① 具体指教初中英语有几类句型、几种时态、几大类词。
Ⅰ. 初中英语八种时态归纳复习
时态是英语学习中一个至关重要的内容,广大初中学生在实际运用时,往往对时态总是倍感棘手,下面我们就归纳复习一下这几种时态。
一、一般现在时:
概念:经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。
时间状语:
always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week, on Sundays, etc.
基本结构:①be动词;②行为动词
否定形式:①am/is/are+not;②此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词,则在其前加don't,如主语为第三人称单数,则用doesn't,同时还原行为动词。
一般疑问句:①把be动词放于句首;②用助动词do提问,如主语为第三人称单数,则用does,同时,还原行为动词。
二、一般过去时:
概念:过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态;过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。
时间状语:ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week(year, night, month…), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc.
基本结构:①be动词;②行为动词
否定形式:①was/were+not;②在行为动词前加didn't,同时还原行为动词。
一般疑问句:①was或were放于句首;②用助动词do的过去式did 提问,同时还原行为动词。
三、现在进行时:
概念:表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。
时间状语:now, at this time, these days, etc.
基本结构:am/is/are+doing
否定形式:am/is/are+not+doing.
一般疑问句:把be动词放于句首。
四、过去进行时:
概念:表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。
时间状语:at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。
基本结构:was/were+doing
否定形式:was/were + not + doing.
一般疑问句:把was或were放于句首。
五、现在完成时:
概念:过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,或从过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态。
时间状语:recently, lately, since…for…,in the past few years, etc.
基本结构:have/has + done
否定形式:have/has + not +done.
一般疑问句:have或has。
六、过去完成时:
概念:以过去某个时间为标准,在此以前发生的动作或行为,或在过去某动作之前完成的行为,即“过去的过去”。
时间状语:before, by the end of last year(term, month…),etc.
基本结构:had + done.
否定形式:had + not + done.
一般疑问句:had放于句首。
七、一般将来时:
概念:表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。
时间状语:tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…),soon, in a few minutes, by…,the day after tomorrow, etc.
基本结构:①am/is/are/going to + do;②will/shall + do.
否定形式:①was/were + not; ②在行为动词前加didn't,同时还原行为动词。
一般疑问句:①be放于句首;②will/shall提到句首。
八、过去将来时:
概念:立足于过去某一时刻,从过去看将来,常用于宾语从句中。
时间状语:the next day(morning, year…),the following month(week…),etc.
基本结构:①was/were/going to + do;②would/should + do.
否定形式:①was/were/not + going to + do;②would/should + not + do.
一般疑问句:①was或were放于句首;②would/should 提到句首。
Ⅱ. 几种常见时态的相互转换
英语中的几种时态在一定情况下可以互相转换,以下是几种常见的转换形式:
一、一般过去时与现在完成时的转换
在现在完成时中,延续性动词能与表示一段时间的状语连用,瞬间动词却不能。但是,可用别的表达方式:①瞬间动词用于“一段时间 + ago”的一般过去时的句型中;②瞬间动词可改成与之相对应的延续性动词及短语,与一段时间连用;③瞬间动词用于“It is + 一段时间 + since + 一般过去时”的句型中,表示“自从……以来有……时间”的意思,主句一般用it is来代替It has been;④瞬间动词用于“Some time has passed since + 一般过去时”的句型中。请看:
A. He joined the League two years ago.
B. He has been in the League for two years.
C. It is two years since he joined the League.
D. Two years has passed since he joined the League.
二、一般现在时与现在进行时的转换
在一般现在时中,at加上名词表示“处于某种状态”,如at work(在工作), at school(上学、上课)等。此短语可与进行时态转换。请看:
Peter is at work, but Mike is at play.
Peter is working, but Mike is playing.
三、现在进行时与一般将来时的转换
在现在进行时态中go, come, leave, start, arrive等动词常与表示将来的时间状语连用表示将要发生的动作。如:I am coming, Mum! 意为“我就来,妈妈!”请看:
The train is leaving soon.
The train will leave soon.
四、“be going to+动词原形”与“will(shall)+动词原形”结构的转换
“be going to+动词原形”、表示打算、计划要做的事;将来时“will(shall)+动词原形”结构在书面语中,当主语为第一人称时,常用助动词shall。在口语中,所有人称都可以用will。请看:
We are going to visit the Great Wall next Sunday.
We shall visit the Great Wall next Sunday.
Ⅲ. 中考动词时态考点分析
一、 根据时间状语确定时态的原则
1. Hurry up! The play for ten minutes. (2002辽宁)
A. has begun B. had begun C. has been on D. began
[析] 1. C。since后接时间的起点,for后接时间段,主句动词用现在完成时,应注意瞬间动词与延续性动词的使用。
二、 在复合句根据时态呼应确定时态的原则
2. Do you know if back next week? If he back, please let me know. (2002黑龙江 )
A. he comes; will come B. will he come; comes
C. he will come; comes D. will he come; will come
[析] 2. C。if既可引导宾语从句,也可引导状语从句。充当宾语从句的连接词时,相当于whether,词义是“是否”。充当状语从句的连接词时,词义是“如果”。从时态看,if引导宾语从句时谓语动词的时态应根据主句的时态作相应的变化;引导表示将来动作或状态的条件句时,若主句用一般将来时,则从句通常用一般现在时表示将来。
三、 根据上下文已有时态信息点确定时态的原则
3. –When this kind of computer ?
--Last year. (2002天津)
A. did; use B. was; used C. is; used D. are; used
[析] 3. B。此例由下句的时间状语推断出一般过去时态,并且要考虑到被动语态。
四、 利用上下文语意确定时态的原则
4. –Hi! Lin Tao. I didn’t see you at the party.
--Oh, I ready for the maths exam. (2002江西)
A. am getting B. was getting C. got D. have got
[析] 4. B。此例由didn’t, at the party推断出应用过去进行时。
五、 时态中的“特殊”对策的原则
5. The teacher told us yesterday that December 25 Christmas Day. (2002辽宁)
A. is B. was C. has been D. will be
[析] 5. A。 有些动词其动词的时态是“违背常理”的。如宾语从句表示的是一个客观事实或客观真理时,其时态不受主句限制而用一般现在时表示。
1. 行为主体不明确,不必说出或者无法说出动作的执行者时。
Football is played all over the world.
2. 不易找到或根本就找不到动作的执行者时。
My bike was stolen.
3. 汉语含有“据说”、“有人说”等时。
It is said that another bridge has been built over the Changjiang River.
4. 汉语中含有“被”、“由”等词时。
Wei Hua is asked to come by Lin Tao.
5. 汉语中没有“被”、“由”等词,而在原句中试加这类词且句意通顺时。
These songs are usually sung by boys.
6. 某些句子习惯上用被动语态。
He was born in October, 1988.
7. 表示礼貌时。
You are friendly invited to come to our English party at 8:00p.m. tomorrow.
(Note: 用于被动语态中的动词是及物动词,不及物动词不能用被动语态。)
② 初中英语
(一)、及物动词与不及物动词
英语中按动词后可否直接跟宾语,可把动词分成及物动词与和及物动词。
1.及物动词: 字典里词后标有vt. 的就是及物动词。及物动词后必须跟有动作的对象(即宾语),可直接跟宾语。see 看见 (vt.) +宾语 I can see a boy.
2.不及物动词:字典里词后标有vi. 的就是不及物动词。不及物动词后不能直接跟有动作的对象(即宾语)。若要跟宾语,必须先在其后添加上某个介词,如to,of ,at后方可跟上宾语。
具体每个动词后究竟加什么介词就得背动词短语了,如listen to,look at…..
