❶ 高考独立主格的语法
一、什么是独立主格结构
所谓独立主格结构就是一个与句子相对独立的带有逻辑主语的结构。
由于这个逻辑主语与它所支配的行为状态表达的是辅助主要句子的另一层独立的意思,加之要用代词和名词的主格形式(现代英语中名词的主格与宾格是一致的)表示,因此这种逻辑主语就称作独立主格。逻辑主语加上它所支配的行为状态就构成了一种语法结构,这种语法结构称为独立主格结构。如下列例句中的括号部分:
* (Everyone being ready), the teacher began his class. 每个人都准备好后,老师开始上课。
独立主格(即逻辑主语):Everyone
独立主格的行为状态:being ready
起到的辅助作用:表示 the teacher began his class 发生的时间
* (It being National Day today),the streets are very crowded. 由于今天是国庆节,街上很拥挤。
独立主格:It
独立主格的行为状态:being National Day today
起到的辅助作用:表示 the streets are very crowded 的原因
The manager looks relaxed, (many things settled). 由于许多事情已经处理好了,经理看上去很轻松。
独立主格:many things
独立主格的行为状态:settled
起到的辅助作用:表示 The manager looks relaxed 的原因
二、独立主格结构的构成
独立主格由两部分组成——
1、逻辑主语(即独立主格):由代词的主格或名词充当独立主格
2、叙述语:用来陈述逻辑主语的行为状态。
其中叙述语是独立主格的重点。
三、能够构成独立主格结构中叙述语的词语
1、现在分词(-ing 非谓语动词)
——用作时间状语
The chairman began the meeting , everyone being seated. 每个人坐好后,主席开始开会。(相当于一个时间状语从句after everyone was seated)
——用作原因状语
Many eyes watching him, he felt a bit nervous. 许多眼睛看着他,他感到有点儿紧张。(相当于一个原因状语从句As many eyes were watching him)
——用作条件状语
Time permitting, we will have a picnic next week. 时间允许的话,我们下星期将进行一次野炊。(相当于一个条件状语从句If time permits)
My health allowing, I will work far into the night. 我的健康许可的话,我愿工作到深夜。(相当于一个条件状语从句If my health allows)
——用作伴随方式的状语
The boy lay on the grass, his eyes looking at the sky. 男孩躺在草地上,眼睛看着天空。(相当于一个并列分句and his eyes were looking at the sky)
2、过去分词(-ed非谓语动词)
* The book written in simple English, English beginners were able to read it. 该书是用简单英语写的,英语初学者也能看懂(原因状语 , = As the book was written in simple English,English beginners were able to read i)
* He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard. 他上课专心听讲,眼睛紧盯着黑板。(方式状语,= He was listening attentively in class, and his eyes were fixed on the blackboard. )
* The task completed, he had two months' leave. 任务完成以后,他休了两个月的假(时间状语。=When the task had been completed,he had two months' leave. )
3、不定式(to do)
* I send you 100 dollars today, the rest to follow in a year. 现寄给你100美元,其余部分将在一年以后再寄。(方式状语,= I send you 100 dollars today, and the rest is to follow in a year.)
* The manager looks worried,many things to be settled. 经理看上去很着急, 有这么多的事情要处理。(原因状语,= The manager looks worried because many things will be settled)
.
4、形容词短语
* He turned to me, his eyes sleepy. 他睡眼惺忪地转向我。(= He turned to me, and his eyes were sleepy.)
* He stood there, his mouth wide open. 他站在那里,嘴张得大大的。(= He stood there, and his mouth was wide open.)
5、小品副词 .
* School over, we all went home. 放学了,我们都回家了。(= School was over, and we all went home.)
* He sat at his desk, his shoes off. 他坐在课桌旁,没穿鞋子。( = He sat at his desk and his shoes were off.)
