: (新造词）new entities.
3. Compounding:(合成词）New words are sometimes constructed by combining two old words.
4. Blending: (混合词）：It is a relatively complex form of compounding, in which two roots are blended by joining the initial part of the first root and the final part of the second root, or by joining the initial parts of the two roots.
5. Abbreviation or clipping:(缩写）A new word is created by cutting the final part or cutting the initial part.
6. acronym:(取首字母的缩写词）It is made up from the first letters of the name of an organization, which has a heavily modified (修饰） headword.
7. Metanalysis:(再分化）It refers to a process through which a division is made where there were note before.
8. Back-formation:(逆构词） It refers to an abnormal(非正常） type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting(去掉） an imagined affix from a longer form already present in the language.
9. Analogical creation:(类比造词）It can account for（说明） the co-existence of two forms, regular and irregular, in the conjugation(结合） of some English verbs.
10. Borrowing（借用）：English in its development has managed to widen her vocabulary by borrowing words from other languages.
11. Phonological change(音变）：It is related to language variation in the phonological system of language. It includes loss,(省音） addition,（加音） assimilation,（ 同化）dissimilation.（异化）
12. Grammatical change: Changes in both morphology（词法） and syntax（句法） are listed under this heading.
13. Semantic change:(语义变化）It includes broadening,（语义扩大） narrowing,（语义缩小） meaning shift,（意义转化） class shift（词性转换） and folk etymology.（词源变化）
14. Orthographic change ：(正字法）Changes can also be found at the graphetic level.
‘肆’ 英语语言学知识 麻烦解答一下~~
phonemic:
Of or relating to phonemes.
音素的，有关音素的
Of or relating to phonemics.
音位学的，有关音位学的
Serving to distinguish phonemes or distinctive features.
音位差异的，区别性的可区别音素或区别特征的
phonetic:
Of or relating to phonetics.
语音学的，有关语音学的
Representing the sounds of speech with a set of distinct symbols, each designating a single sound:
代表语音的，表示发音的用一套有区别的符号来代表语音的，每一个符号表示一个语音：
phonetic spelling.
表音的拼写
Of, relating to, or being features of pronunciation that are not phonemically distinctive in a language, as aspiration of consonants or vowel length in English.
发音不明显的语言中音位上不明显的发音特征的，如英语中辅音字母中的送气音或元音间长；与之有关的；或成为之的
‘伍’ 英语语言学中有哪些重要的理论
萨皮尔沃夫假说，质量原则，数量原则，相关原则，
‘陆’ medium什么意思_medium的知识
medium既能做名词也能做形容词，那么你知道它们分别都是什么意思吗?下面我为大家带来medium的英语意思和相关用法，欢迎大家一起学习!
目录
medium的意思
medium的词汇搭配
medium的英语例句
medium的意思
adj. 中间的，中等的;半生熟的
n. 方法 ;媒体;媒介;中间物
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medium的词汇搭配
medium sized adj. 中等大小的
culture medium 培养基(培养微生物的养料)
medium size 中号，中码;中号尺码
porous medium 多孔介质;疏松介质
medium plate 中板;中厚钢板
medium term (未来数星期或数月的)中期
medium frequency 中频(略作MF，mf)
medium temperature 介质温度
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medium的英语例句
1. Choose a soft, medium or firm mattress to suit their indivial needs.
针对他们各人不同的需要挑选柔软、软硬适中或者坚硬的床垫。
2. With a nice dark colour, the wine is medium to full bodied.
这种葡萄酒色泽深暗悦目，是中等浓郁至浓香型的。
3. I would class my garden as medium in size.
我的花园只能算是中等大小。
4. But Artaud was increasingly dissatisfied with film as a medium.
但是阿尔托对电影这种表现方式越来越不满。
5. Sift the flour and baking powder into a medium-sized mixing bowl.
将面粉和发酵粉筛入中等大小的搅拌碗中。
6. In the medium term the UK car instry has a brighter outlook.
从中期来看，英国汽车行业前景将会更好。
7. Mitchell is well built, of medium height, with a dark complexion.
米切尔体格健壮，中等个头，肤色黝黑。
8. Andrea has medium brown hair, grey eyes and very pale skin.
安德烈娅有着深浅适中的棕发、灰色的眼睛和十分白皙的皮肤。
9. The medium-term economic prospects remained poor.
中期经济前景仍然黯淡。
10. The wine has a medium-bodied, supple flavour.
该葡萄酒味道不浓不淡，口感醇滑。
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