3. 宾语(动作的对象):是名词或代词,或相当于名词的词或短语(如动名词)。其它词不看作动作的对象呢。
4.举例:“看”
(1)see 看见 (vt.) +宾语 I can see a boy.
(2)look 看 (vi.) x宾语(即不能直接加宾语). Look! She is singing.
Look carefully! (注意:carefully 是副词,不是名词,故不作宾语哟)
(3)look at 看…….+宾语 Look at me carefully! (me是代词,作宾语了)
(二)、什么是反意疑问句
前面是肯定,后面就否定
前面是否定,后面就肯定
eg:
1.It is a find day,isn't it?
2.It isn't a find day,is it?
前面是肯定,后面就否定
前面是否定,后面就肯定
eg:
1.It is a find day,isn't it?
2.It isn't a find day,is it?
(三)初中英语八种时态归纳复习
l 时态是英语学习中一个至关重要的内容,广大初中学生在实际运用时,往往对时态总是倍感棘手,下面我们就归纳复习一下这几种时态。
一、 一般现在时:
l 概念:经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。
l 时间状语:
always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week, on Sundays,
l 基本结构:①be动词;②行为动词
l 否定形式:①am/is/are+not;②此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词,则在其前加don't,如主语为第三人称单数,则用doesn't,同时还原行为动词。
l 一般疑问句:①把be动词放于句首;②用助动词do提问,如主语为第三人称单数,则用does,同时,还原行为动词。
二、 一般过去时:
l 概念:过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态;过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。
l 时间状语:ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week(year, night, month…), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc.
l 基本结构:①be动词;②行为动词
l 否定形式:①was/were+not;②在行为动词前加didn't,同时还原行为动词。
l 一般疑问句:①was或were放于句首;②用助动词do的过去式did 提问,同时还原行为动词。
三、 现在进行时:
l 概念:表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。
l 时间状语:now, at this time, these days, etc.
l 基本结构:am/is/are+doing
l 否定形式:am/is/are+not+doing.
l 一般疑问句:把be动词放于句首。
四、 过去进行时:
l 概念:表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。
l 时间状语:at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。
l 基本结构:was/were+doing
l 否定形式:was/were + not + doing.
l 一般疑问句:把was或were放于句首。
五、 现在完成时:
l 概念:过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,或从过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态。
l 时间状语:recently, lately, since…for…,in the past few years, etc.
l 基本结构:have/has + done
l 否定形式:have/has + not +d one.
l 一般疑问句:have或has。
六、 过去完成时:
l 概念:以过去某个时间为标准,在此以前发生的动作或行为,或在过去某动作之前完成的行为,即“过去的过去”。
l 时间状语:before, by the end of last year(term, month…),etc.
l 基本结构:had + done.
l 否定形式:had + not + done.
l 一般疑问句:had放于句首。
七、 一般将来时:
l 概念:表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。
l 时间状语:tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…),soon, in a few minutes, by…,the day after tomorrow, etc.
l 基本结构:①am/is/are/going to + do;②will/shall + do.
l 否定形式:①was/were + not; ②在行为动词前加didn't,同时还原行为动词。
l 一般疑问句:①be放于句首;②will/shall提到句首。
八、 过去将来时:
l 概念:立足于过去某一时刻,从过去看将来,常用于宾语从句中。
l 时间状语:the next day(morning, year…),the following month(week…),etc.
l 基本结构:①was/were/going to + do;②would/should + do.
l 否定形式:①was/were/not + going to + do;②would/should + not + do.
l 一般疑问句:①was或were放于句首;②would/should 提到句首。
l Ⅱ. 几种常见时态的相互转换
l 英语中的几种时态在一定情况下可以互相转换,以下是几种常见的转换形式:
一、 一般过去时与现在完成时的转换
n 在现在完成时中,延续性动词能与表示一段时间的状语连用,瞬间动词却不能。但是,可用别的表达方式:①瞬间动词用于“一段时间 + ago”的一般过去时的句型中;②瞬间动词可改成与之相对应的延续性动词及短语,与一段时间连用;③瞬间动词用于“It is + 一段时间 + since + 一般过去时”的句型中,表示“自从……以来有……时间”的意思,主句一般用it is来代替It has been;④瞬间动词用于“Some time has passed since + 一般过去时”的句型中。请看:
A. He joined the League two years ago.
B. He has been in the League for two years.
C. It is two years since he joined the League.
D. Two years has passed since he joined the League.
二、 一般现在时与现在进行时的转换
n 在一般现在时中,at加上名词表示“处于某种状态”,如at work(在工作), at school(上学、上课)等。此短语可与进行时态转换。请看:
l Peter is at work, but Mike is at play.
l Peter is working, but Mike is playing.
三、 现在进行时与一般将来时的转换
n 在现在进行时态中go, come, leave, start, arrive等动词常与表示将来的时间状语连用表示将要发生的动作。如:I am coming, Mum! 意为“我就来,妈妈!”请看:
l The train is leaving soon.
l The train will leave soon.
l 四、“be going to+动词原形”与“will(shall)+动词原形”结构的转换
n “be going to+动词原形”、表示打算、计划要做的事;将来时“will(shall)+动词原形”结构在书面语中,当主语为第一人称时,常用助动词shall。在口语中,所有人称都可以用will。请看:
l We are going to visit the Great Wall next Sunday.
l We shall visit the Great Wall next Sunday.
l Ⅲ. 中考动词时态考点分析
一、 根据时间状语确定时态的原则
l 1. Hurry up! The play for ten minutes. (2002辽宁)
l A. has begun B. had begun C. has been on D. began
l [析] 1. C。since后接时间的起点,for后接时间段,主句动词用现在完成时,应注意瞬间动词与延续性动词的使用。
二、 在复合句根据时态呼应确定时态的原则
l 2. Do you know if back next week? If he back, please let me know. (2002黑龙江 )
l A. he comes; will come B. will he come; comes
l C. he will come; comes D. will he come; will come
n [析] 2. C。if既可引导宾语从句,也可引导状语从句。充当宾语从句的连接词时,相当于whether,词义是“是否”。充当状语从句的连接词时,词义是“如果”。从时态看,if引导宾语从句时谓语动词的时态应根据主句的时态作相应的变化;引导表示将来动作或状态的条件句时,若主句用一般将来时,则从句通常用一般现在时表示将来。
三、 根据上下文已有时态信息点确定时态的原则
l 3. –When this kind of computer ?
l --Last year. (2002天津)
l A. did; use B. was; used C. is; used D. are; used
l [析] 3. B。此例由下句的时间状语推断出一般过去时态,并且要考虑到被动语态。
四、 利用上下文语意确定时态的原则
l 4. –Hi! Lin Tao. I didn’t see you at the party.
l --Oh, I ready for the maths exam. (2002江西)
l A. am getting B. was getting C. got D. have got
l [析] 4. B。此例由didn’t, at the party推断出应用过去进行时。
五、 时态中的“特殊”对策的原则
l 5. The teacher told us yesterday that December 25 Christmas Day. (2002辽宁)
l A. is B. was C. has been D. will be
l [析] 5. A。 有些动词其动词的时态是“违背常理”的。如宾语从句表示的是一个客观事实或客观真理时,其时态不受主句限制而用一般现在时表示。
l Ⅳ. 中考实战题练兵
l Fill in the blanks with the right forms of the verb tense:
l 1. Mr Brown will go fishing if it (not rain) tomorrow. (2002徐州市)
l 2. I think he (be) back in a week. (2002南京市)
l 3. –Who (knock) at the door?
l --I don’t know. Let me go and see. (2002连云港市)
l 4. Bill is strict with himself. He never (leave) today’s work for tomorrow. (2002连云港市)
l 5. -- your uncle (return) the video tapes to Mr Fox?
l --No. They’re still in his bedroom. (2002南通市)
l 6. By the end of last term, they (work) there for ten years. (2002辽宁)
l 7. Mr. Wang (read) a newspaper in the office at this time yesterday. (2002上海市)
l 8. Mr. Green and his wife (live) in London for a few years before they
l (come) to work in China in 2001. (2002曲靖市)
l 9. They never knew what (happen) to the world in a hundred years. (2002南充)
l 10. About 400 years ago, Galileo(伽利略) proved that the earth (go) around the sun. (2002陕西)
(四)英语上的分词分为现在分词和过去分词。
现在分词和过去分词主要差别在于:现在分词表示"主动和进行",过去分词表示"被动和完成"(不及物动词的过去分词不表示被动,只表示完成)。分词可以有自己的状语、宾语或逻辑主语等。
1、 分词作状语分词在句子中作状语,可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、让步、伴随等。
分词在句子中作状语,使用何种分词,要取决于分词与句子主语的关系:主谓关系用现在分词,动宾或被动关系用过去分词。
(1)现在分词The students went out of the classroom, laughing and talking.