6、介词短语
* He is standing in front of the blackboard, his back towards us. 他站在黑板面前,背对着我们。( = He was standing in front of the blackboard, and his back was towards us.)
* The new teacher came in, a smile on her face. 新老师面带微笑走了进来。( = The new teacher came in and she had a smile on her face.)
* The teacher came into the classroom,a rule in his hand. 老师走进教室,手里拿着一把直尺。( = The teacher came in and a ruler was in his hand.)
❷ 什么是独立主格结构,怎么判断的
非谓语动词作状语时,它的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。但有时非谓语动词带有自己的主语,从而在结构上与主语不发生关系,我们称之为独立主格结构(Absolute Construction)。其实,所谓“独立主格结构”也并非真正独立,它还是一种从属的结构。
判断方法:
如果一个句子有独立主格结构(含有非谓语动词的独立主格结构),这个句子一定有状语,且状语是用逗号与主句隔开的。其次这个状语中一定要含有非谓语动词。
而且整个状语中含有非谓语动词的逻辑主语,且逻辑主语与非谓语动词之间的逻辑关系是成立的(一定要确保这个逻辑主语不是整个句子的主语)。那么这个作“状语”的结构就是一个独立主格结构。
His hand waving in the air, the little boy ran away.
小男孩跑开了,他的手在空中挥动着。(划线部分为独立主格结构)
(2)高中英语独立主格知识点扩展阅读
独立主格结构常有以下几种类型:
1、名词或代词(主格)+-ing形式/过去分词
在这种结构中,独立主格结构的功能相似于分词或分词短语作状语,但分词的逻辑主语是句子的主语,而独立主格结构中doing/ done 的逻辑主语是它前面的名词或代词。
如果前面的名词或代词与后面的非谓语动词在逻辑上为主动关系,就用“名词/代词+doing”结构;如果为被动关系,则用“名词/代词+done”结构。分词的逻辑主语为人称代词时,应用主格形式。
2、名词或代词(主格)+不定式
在这种结构中,独立主格结构中的不定式的动作多用来表示将来的行为或表示“企图”、“约定”等,指的是事先按计划安排要做的事情。
如果前面的名词或代词与后面的不定式在逻辑上是主动关系,就用“名词或代词+ to do”结构;如果是被动关系,则用“名词/代词+ to be done”结构。不定式的逻辑主语为人称代词时,应用主格形式。
3、名词或代词(主格)+形容词/副词
在这种结构中,独立主格结构中的形容词/副词常常用来表示伴随或对细节作其补充说明,形容词/副词与前面的名词或代词之间在逻辑上有主系表关系。
所以此结构也可写成:名词或代词+being+形容词/副词,其中being是非谓语(系)动词,往往省略,但being的逻辑主语是人称代词时,being不能省略。形容词/副词的逻辑主语为人称代词时,应用主格形式。
4、名词或代词(主格)+介词短语
在这种结构中,独立主格结构中的名词和介词后面的名词前一般都没有冠词或人称代词所有格修饰,名词也通常使用单数形式,其功能和结构相当于with的复合结构, 在句子中主要作伴随等状语。
5、名词或代词(主格)+名词
在这种结构中,独立主格结构中的名词与前面的名词或代词之间在逻辑上有主系表关系,在句子中主要作伴随、原因等状语或作进一步说明。
此结构也可写成:名词或代词+ being +名词,其中being是非谓语(系)动词,往往省略,但being的逻辑主语是人称代词时,being不能省略。名词的逻辑主语为人称代词时,应用主格形式。
6、there being +名词
这种独立主格结构实际上是由there be句型表示存在作状语时构成的。
❸ 高中英语的独立主格结构是什么,如何辨别和运用
非谓语动词作状语,其逻辑主语须与主句主语保持一致。若不一致,非谓语动词形式须另带主语,从而构成复合结构的形式作状语。这种结构称为“独立结构”。其中,非谓语动词主动用现在分词,被动用过去分词。
❹ 高中英语 讲讲独立主格结构是怎么回事,最好举例子
独立主格结构(Independent Genitive)
独立主格结构有两部分组成,前一部份是名词或者代词,后一部分是非谓语动词或其他的一些词。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。独立主格结构在句中做状语,多用于书面语。
独立主格结构本身不是句子,在句子中作状语,表示时间、原因、条件、伴随等。
独立主格结构的功能
独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中,其作用相当于一个状语从句,常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。例如:
1) 表示时间
The meeting being over, all of us went home. 开完会后我们都回家了。
Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活,坐下来喝茶。
2) 表示条件
The condition being favourable, he may succeed. 若条件有利,他或许能成功。
3) 表示原因
There being no taxis, we had to walk. 没有出租车,我们只好步行。
He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷,所以他把她裹得严严实实的。
4) 表示伴随情况
Almost all metals are good conctors, silver being the best of all. 几乎所有的金属都是良导体,而银则是最好的导体。(=Almost all metals are good conctors, and silver is the best of all.)