(2)过去分词Accompanied by his friend, he went to the railway station. Given better attention, the plants could grow better.
2、"while ( when, once, until, if , though等连词)+分词"结构现在分词或过去分词作状语时,有时可以在分词前加while,when, once, although, until, if等连词。
When leaving the airport, she waved again and again to us. While waiting for the train, I had a long talk with my sister about her work……
Once recovered, he threw himself into his work and made every effort to do it well.
Although working very hard, he failed to pass the final exam. If translated word by word, the passage will be difficult to understand.
3、分词作定语分词作定语时,单个的分词通常放在被修饰的名词之前,分词短语一般置于所修饰的中心词后面。现在分词修饰的是发出该动作的名词(即与名词有主谓关系),过去分词修饰承受该动作的名词(即与名词是动宾关系)。
We will go on with our experiment as soon as we get the added fund.
This is really an exhausting day to all of us!
We can see the part of the moon lighted by sunlight.
After a night spent in excitement and sleeplessness, I forced myself to take a long walk along the beach the next day.
More and more developing countries established strategic partnership with developed countries
4、分词作宾语补足语现在分词在see, watch, hear, observe, notice, feel, find, glimpse, glance等感官动词和look at, listen to等短语动词以及have, keep, get, catch, leave, set, start, send等使役动词后面与名词或代词构成复合宾语,作宾语补语的成分。
5、分词作表语分词作表语通常看作形容词来用。现在分词表示主语的性质,而且主语多为物;过去分词表示主语的感受或状态,主语多为人。
(五)五大基本句型
英文的句子按照主词、动词、受词补语来分类,可以分成五大基本句型。 分别是:
一、S+V(主语+谓语动词)
1. Snow falls. 下雪
2. The sun rises. 太阳升起
3. The moon rose slowly.
4. He spoke loudly.
二、S+V+C【Subject(主语)+Verb(动词)+Complement(补语)】
即:主语+连系动词+表语
1.He is the author. 他是作者 (名词作补语)
2.Spring is here. 春天到了 (副词作补语)
3. He is in the room. 他在房间里 (介词片语作补语)
4.To see is to believe. 眼见为凭 (不定词作补语)
5.The question is what to say. 问题是要说什么 (名词片语作补语)
6. S+感官动词+SC
The candy tastes sweet. 这糖果尝起来很甜
The milk smells sour. 这牛奶闻起来酸酸的
It sounds great. 这听起来不错
She looks suprised. 她看起来很吃惊
I feel better. 我感
三、S+V+O(Subject主语+verb动词+object宾语)
1.I want to study Math. 我想要研读数学 (受词为不定词)
2 I love her. 我爱她(受词为名词)
3. She knows that he never tells the truth. 她知道他从未说过实话 (受词为名词子句)
4. I like fishing. 我喜欢钓鱼 (受词为动名词)
四、S+V+O+C(Subject主语+Verb动词+Object宾语+Complement补语)
1. We paid him $100. 我付他100元 = We paid $100 to him.
2. I showed him my books. 我对他展示我的书=I showed my books to him.
五、S+V+O+O(Subject主语+Verb动词+Object宾语+Object宾语)
这里的不完全及物动词主要有
感官动词: see hear watch feel
使役动词: make get ask let keep
其他如: call believe consider
1. We considered him a wise person. 我认为他是一个聪明的人
2. She made me mad. 她使我生气.
3. I saw him swim across the river. 我看见他游过河
另外还有一类也可归做本句型 (介系词片语作补语 as ..., in ...)
S Vt + as O OC
1. I regard it as impossible. 我认为这是不可能的
2. I regard him as a child. 我视他为小孩
(六)英文数词的用法与读法
1. 小数是用数字来表示的,小数点后无论有多少位数也不要在中间插入逗点,小数点读作 point,小数点后面的数字要一个一个地读出。如:
3.4 读作 three point four
0.8 读作 zero point eight 或 naught point eight
30.34 读作 thirty point three four。
Birth rate was up 2.5 times in those years.
那些年出生率上升了 2.5 倍。
小数 2.5 在句中作修饰语。
Our grain output will be 3.7 times that of 1960.
我们的粮食产量将是 1960年的 3.7 倍。
小数 3.7 在句中作修饰语。
2. 百分数用percent或per cent表示,即"%"。
The price has been reced by 20 percent (20%) since May.
自五月以来价格降低了百分之二十。
The number of visiting patients is 30%(30 percent) less than the same time last year.
就诊的患者人数较去年同期下降了百分之三十。
3. 比率的表示通常都用数字,有时亦可用文字。
The ratios of 1 to 3 and 5 to 15 are the same.
一比三和五比十五的比率是相同的。
You have a fifty to fifty chance to win the game.
你有五成的机会赢得比赛。
4. 日期及年份的表示法,如:
May 22(May the twenty-second或the twenty-second of May),也可写作 May 22nd
July 15(July the fifteenth或the fifteenth of July),也可写作 July 15th
August 1(August the first或the first of August),也可写作 August 1st
1949 读作 nineteen forty-nine
1804 读作 eighteen o four
1700 读作 seventeen hundred
2000 读作 two thousand
685 B.C. 读作 six eighty-five B.C.(before Christ)
1960's(or 1960s) 读作 nineteen sixties。
5. 时刻的表示法,如:
7:00 读作 seven o'clock或seven
9:15 读作 nine fifteen或a quarter past nine或a quarter after nine
11:26 读作 eleven twenty-six或twenty-six past eleven或twenty-six after eleven
5:30 读作 five thirty或half past five或half after five
6. 以24小时为时制的表示法,如:
08:00 读作 eight o'clock in the morning或eight o'clock a.m.
12:00 读作 twelve o'clock或midday或noon
14:15 读作 fourteen fifteen或two fifteen p.m.
24:00 读作 twelve o'clock at night或midnight
7. 单位的表达法,如:
2×3 feet 读作 two feet by three feet
2×3×6 inches 读作 two inches by three inches by six inches。
This parcel weighs 3 pounds 5 ounces.
This parcel is 3 pounds 5 ounces in weight.
这件包裹重三磅五盎司。
I bought a 4 feet by 5 feet rug.
我购买了一块长五英呎宽四英呎的地毯。
The temperature dropped to -22℃(minus twenty-two degrees Centigrade).
温度下降到摄氏零下二十二度。
His height is 178 cm.
He is 178 cm tall.
他的身高是一百七十八厘米。
The size of the box is six feet by four by three and two-thirds.
这个箱子的大小是长六英尺宽四英尺高三又三分之二英尺。
8. 一些数学表达式的读法,其中一些常见的符号如:
"+" 读作 plus 或 and;
"-" 读作 minus或from;
"×" 读作 times或multiplied by;
"÷" 读作 divided by。
5+8 =13
Five plus eight is thirteen.
五加八等于十三。
15-6 =9
Fifteen minus six is nine.
十五减六等于九。
4×5 =20
Four times five is twenty.
Four multiplied by five is twenty.
Four fives are twenty.
四乘以五等于二十。
8÷2 → 4
Eight divided by two is four.
Two in eight goes four.
八除以二等于四。
9. 电话号码、房间号、帐号、汽车牌号等按编号的顺序一个一个地读出,遇到 "0" 时读 oh,相连的两个相同的基数词可读作 double。
My office phone number is 268-8064 extension 321.
我的办公室电话是二六八八零**分机三二一.
268-8064 extension 321 读作 two six eight eight O six four extension three two one.
My account number is 38800685.
我的帐号是三八八零零六八五。
38800685 读作 three eight eight zero zero six eight five or three double eight double oh six eight five
10. 货币的读法,如:
$18.29 读作 eighteen dollars twenty-nine cents或eighteen twenty-nine
十八美元二十九美分。
$15 读作 fifteen dollars (even)
表示十五美元(整)。
C$268 读作 two hundred and sixty-eight Canadian dollars
表示二百六十八加拿大元。
JP¥10,000 读作 ten thousand Japanese Yen
表示一万日元。
11. 帝王第~世的读法,如:
William I 读作 William the First(威廉一世)
Elizabeth II 读作 Elizabeth the Second(伊利莎白二世)
12. 其他表达法,如:
World War II 读作 world war two 或 the second world war(第二次世界大战)
No.1 读作 number one(第一)
Lesson III 读作 lesson three(第三课)
Section I 读作 section one(第一节)
P.10 读作 page ten(第十页)
③ 英语的基本的东西
(一)、及物动词与不及物动词
英语中按动词后可否直接跟宾语,可把动词分成及物动词与和及物动词。
1.及物动词: 字典里词后标有vt. 的就是及物动词。及物动词后必须跟有动作的对象(即宾语),可直接跟宾语。see 看见 (vt.) +宾语 I can see a boy.
2.不及物动词:字典里词后标有vi. 的就是不及物动词。不及物动词后不能直接跟有动作的对象(即宾语)。若要跟宾语,必须先在其后添加上某个介词,如to,of ,at后方可跟上宾语。
具体每个动词后究竟加什么介词就得背动词短语了,如listen to,look at…..
3. 宾语(动作的对象):是名词或代词,或相当于名词的词或短语(如动名词)。其它词不看作动作的对象呢。
4.举例:“看”
(1)see 看见 (vt.) +宾语 I can see a boy.
(2)look 看 (vi.) x宾语(即不能直接加宾语). Look! She is singing.
Look carefully! (注意:carefully 是副词,不是名词,故不作宾语哟)
(3)look at 看…….+宾语 Look at me carefully! (me是代词,作宾语了)
(二)、什么是反意疑问句
前面是肯定,后面就否定
前面是否定,后面就肯定
eg:
1.It is a find day,isn't it?
2.It isn't a find day,is it?
前面是肯定,后面就否定
前面是否定,后面就肯定
eg:
1.It is a find day,isn't it?
2.It isn't a find day,is it?
(三)初中英语八种时态归纳复习
l 时态是英语学习中一个至关重要的内容,广大初中学生在实际运用时,往往对时态总是倍感棘手,下面我们就归纳复习一下这几种时态。
一、 一般现在时:
l 概念:经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。
l 时间状语:
always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week, on Sundays,
l 基本结构:①be动词;②行为动词
l 否定形式:①am/is/are+not;②此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词,则在其前加don't,如主语为第三人称单数,则用doesn't,同时还原行为动词。
l 一般疑问句:①把be动词放于句首;②用助动词do提问,如主语为第三人称单数,则用does,同时,还原行为动词。
二、 一般过去时:
l 概念:过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态;过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。
l 时间状语:ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week(year, night, month…), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc.
l 基本结构:①be动词;②行为动词
l 否定形式:①was/were+not;②在行为动词前加didn't,同时还原行为动词。
l 一般疑问句:①was或were放于句首;②用助动词do的过去式did 提问,同时还原行为动词。
三、 现在进行时:
l 概念:表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。
l 时间状语:now, at this time, these days, etc.
l 基本结构:am/is/are+doing
l 否定形式:am/is/are+not+doing.
l 一般疑问句:把be动词放于句首。
四、 过去进行时:
l 概念:表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。
l 时间状语:at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。
l 基本结构:was/were+doing
l 否定形式:was/were + not + doing.
l 一般疑问句:把was或were放于句首。
五、 现在完成时:
l 概念:过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,或从过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态。
l 时间状语:recently, lately, since…for…,in the past few years, etc.
l 基本结构:have/has + done
l 否定形式:have/has + not +d one.
l 一般疑问句:have或has。
六、 过去完成时:
l 概念:以过去某个时间为标准,在此以前发生的动作或行为,或在过去某动作之前完成的行为,即“过去的过去”。
l 时间状语:before, by the end of last year(term, month…),etc.
l 基本结构:had + done.
l 否定形式:had + not + done.
l 一般疑问句:had放于句首。
七、 一般将来时:
l 概念:表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。
l 时间状语:tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…),soon, in a few minutes, by…,the day after tomorrow, etc.
l 基本结构:①am/is/are/going to + do;②will/shall + do.
l 否定形式:①was/were + not; ②在行为动词前加didn't,同时还原行为动词。
l 一般疑问句:①be放于句首;②will/shall提到句首。
八、 过去将来时:
l 概念:立足于过去某一时刻,从过去看将来,常用于宾语从句中。
l 时间状语:the next day(morning, year…),the following month(week…),etc.
l 基本结构:①was/were/going to + do;②would/should + do.
l 否定形式:①was/were/not + going to + do;②would/should + not + do.
l 一般疑问句:①was或were放于句首;②would/should 提到句首。
l Ⅱ. 几种常见时态的相互转换
l 英语中的几种时态在一定情况下可以互相转换,以下是几种常见的转换形式:
一、 一般过去时与现在完成时的转换
n 在现在完成时中,延续性动词能与表示一段时间的状语连用,瞬间动词却不能。但是,可用别的表达方式:①瞬间动词用于“一段时间 + ago”的一般过去时的句型中;②瞬间动词可改成与之相对应的延续性动词及短语,与一段时间连用;③瞬间动词用于“It is + 一段时间 + since + 一般过去时”的句型中,表示“自从……以来有……时间”的意思,主句一般用it is来代替It has been;④瞬间动词用于“Some time has passed since + 一般过去时”的句型中。请看:
A. He joined the League two years ago.
B. He has been in the League for two years.
C. It is two years since he joined the League.
D. Two years has passed since he joined the League.
二、 一般现在时与现在进行时的转换
n 在一般现在时中,at加上名词表示“处于某种状态”,如at work(在工作), at school(上学、上课)等。此短语可与进行时态转换。请看:
l Peter is at work, but Mike is at play.
l Peter is working, but Mike is playing.