常见的独立主格结构有如下几种:
1. 名词/主格代词+现在分词。名词/主格代词与现在分词之间主谓关系。如:
The girl staring at him (= As the girl stared at him), he didn”t know what to say. 姑娘两眼望着他,他不知道说什么好。
Time permitting (= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow. 如果时间允许的话,我们明天去郊游。
2. 名词/主格代词+过去分词。名词/主格代词与过去分词之间的动宾关系。如:
The problems solved (= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 随着问题的解决,质量已经提高了。
Her glasses broken (= Because her glasses were broken), she couldn”t see the words on the blackboard. 由于眼镜摔坏了,她看不见黑板上的字。
3. 名词/主格代词+不定式。名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系,且强调的是一次具体性的动作。如:
He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. 借助于一些旧零件,他要做一个飞机模型。
They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 他们道别后,一个回了家,一个去了书店。
4. 名词/主格代词+形容词。如:
An air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive. 那架飞机遭遇了空难,无一人生还。
So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. 这么多人缺席,会议不得不取消。
5. 名词/主格代词+副词。如:
He put on his sweater wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。
The meeting over, they all went home. 会议一结束,他们就都回家了。
6. 名词/主格代词+介词短语。如:
The boy goes to the classroom, book in hand. 那男孩手里拿着书去教室。
Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door. 玛丽靠近火炉坐着,背对着门。
7. There being +名词(代词)如:
There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做,我们就回家了。
There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了,我宣布散会。
8. It being +名词(代词)如:
It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故,政府机关都休息。
It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日,所有商店都关门了。
独立主格结构的特点:
1)独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。
2)名词或代词与后面的分词,形容词,副词,不定 式,介词等是主谓关系。
3)独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
举例:
The test finished, we began our holiday.
= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.
考试结束了,我们开始放假。
The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
总统被谋杀了,举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.
如果天气允许,我们明天去看你。
This done, we went home.
工作完成后,我们才回家。
The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.
会议结束后,每个人都想早点回家。
He came into the room, his ears red with cold.
他回到了房子里,耳朵冻坏了。
He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.
他夹着本厚书,走出了图书馆
注:独立主格结构有时可在其前加上介词with。
如:Don’t sleep with the windows open. 别开着窗睡觉。
He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 他和衣躺在床上。
She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿着一本书走了进来。
He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他没熄灯就睡着了。
I won’t be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill. 因为妈妈有病,我无法去度假。
He sat there with his eyes closed. 他闭目坐在那儿。
All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。
I can’t go out with all these clothes to wash. 要洗这些衣服,我无法出去了。
使用独立主格五点注意:
1.独立主格与状语从句的转换当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时,可用独立主格结构取代状语从句,但不再保留连词。如:After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.下课后,学生很快离开了课室。
2. 不能省略being (having been)的情形在下列两种情况下,独立主格结构中的being(或having been)不能省略。
(1) 独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。如:It being Sunday, we went to church.因为是星期天,我们去了做礼拜。
(2)在There being+名词的结构中。如:There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因为没有公共汽车,所以我们不得不步行回家。
3. 通常不用物主代词或冠词在“名词(或代词)+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中,一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。如: Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯先生走进了课室,手里拿着一本书。比较with的复合结构。如:Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand.