三、 现在进行时与一般将来时的转换
n 在现在进行时态中go, come, leave, start, arrive等动词常与表示将来的时间状语连用表示将要发生的动作。如:I am coming, Mum! 意为“我就来,妈妈!”请看:
l The train is leaving soon.
l The train will leave soon.
l 四、“be going to+动词原形”与“will(shall)+动词原形”结构的转换
n “be going to+动词原形”、表示打算、计划要做的事;将来时“will(shall)+动词原形”结构在书面语中,当主语为第一人称时,常用助动词shall。在口语中,所有人称都可以用will。请看:
l We are going to visit the Great Wall next Sunday.
l We shall visit the Great Wall next Sunday.
l Ⅲ. 中考动词时态考点分析
一、 根据时间状语确定时态的原则
l 1. Hurry up! The play for ten minutes. (2002辽宁)
l A. has begun B. had begun C. has been on D. began
l [析] 1. C。since后接时间的起点,for后接时间段,主句动词用现在完成时,应注意瞬间动词与延续性动词的使用。
二、 在复合句根据时态呼应确定时态的原则
l 2. Do you know if back next week? If he back, please let me know. (2002黑龙江 )
l A. he comes; will come B. will he come; comes
l C. he will come; comes D. will he come; will come
n [析] 2. C。if既可引导宾语从句,也可引导状语从句。充当宾语从句的连接词时,相当于whether,词义是“是否”。充当状语从句的连接词时,词义是“如果”。从时态看,if引导宾语从句时谓语动词的时态应根据主句的时态作相应的变化;引导表示将来动作或状态的条件句时,若主句用一般将来时,则从句通常用一般现在时表示将来。
三、 根据上下文已有时态信息点确定时态的原则
l 3. –When this kind of computer ?
l --Last year. (2002天津)
l A. did; use B. was; used C. is; used D. are; used
l [析] 3. B。此例由下句的时间状语推断出一般过去时态,并且要考虑到被动语态。
四、 利用上下文语意确定时态的原则
l 4. –Hi! Lin Tao. I didn’t see you at the party.
l --Oh, I ready for the maths exam. (2002江西)
l A. am getting B. was getting C. got D. have got
l [析] 4. B。此例由didn’t, at the party推断出应用过去进行时。
五、 时态中的“特殊”对策的原则
l 5. The teacher told us yesterday that December 25 Christmas Day. (2002辽宁)
l A. is B. was C. has been D. will be
l [析] 5. A。 有些动词其动词的时态是“违背常理”的。如宾语从句表示的是一个客观事实或客观真理时,其时态不受主句限制而用一般现在时表示。
l Ⅳ. 中考实战题练兵
l Fill in the blanks with the right forms of the verb tense:
l 1. Mr Brown will go fishing if it (not rain) tomorrow. (2002徐州市)
l 2. I think he (be) back in a week. (2002南京市)
l 3. –Who (knock) at the door?
l --I don’t know. Let me go and see. (2002连云港市)
l 4. Bill is strict with himself. He never (leave) today’s work for tomorrow. (2002连云港市)
l 5. -- your uncle (return) the video tapes to Mr Fox?
l --No. They’re still in his bedroom. (2002南通市)
l 6. By the end of last term, they (work) there for ten years. (2002辽宁)
l 7. Mr. Wang (read) a newspaper in the office at this time yesterday. (2002上海市)
l 8. Mr. Green and his wife (live) in London for a few years before they
l (come) to work in China in 2001. (2002曲靖市)
l 9. They never knew what (happen) to the world in a hundred years. (2002南充)
l 10. About 400 years ago, Galileo(伽利略) proved that the earth (go) around the sun. (2002陕西)
(四)英语上的分词分为现在分词和过去分词。
现在分词和过去分词主要差别在于:现在分词表示"主动和进行",过去分词表示"被动和完成"(不及物动词的过去分词不表示被动,只表示完成)。分词可以有自己的状语、宾语或逻辑主语等。
1、 分词作状语分词在句子中作状语,可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、让步、伴随等。
分词在句子中作状语,使用何种分词,要取决于分词与句子主语的关系:主谓关系用现在分词,动宾或被动关系用过去分词。
(1)现在分词The students went out of the classroom, laughing and talking.
(2)过去分词Accompanied by his friend, he went to the railway station. Given better attention, the plants could grow better.
2、"while ( when, once, until, if , though等连词)+分词"结构现在分词或过去分词作状语时,有时可以在分词前加while,when, once, although, until, if等连词。
When leaving the airport, she waved again and again to us. While waiting for the train, I had a long talk with my sister about her work……
Once recovered, he threw himself into his work and made every effort to do it well.
Although working very hard, he failed to pass the final exam. If translated word by word, the passage will be difficult to understand.
3、分词作定语分词作定语时,单个的分词通常放在被修饰的名词之前,分词短语一般置于所修饰的中心词后面。现在分词修饰的是发出该动作的名词(即与名词有主谓关系),过去分词修饰承受该动作的名词(即与名词是动宾关系)。
We will go on with our experiment as soon as we get the added fund.
This is really an exhausting day to all of us!
We can see the part of the moon lighted by sunlight.
After a night spent in excitement and sleeplessness, I forced myself to take a long walk along the beach the next day.
More and more developing countries established strategic partnership with developed countries
4、分词作宾语补足语现在分词在see, watch, hear, observe, notice, feel, find, glimpse, glance等感官动词和look at, listen to等短语动词以及have, keep, get, catch, leave, set, start, send等使役动词后面与名词或代词构成复合宾语,作宾语补语的成分。
5、分词作表语分词作表语通常看作形容词来用。现在分词表示主语的性质,而且主语多为物;过去分词表示主语的感受或状态,主语多为人。
(五)五大基本句型
英文的句子按照主词、动词、受词补语来分类,可以分成五大基本句型。 分别是:
一、S+V(主语+谓语动词)
1. Snow falls. 下雪
2. The sun rises. 太阳升起
3. The moon rose slowly.
4. He spoke loudly.
二、S+V+C【Subject(主语)+Verb(动词)+Complement(补语)】
即:主语+连系动词+表语
1.He is the author. 他是作者 (名词作补语)
2.Spring is here. 春天到了 (副词作补语)
3. He is in the room. 他在房间里 (介词片语作补语)
4.To see is to believe. 眼见为凭 (不定词作补语)
5.The question is what to say. 问题是要说什么 (名词片语作补语)
6. S+感官动词+SC
The candy tastes sweet. 这糖果尝起来很甜
The milk smells sour. 这牛奶闻起来酸酸的
It sounds great. 这听起来不错
She looks suprised. 她看起来很吃惊
I feel better. 我感
三、S+V+O(Subject主语+verb动词+object宾语)
1.I want to study Math. 我想要研读数学 (受词为不定词)
2 I love her. 我爱她(受词为名词)
3. She knows that he never tells the truth. 她知道他从未说过实话 (受词为名词子句)
4. I like fishing. 我喜欢钓鱼 (受词为动名词)
四、S+V+O+C(Subject主语+Verb动词+Object宾语+Complement补语)
1. We paid him $100. 我付他100元 = We paid $100 to him.
2. I showed him my books. 我对他展示我的书=I showed my books to him.
五、S+V+O+O(Subject主语+Verb动词+Object宾语+Object宾语)
这里的不完全及物动词主要有
感官动词: see hear watch feel
使役动词: make get ask let keep
其他如: call believe consider
1. We considered him a wise person. 我认为他是一个聪明的人
2. She made me mad. 她使我生气.
3. I saw him swim across the river. 我看见他游过河
另外还有一类也可归做本句型 (介系词片语作补语 as ..., in ...)
S Vt + as O OC
1. I regard it as impossible. 我认为这是不可能的
2. I regard him as a child. 我视他为小孩
(六)英文数词的用法与读法
1. 小数是用数字来表示的,小数点后无论有多少位数也不要在中间插入逗点,小数点读作 point,小数点后面的数字要一个一个地读出。如:
3.4 读作 three point four
0.8 读作 zero point eight 或 naught point eight
30.34 读作 thirty point three four。
Birth rate was up 2.5 times in those years.
那些年出生率上升了 2.5 倍。
小数 2.5 在句中作修饰语。
Our grain output will be 3.7 times that of 1960.
我们的粮食产量将是 1960年的 3.7 倍。
小数 3.7 在句中作修饰语。
2. 百分数用percent或per cent表示,即"%"。
The price has been reced by 20 percent (20%) since May.
自五月以来价格降低了百分之二十。
The number of visiting patients is 30%(30 percent) less than the same time last year.
就诊的患者人数较去年同期下降了百分之三十。
3. 比率的表示通常都用数字,有时亦可用文字。
The ratios of 1 to 3 and 5 to 15 are the same.
一比三和五比十五的比率是相同的。
You have a fifty to fifty chance to win the game.
你有五成的机会赢得比赛。
4. 日期及年份的表示法,如:
May 22(May the twenty-second或the twenty-second of May),也可写作 May 22nd
July 15(July the fifteenth或the fifteenth of July),也可写作 July 15th
August 1(August the first或the first of August),也可写作 August 1st
1949 读作 nineteen forty-nine
1804 读作 eighteen o four
1700 读作 seventeen hundred
2000 读作 two thousand
685 B.C. 读作 six eighty-five B.C.(before Christ)
1960's(or 1960s) 读作 nineteen sixties。
5. 时刻的表示法,如:
7:00 读作 seven o'clock或seven
9:15 读作 nine fifteen或a quarter past nine或a quarter after nine
11:26 读作 eleven twenty-six或twenty-six past eleven或twenty-six after eleven
5:30 读作 five thirty或half past five或half after five
6. 以24小时为时制的表示法,如:
08:00 读作 eight o'clock in the morning或eight o'clock a.m.
12:00 读作 twelve o'clock或midday或noon
14:15 读作 fourteen fifteen或two fifteen p.m.
24:00 读作 twelve o'clock at night或midnight
7. 单位的表达法,如:
2×3 feet 读作 two feet by three feet
2×3×6 inches 读作 two inches by three inches by six inches。
This parcel weighs 3 pounds 5 ounces.
This parcel is 3 pounds 5 ounces in weight.
这件包裹重三磅五盎司。
I bought a 4 feet by 5 feet rug.
我购买了一块长五英呎宽四英呎的地毯。
The temperature dropped to -22℃(minus twenty-two degrees Centigrade).
温度下降到摄氏零下二十二度。
His height is 178 cm.
He is 178 cm tall.
他的身高是一百七十八厘米。
The size of the box is six feet by four by three and two-thirds.
这个箱子的大小是长六英尺宽四英尺高三又三分之二英尺。
8. 一些数学表达式的读法,其中一些常见的符号如:
"+" 读作 plus 或 and;
"-" 读作 minus或from;
"×" 读作 times或multiplied by;
"÷" 读作 divided by。
5+8 =13
Five plus eight is thirteen.
五加八等于十三。
15-6 =9
Fifteen minus six is nine.
十五减六等于九。
4×5 =20
Four times five is twenty.
Four multiplied by five is twenty.
Four fives are twenty.
四乘以五等于二十。
8÷2 → 4
Eight divided by two is four.
Two in eight goes four.
八除以二等于四。
9. 电话号码、房间号、帐号、汽车牌号等按编号的顺序一个一个地读出,遇到 "0" 时读 oh,相连的两个相同的基数词可读作 double。
My office phone number is 268-8064 extension 321.
我的办公室电话是二六八八零**分机三二一.
268-8064 extension 321 读作 two six eight eight O six four extension three two one.
My account number is 38800685.
我的帐号是三八八零零六八五。
38800685 读作 three eight eight zero zero six eight five or three double eight double oh six eight five
10. 货币的读法,如:
$18.29 读作 eighteen dollars twenty-nine cents或eighteen twenty-nine
十八美元二十九美分。
$15 读作 fifteen dollars (even)
表示十五美元(整)。
C$268 读作 two hundred and sixty-eight Canadian dollars
表示二百六十八加拿大元。
JP¥10,000 读作 ten thousand Japanese Yen
表示一万日元。
11. 帝王第~世的读法,如:
William I 读作 William the First(威廉一世)
Elizabeth II 读作 Elizabeth the Second(伊利莎白二世)
12. 其他表达法,如:
World War II 读作 world war two 或 the second world war(第二次世界大战)
No.1 读作 number one(第一)
Lesson III 读作 lesson three(第三课)
Section I 读作 section one(第一节)
P.10 读作 page ten(第十页)
④ 八年级英语语法考点
下边的那位太不厚道了,我讨厌别人复制
新目标八年级下册中考考点链接
【课本要点】there will be … 将有……(P2)
【中考聚焦】Do you know there will __________ English party this Friday. (2006 贵州铜仁)
A. have an B. hold an C. is an D. be an
【考点点拨】D。“There will be …”,是There be结构的一般将来时,表示“……将有……”,相当于There is/are going to be …。根据题意“你知道这个星期五将有一个英语聚会吗?”和关键信息there will可直接选出正确答案为D。
【课本要点】 be able to do … 能/可以做…….(P6)
【中考聚焦】I am afraid that I _________ finish the task in such a short time. Could you help me, please? (2006福建厦门)
A. can B. am not able to C. am going to
【考点点拨】B。be able to意为“能;会”,相当于情态动词,后面接动词原形,其否定形式是在be后加not。根据后句题意“你能帮助我吗”可知“我担心自己不能在这么段的时间完成这项任务”可选B。
【课本要点】 …. the same … as ……与……一样(P8)
【中考聚焦】Mrs Green gave birth to Lucy and Lily in 1992. They’re twin sisters. (改为同义句)
Lucy is the _________ age _________ Lily. (2006江苏盐城)
【考点点拨】same, as。the same … as是be different from的反义词组,本题由上句“They’re twin sisters”可推知Lucy和Lily年龄相同,所以填same, as。
【课本要点】 for example (P8)
【中考聚焦】Teenagers have all kinds of dreams. _________, some students would like to go to the moon some day. (2006吉林长春)
A. After all B. At once C. In fact D. For example
【考点点拨】D。for example意为“例如”,用来举例说明某一论点或情况,一般只举同类人或物中的“一个/些”为例,作插入语,可位于句首,句中或句末。分析比较四个选项,分别意为“毕竟”、“立刻;马上”、“事实上”、“例如”,根据题意“青少年有各种各样的梦,例如一些学生想有一天能去月球”可选出正确答案为D。
【课本要点】 It’s … to do …(P8)
【中考聚焦】It' s a good habit _______ breakfast every day. (2006陕西省)
A. had B. have C. has D. to have
【考点点拨】D。动词不定式用作主语时,常用it作形式主语,而把动词不定式放在后面,构成“It’s +adj./n. +to do…”句式,这样可以使句子避免头重脚轻。就本题而言,由关键词it’s即可确定正确答案为D。
【课本要点】 there be … doing …(P8)
【中考聚焦】-Is Jim at home by himself?