4. 独立主格结构没有所有格形式The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主编来主编来了,我们开始开会。(比较动名词复合结构。)
独立主格结构的用法
独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等,相当于一个状语从句或并列句。
1. 用作时间状语:The work done (=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后,我们就回家了。
2. 用作条件状语:Weather permitting (=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话,他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。
3. 用作原因状语:An important lecture to be given tomorrow (=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲,教授不得不熬夜到很晚。
4. 用作伴随状语:He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上,两手交叉枕在脑后。
5.表示补充说明:We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力,一个人干两个人的活。
*注:独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时,相当于一个状语从句,一般放在句首,表示原因时还可放在句末;表伴随状况或补充说明时,相当于一个并列句,通常放于句末。
独立主格结构妙题赏析
请看下面一道题:
Not far from the school there was a garden, _________ owner seated in it playing chess with his little grandson every afternoon.
A. its B. whose C. which D. that
【分析】此题很容易误选B,许多同学会认为句中逗号后是一个非限制性的定语从句,whose 在定语从句中用作定语修饰其后的名词 owner。此分析从表面上看,似乎天衣无缝,但实质上是错的,原因是空格后根本不是一个句子,因为没有谓语。尽管句中有两个动词,但它们都是非谓语动词。也许有的同学认为,其中的 seated 可视为谓语动词,但是注意,seat 用作动词时,它总是及物的,其后要么接宾语,要么它就用于被动语态,所以若在 seated 前加上助动词 is,则可以选择B(当然若将 seated 改为sitting,也应选择B)。所以此题最佳答案选A。
请再看一个类似的例子:
(1) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ translated into foreign languages.
A. it B. them C. this D. that
(2) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ were translated into foreign languages.A. it B. them C. which D. that
第(1)应选B,而不能选C,是因为句中的 translated 是过去分词(非谓语动词),若选C,则该从句无谓语;第(2)应选C,因为句中有谓语 were translatedC。
再请看下面一例:
(3) He wrote a lot of novels, and many of _________ were translated into foreign languages.
A. it B. them C. which D. that
【分析】此题与上面的第(2)题不同,两句间多了一个并列连词and,说明这是一个并列句,故应选B,则不能选C。
请做做以下三题(答案均为B):
(1) There I met several people, two of _________ being foreigners.
A. which B. them C. whom D. that
(2) There I met several people, two of _________ were foreigners.
A. which B. whom C. who D. that
(3) There I met several people, and two of _________ were foreigners.