-No. There’s another boy _________ with him. (2004江苏扬州)
A. playing B. play C. plays D. to play
【考点点拨】A。There be sb./sth. doing sth.句式是“there be +主语+地点状语”的变体,在主语后面加动词的-ing形式,表示该动词的动作目前或现阶段正在进行,可译为“有某人或某物正在做某事”。本题由语境“还有另一个男孩和他(在家)玩”可选出正确答案为A。
【课本要点】 would like to do … 想要做…… (P8)
【中考聚焦】Would you like _________ swimming with me? (2005湖南常德)
A. go B. going C. to go D. goes
【考点点拨】C。would like意为“想要、愿意”,用来表示意愿,相当于want,但比want语气委婉,后面要接动词不定式。故选C。
【课本要点】want sb. to do … 想要某人做…… (P10)
【中考聚焦】You are so busy. What do you want me ________ for you? (2006重庆市实验区)
A. do B. done C. to do D. doing
【考点点拨】C。want sb. to do …表示“想要某人做某事”,其中动词不定式在句中作宾语补足语。本题中的四个选项是do 的四种形式,根据题意“你太忙了,你想让我为你做什么?”可选出正确答案为C。
【课本要点】 pay for … 付款/赔偿……(P12)
【中考聚焦】How much did you pay for the sweater? (词语释义) (2006遵义市)
A. cost B. spend on C. take
【考点点拨】B。划线部分pay for是“花费”的意思,主语为人,三个选项也都可以表示“花费”,区别是:cost的主语是物;spend的主语是人,take常用于It takes sb. some time/money to do sth. 句型,其中it为形式主语,真正的主语是动词不定式。故正确答案为B。
【课本要点】 No, I don’t think so. 不,我不这样认为。(P12)
【中考聚焦】-Excuse me, is this seat taken?
-___________.That man got his books and left a few minutes ago. (2005江西省课改实验区)
A. I’m afraid so B.I don’t think so C.I don’t know D.I hope not
【考点点拨】B。I don’t think so是表达个人看法的用语,多用在表示不同意别人的观点,其肯定形式是“I think so”,意为”我认为如此”。根据语境可知B选项为正确答案,而其它的三个选项都不符合题意。注意如果A选项是I’m afraid not.也对)
【课本要点】 tell sb. to do …告诉某人做……(P13)
【中考聚焦】-My parents always tell me _________ others late at night.
-They’re right. It’s not polite. (2006福建福州课改区)
A. call B. not call C. to call D. not to call
【考点点拨】D。tell sb. to do …表示“告诉某人做……”,其否定形式是直接在动词不定式to do 前加not表示“告诉某人不要做……”。由下文“他们是对是,那是不礼貌的”可知“父母总是告诉我在晚上不要给别人打电话”,故选D
【课本要点】 find out … 查明……(P14)
【中考聚焦】I’ll have a meeting in Shanghai tomorrow. Would you mind _________ the time for all the flights to Shanghai for me? (2006南宁市课改区)
A. looking for B. looking after C. finding out D. finding
【考点点拨】C。分析四个选项,look for意为“寻找”,look after意为“照料、照看”,find out意为“查明、弄清楚”,指通过观察、探索而发现事实的真相,而find意为“找到”。根据题意“我明天在上海将有一个会议,你介意为我查一下去上海的航班吗?”可选出正确答案为C。
【课本要点】get on well 相处得好……(P15)
【课本要点】【中考聚焦】Good manners usually help people to __________ each other. (2006黑龙江哈尔滨)
A. get on well with B. get started C. get together
【考点点拨】A。get on well是“相处得好”,与get along well同义,表示“与……相处得好”时,要在后面加介词with。根据题意“好的礼仪通常帮助人们彼此相处得很好”可选出正确答案为A。
【课本要点】 not … until … 直到……才……(P16)
【中考聚焦】-It’s 10 o’clock now. I must go.
-It’s raining outside. Don’t leave _____ it stops. (2006湖北孝感)
A. when B. since C. while D. until
【考点点拨】D。本题四个选项都可以引导时间状语从句,由关键词don’t可选出正确答案为D。not … until意为“直到……才……”,用来引导时间状语时,从句不能用一般将来时。
【课本要点】 see .... doing … 看见……做……(P16)
【中考聚焦】-Where’s Mr. Yu, do you know?
-Well, it’s hard to say. But I saw him ________ a football game just now. (2006河南省课改区)
A. was watching B. watching C. had watched D. watched
【考点点拨】B。see sb. doing sth.表示“看见某人正在做某事”,强调动作正在进行;而see sb. do sth.表示“看见某人做过某事”,强调动作的全过程。由题意“我刚才看见他正在看足球赛”可选B。
【课本要点】find it … to do … 发现做…..是……的(P16)
【中考聚焦】I find ________ difficult to finish the work on time. We only have three hours left. (2006吉林长春)
A. it B. that C. its D. this
【考点点拨】A。 “find+ it+形容词+to do sth.”表示”发现做某事是……的”,其中it是形式宾语,而正在宾语的是后面的动词不定式,形容词在句中作宾语补足语。由关键信息find和diffiuclt to finish可确定正确答案为A。
【课本要点】 take place …. 发生……(P22)
【中考聚焦】Great changes _________ the last three years. (2005湖北黄冈)
A. have taken place B. have been taken place
C. have happened D. have been happened
【考点点拨】A。happen和take place都可以表示“发生”,其区别是:前者往往带有偶然的意味;如果表示“某人发生了什么事或某物发生了什么情况”时,用happen to sb./ sth;而后者常用于表示某些历史事件或会议等按意图、计划的发生。认真分析题意,由“发生的变化”是“有计划的”,可排除C、D选项;因tale place没有被动语态,故正确答案是A。
【课本要点】be supposed to do … 应该做……(P28)
【中考聚焦】To keep safe, everyone _________ to wear a seat belt in the car. (2006辽宁十一课改区)
A. is supposed B. supposes C. supposed D. will suppose
【考点点拨】A。be supposed to的意思是“应该做某事”、“被期望做某事”,其后接动词原形,相当于be expected to do sth.;用在否定句中表示命令、禁止,意为“不准做某事”。四个选项是suppose的四种形式,根据题意“为了保持安全,乘车时每个人都应该戴上安全带”可选出正确答案为A。
【课本要点】 be good at/ do well in … 擅长……;在……方面做得好(P29)
【中考聚焦】The tallest boy does well in playing table tennis. (词语释义) (2006河北遵义)
A. is good at B. is interested in C. likes
【考点点拨】A。be good at与do well in同义,都是“在……方面好;擅长;善于”的意思,后面接名词、代词或动词-ing形式。比较选项可直接选A。
【课本要点】Don’t do …. 不要做……(P36)
【中考聚焦】_________ drive so fast! It’s dangerous. (2006重庆江津)
A. Not B. Don’t C. No
【考点点拨】B。Don’t do …是否定形式的祈使句,用来表示“不要做……”。本题由关键信息“It’s very dangerous.”可知“你不要开车太快”,故正确答案为B。
【课本要点】 Me, too.(P36)
【中考聚焦】-I’ll go to the West Lake this weekend. What about you?
- . Let's go together. (2006江苏盐城)
A. No, I won’t B. I won’t go C. Me, too D. Sorry, I'm busy
【考点点拨】C。“Me, too.”表示“我也是”,用来表达和对方相同的想法或做法的常用语。根据题意“我将这个周末将去西湖,你呢?”“我也是,让我们一起吧!”可选出正确答案为C。
【课本要点】 too much… 太多的……(P39)
【中考聚焦】Health is very important to us. We should eat more vegetables and fruit instead of __________ rich food. (2006黑龙江哈尔滨)
A. too much B. much too C. very much
【考点点拨】A。too much意为“太多”,用来修饰不可数名词;而much too的含义是“(实在)太……”,用来修饰形容词和副词。分析比较三个选项,由题中的关键信息rich food可知正确答案为A。
【课本要点】Would you mind doing …? 你介意做……吗?(P52)
【中考聚焦】-Would you mind my smoking here?