A. which B. them C. whom D. that
❺ 什么叫英语中的独立主格
独立主格 (一): 独立主格结构的构成: 名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词; 名词(代词)+形容词; 名词(代词)+副词; 名词(代词)+不定式; 名词(代词) +介词短语构成。 (二) 独立主格结构的特点: (1)独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。 2)名词或代词与后面的分词,形容词,副词,不定式,介词等是主谓关系。 3)独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。 举例: The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 考试结束了,我们开始放假。 The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 总统被谋杀了,举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。 Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. 如果天气允许,我们明天去看你。 This done, we went home. 工作完成后,我们才回家。 The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier. 会议结束后,每个人都想早点回家。 He came into the room, his ears red with cold. 他回到了房子里,耳朵冻坏了。 He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. 他夹着本厚书,走出了图书馆 2. With的复合结构作独立主格 表伴随时,既可用分词的独立结构,也可用with的复合结构。 with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语 举例: He stood there, his hand raised. = He stood there, with his hand raise. 典型例题 The murder was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back。 A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied 答案D. with +名词(代词)+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时,其主语常常用with来引导。由于本句中名词"手"与分词"绑"是被动关系,因此用过去分词,选D. 注意: 1) 独立主格结构使用介词的问题: 当介词是in时,其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分(如物主代词或冠词),也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制 A robber burst into the room, knife in hand. ( hand前不能加his)。 2) 当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时,及物动词用现在分 词,不及物动词用过去分词。 He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up. 典型例题: Weather___, we'll go out for a walk. A permitted B permitting C permits D for permitting 答案B. 本题中没有连词,它不是复合句,也不是并列句。 句中使用了逗号,且we 小写,可知其不是两个简单句。能够这样使用的只有独立主格或with的复合结构。据此判断,本句中使用的是独立结构, 其结构为:名词+分词。 由于permit在这里翻译为'天气允许',表主动,应用现在分词,故选B。 如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式,不妨将句子改为条件句,例如本句改为If weather permits, we'll go out for a walk. 然后将if 去掉,再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可。参考资料: http://ke..com/view/190765.htm
❻ 高中英语的独立主格结构是什么,如何辨别和运用 求老师指导下,自己的资料书说的很模糊
独立主格结构(Independent Genitive)
一、 独立主格结构的相关概念
构成:逻辑主语+逻辑谓语
特点:1. 用逗号与主句分开;
2. 逻辑主语与主句主语不同,单独存在。
句中位置:句前、句末或句中,位置相当灵活。
注意事项:独立主格结构与句子之间不能使用任何连接词。
说到此处可能我们仍然是一头雾水,对独立主格结构没有任何概念,别着急,我们举例来说明。
例:Weather permitting, we will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.
如果天气允许的话,我们将在明天组织一次海滨旅游。
析:weather permitting为独立主格结构,该结构与主句之间用逗号隔开,weather为逻辑主语;permit为逻辑谓语,独立主格结构与主句之间没有任何连接词。
初步总结:
1. 独立主格结构的主语和主句主语肯定不同(例句中的是weather和we);
2. 两者之间没有连词连接。(肯定的!!只有两个完整的句子之间用逗号时,才有连词的存在空间。Weather permitting本身不是完整的句子,所以不可能用连词。)
二、 独立主格结构的两种类型:
1. 逻辑主语+非谓语动词(不定式、现在分词、过去分词)
2. 逻辑主语+(being)+表语(名词、形容词、副词、介词短语)
1. 逻辑主语+非谓语动词(不定式、现在分词、过去分词)
①逻辑主语+不定式
由不定式构成的独立主格结构往往表示还未发生的动作或状态,在句中常作原因状语,偶尔作条件状语。
例:His mother to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner.
他母亲今晚要来,他正在忙着准备晚饭。
析:“来”的动作还没有发生,表示将来。
②逻辑主语+现在分词
现在分词在句中作状语时,其逻辑主语必须是主句的主语;如果现在分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不一致时,就应在现在分词前加上逻辑主语,这便构成了现在分词的独立主格结构,该结构在句中常作时间状语、原因状语、条件状语和方式状语等
例:The guide leading the way, we had no trouble getting out of the forest.
向导领着路,我们毫不费劲地走出了森林。
析:lead动作的发出者是the guide,两者构成逻辑上的主谓关系。
③逻辑主语+过去分词
例:The key to the bike lost, he had to walk to school.
由于丢了自行车钥匙,他只好步行回学校。
析:the key肯定是被人给Lost的,所以两者之间构成动宾关系。
进一步总结:
逻辑主语+不定式:表示尚未发生或即将发生的动作。
逻辑主语+现在分词:表示动作正在进行。
逻辑主语+过去分词:表示被动或者完成意义。
2. 逻辑主语+(being)+表语(名词、形容词、副词、介词短语)
英语中常用的还有一类无动词独立主格结构。这种结构往往看做是“名词/代词+being+表语”结构中省略了being,主要有如下几种情况:
④逻辑主语+名词
例:I received many gifts, many of them books..
我收到很多礼物,其中很多是书籍。
⑤逻辑主语+形容词/副词
例:Music over, all the audience stood up with fits of applause..
音乐以结束,所有的观众都站了起来报以热烈的掌声。
⑥逻辑主语+介词短语
例:Many people were lined along the streets, flags in hands.
很多人排队站在街道旁,手里拿着旗子。..
三.使用独立主格结构的注意事项:
1. 独立主格结构的逻辑主语是代词或者在there be结构中,独立主格结构中的being/having been 不能省略。
例:It being Sunday, we went to church.
因为是周日,我们去做礼拜了。
2. 在“逻辑主语+介词短语”的独立主格结构中,如果逻辑主语和介词短语之间的名词都是单数,习惯上不用任何冠词。
3. “逻辑主语+现在分词”与“逻辑主语+having+done”的区别是前者表示正在进行的动作,后者表示发生在主句谓语动词之前的动作。
例: All the students having sat down, the lecture began.
独立主格结构有两部分组成,前一部份是名词或者代词,后一部分是非谓语动词或其他的一些词。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。独立主格结构在句中做状语,多用于书面语。
独立主格结构本身不是句子,在句子中作状语,表示时间、原因、条件、伴随等。
独立主格结构的功能
独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中,其作用相当于一个状语从句,常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。例如:
1) 表示时间
The meeting being over, all of us went home. 开完会后我们都回家了。
Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活,坐下来喝茶。
2) 表示条件
The condition being favourable, he may succeed. 若条件有利,他或许能成功。
3) 表示原因
There being no taxis, we had to walk. 没有出租车,我们只好步行。
He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷,所以他把她裹得严严实实的。
4) 表示伴随情况
Almost all metals are good conctors, silver being the best of all. 几乎所有的金属都是良导体,而银则是最好的导体。(=Almost all metals are good conctors, and silver is the best of all.)
常见的独立主格结构有如下几种:
1. 名词/主格代词+现在分词。名词/主格代词与现在分词之间主谓关系。如:
The girl staring at him (= As the girl stared at him), he didn”t know what to say. 姑娘两眼望着他,他不知道说什么好。
Time permitting (= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow. 如果时间允许的话,我们明天去郊游。
2. 名词/主格代词+过去分词。名词/主格代词与过去分词之间的动宾关系。如:
The problems solved (= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 随着问题的解决,质量已经提高了。
Her glasses broken (= Because her glasses were broken), she couldn”t see the words on the blackboard. 由于眼镜摔坏了,她看不见黑板上的字。
3. 名词/主格代词+不定式。名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系,且强调的是一次具体性的动作。如:
He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. 借助于一些旧零件,他要做一个飞机模型。
They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 他们道别后,一个回了家,一个去了书店。
4. 名词/主格代词+形容词。如:
An air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive. 那架飞机遭遇了空难,无一人生还。
So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. 这么多人缺席,会议不得不取消。
5. 名词/主格代词+副词。如:
He put on his sweater wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。
The meeting over, they all went home. 会议一结束,他们就都回家了。
6. 名词/主格代词+介词短语。如:
The boy goes to the classroom, book in hand. 那男孩手里拿着书去教室。
Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door. 玛丽靠近火炉坐着,背对着门。
7. There being +名词(代词)如:
There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做,我们就回家了。
There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了,我宣布散会。
8. It being +名词(代词)如:
It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故,政府机关都休息。
It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日,所有商店都关门了。
独立主格结构的特点:
1)独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。
2)名词或代词与后面的分词,形容词,副词,不定 式,介词等是主谓关系。
3)独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
举例:
The test finished, we began our holiday.
= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.
考试结束了,我们开始放假。
The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
总统被谋杀了,举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.
如果天气允许,我们明天去看你。
This done, we went home.
工作完成后,我们才回家。
The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.
会议结束后,每个人都想早点回家。
He came into the room, his ears red with cold.
他回到了房子里,耳朵冻坏了。
He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.
他夹着本厚书,走出了图书馆
注:独立主格结构有时可在其前加上介词with。
如:Don’t sleep with the windows open. 别开着窗睡觉。
He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 他和衣躺在床上。
She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿着一本书走了进来。
He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他没熄灯就睡着了。
I won’t be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill. 因为妈妈有病,我无法去度假。
He sat there with his eyes closed. 他闭目坐在那儿。
All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。
I can’t go out with all these clothes to wash. 要洗这些衣服,我无法出去了。
使用独立主格五点注意:
1.独立主格与状语从句的转换当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时,可用独立主格结构取代状语从句,但不再保留连词。如:After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.下课后,学生很快离开了课室。
2. 不能省略being (having been)的情形在下列两种情况下,独立主格结构中的being(或having been)不能省略。
(1) 独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。如:It being Sunday, we went to church.因为是星期天,我们去了做礼拜。
(2)在There being+名词的结构中。如:There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因为没有公共汽车,所以我们不得不步行回家。
3. 通常不用物主代词或冠词在“名词(或代词)+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中,一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。如: Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯先生走进了课室,手里拿着一本书。比较with的复合结构。如:Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand.
4. 独立主格结构没有所有格形式The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主编来主编来了,我们开始开会。(比较动名词复合结构。)
独立主格结构的用法
独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等,相当于一个状语从句或并列句。
1. 用作时间状语:The work done (=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后,我们就回家了。
2. 用作条件状语:Weather permitting (=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话,他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。
3. 用作原因状语:An important lecture to be given tomorrow (=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲,教授不得不熬夜到很晚。
4. 用作伴随状语:He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上,两手交叉枕在脑后。
5.表示补充说明:We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力,一个人干两个人的活。
*注:独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时,相当于一个状语从句,一般放在句首,表示原因时还可放在句末;表伴随状况或补充说明时,相当于一个并列句,通常放于句末。
独立主格结构妙题赏析
请看下面一道题:
Not far from the school there was a garden, _________ owner seated in it playing chess with his little grandson every afternoon.
A. its B. whose C. which D. that
【分析】此题很容易误选B,许多同学会认为句中逗号后是一个非限制性的定语从句,whose 在定语从句中用作定语修饰其后的名词 owner。此分析从表面上看,似乎天衣无缝,但实质上是错的,原因是空格后根本不是一个句子,因为没有谓语。尽管句中有两个动词,但它们都是非谓语动词。也许有的同学认为,其中的 seated 可视为谓语动词,但是注意,seat 用作动词时,它总是及物的,其后要么接宾语,要么它就用于被动语态,所以若在 seated 前加上助动词 is,则可以选择B(当然若将 seated 改为sitting,也应选择B)。所以此题最佳答案选A。
请再看一个类似的例子:
(1) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ translated into foreign languages.
A. it B. them C. this D. that
(2) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ were translated into foreign languages.A. it B. them C. which D. that
第(1)应选B,而不能选C,是因为句中的 translated 是过去分词(非谓语动词),若选C,则该从句无谓语;第(2)应选C,因为句中有谓语 were translatedC。
再请看下面一例:
(3) He wrote a lot of novels, and many of _________ were translated into foreign languages.
A. it B. them C. which D. that
【分析】此题与上面的第(2)题不同,两句间多了一个并列连词and,说明这是一个并列句,故应选B,则不能选C。
请做做以下三题(答案均为B):
(1) There I met several people, two of _________ being foreigners.
A. which B. them C. whom D. that
(2) There I met several people, two of _________ were foreigners.
A. which B. whom C. who D. that
(3) There I met several people, and two of _________ were foreigners.
A. which B. them C. whom D. that