-__________ It’s not allowed here. (2006河北遵义)
A. Of course not. B. Better not. C. Yes, please.
【考点点拨】B。表示有礼貌的请求时常用“Would you mind…?”句式,用以询问“你介意…吗?”,请求对方不要做某事,用Would you mind + not doing sth?。同意(不介意)对方做某事时,常用的回答有No, please. / Certainly not. / No, not at all. / Of course not;不同意(介意)对方做某事时,常用的回答有Sorry, but I do. / Yes, you’d better not.。故本题选B。需要注意的是,mind后面接动词时应用动词-ing形式,如:
Would you mind ________ more slowly? I can’t follow you. (2006吉林省课改区)
A. speak B. spoke C. spoken D. speaking (答案为D)
【课本要点】 turn down 关小/调低……(P54)
【中考聚焦】 Kate, could you _________ the radio a bit? Your father is sleeping now. (2006安徽省课改区)
A. turn down B. turn off C. turn up D. turn on
【考点点拨】A。turn down意为“开小一点、调低”,通常指把收音机的音量等开小或调低,其反意词组是turn up,表示“开大、调高” ;而turn off意为“关掉”,通常指关住电灯、煤气或其他家用电器等,与turn on互为反义词。根据由下文“你的父亲正在睡觉”可排除C、D;另由a bit可舍B选A。需要注意的是,这些短语都属于“动词+副词”型,后面接名词或代词作宾语;若宾语是代词时,要把代词置于它们之间。
【课本要点】that’s no problem. 没有问题。(P54)
【中考聚焦】-Would you please bring your CDs bought in HongKong to me tomorrow? I’d like to have a look.
-_________. I will introce something to you. (2006包头课改区)
A. Not at all B. No problem C. No way D. Never mind
【考点点拨】B。That’s no problem.还可以说成No problem.,意为“没问题”,用来接受他人的请求。四个选项分别意为“一点也不”、“没问题”、“决不”、“不介意”,结合题意“明天把你在香港买的CDs给我带来,好吗?我想看一看。”可知正确答案为B。
【课本要点】too … to … 太……而不能……(P63)
【中考聚焦】-This box is ________ heavy for me to carry. Can you help me?
-Certainly. (2006 湖北武汉课改区) 。
A. so B. much C. very D. too
【考点点拨】D。too…to …从形式上看是肯定的,但表达的却是否定的意义,意为“太……而不能”,其中第一个too的后面接形容词或副词的原形,而第二个to的后面接动词原形,构成动词不定式。本题由关键信息to carry可排除A、B、C,选D。题意为“这个箱子太重了,我搬不动”。
【课本要点】 take care of … 照顾/照料……(P64)
【中考聚焦】“Jenny, please _________ your young sister carefully.” “OK, Mum.” (2006贵阳课改区)
A. take after B. take care of C. take from
【考点点拨】B。四个选项都含有take,分别意为“象”、“照看”、“减少,;降低”,根据题意“Jenny,请仔细地照看好你的妹妹”可知正确答案为B。
【课本要点】 Why don’t you do …? 为什么不做……?(P66)
【中考聚焦】Why don’t you join us in the game? (词语释义) (2006内蒙古赤峰)
A. What not B. Why not C. Why to D. How to
【考点点拨】B。why don’t you do…是“你为什么不做……?”的意思,相当于why not,后面接动词时要用动词原形。故本题可直接选B。
【搜索】(P67)
【中考聚焦】-What about having a drink?
-_________. (20063青海省)
A. Good idea B. Help yourself C. Me, too
【考点点拨】A。What about doing …?意思是“做……怎么样?”,常用来提建议,肯定回答多用good idea/all right等。分析比较三个选项,可选A。
【课本要点】have been to … 到过……(P68)
【中考聚焦】-I _________ Fujian Museum twice. How about you?
-Never. I hop to visit it soon. (2006福建福州课改区)
A. have gone B. have been to C. have gone D. have been
【考点点拨】B。have / has been to表示“曾经去过某地,现已回到说话处”;have / has gone to表示“已经去了某地,现在不在说话处”。由关键词twice可知题意为“我去过两次加拿大”,故正确答案为B。因为Fujian Museum是专有名词,to不能省略,所以D错误。
【课本要点】have been done … 已经做过……(P70)
【中考聚焦】China’s sport stars Yao Ming and Liu Xiang _____ Goodwill Ambassadors(亲善大使) for Shanghai. (2006江苏徐州)
A. has been named B. have been named C. has name D. have named
【考点点拨】B。现在完成时的被动语态的构成为“助动词have/ has+been+及物动词的过去分词”。由题意“中国的体育明星姚明和刘翔已被命名为上海的亲善大使”可知be named 意思是“被命名为”,时态为现在完成时。故选B。
【课本要点】 I hope so. 我希望如此。(P77)
【中考聚焦】-Do you think it will be cool tomorrow?
-_________. It has been too hot for a week. (2006湖南衡阳)
A. I hope so B. I’m afraid so C. I hope not
【考点点拨】A。四个选项都含有so,分别意为“我希望如此”、“我担心是这样的”、“我希望不是这样”,根据下文“一周来天气真是太热了”可知“我希望明天会凉快些”,故选A。
【课本要点】 What do you think of …? 你认为……怎么样?(P79)
【中考聚焦】-What do you ________ your hometown?
-I love it very much. (2006湖南长沙)
A. look at B. talk about C. think of
【考点点拨】C。What do you think of …?意为“你认为……怎么样?”,用来询问对方对某人或某事的看法或观点。其中think of是“想起;认为”的意思,后面接名词、代词或动词-ing形式。
由答语“我非常喜欢它”可知上句是询问你对你的家乡的看法,故正确答案为C。
⑤ 初1英语的所有知识点 告诉我的我感谢他八辈子!!!!!!!!
给你总结一下介词哈
早、午、晚要用 in,at 黎明、午夜、点与分。
年、月、年月、季节、周,阳光、灯、影、衣、帽 in。
将来时态 in ... 以后,小处 at 大处 in。
有形 with 无形 by,语言、单位、材料 in。
特征、方面与方式,心情成语惯用 in。
介词 at 和 to 表方向,攻击、位置、恶、善分。
早、午、晚要用 in
例:in the morning 在早上
in the afternoon 在下午
in the evening 在晚上
in the day 在白天
at 黎明、午、夜、点与分
例: at dawn, at daybreak 在黎明时候
at noon 在中午
at night 在夜间
at midnight 在午夜
以上短语都不用冠词
at six o'clock 在6点钟
at 7:30 (seven thirty) 在7点半
at half past eleven 在11点半
at nine fifteen 在9点15 分
at ten thirty a.m. 在上午10点30分也可以写成 seven to five 5点差7分(半小时以上)
five minutes after two 2点过5分
at a quarter to two 1点45分
at the weekend 在周末
年、月、年月、季节、周
即在“某年”,在“某月”,在“某年某月” (但在某年某月某日则用 on),在四季,在第几周等都要用 in。
例:
in 1986 在1986 年
in 1927 在1927 年
in April 在四月
in March 在三月
in December, 1986 1986年12月
in July, l983 1983年7月
in spring 在春季 in summer 在夏季
in autumn 在秋季 in winter 在冬季
in the fist week of this semester 这学期的第一周
in the third week 在第三周
阳光、灯、影、衣、冒 in,即在阳光下,在灯下,在树阴下,穿衣、着装、冒雨等都要用 in。
例:Don't read in dim light. 切勿在暗淡的灯光下看书。
They are reviewing their lessons in the bright light. 他们在明亮的灯光下复习功课。
They are sitting in the shade of a tree. 他们坐在树阴下乘凉。
a prisoner in irons 带着镣铐的囚犯
He went in the rain to meet me at the station. 他冒雨到车站去接我。
The poor dressed (clothed) in rags in old society. 旧社会穷人们衣衫褴褛。
以及:in the bright sunlight 在明亮的阳光下
a merchant in disguise 乔装的商人
the woman in white (black, red, yellow) 穿着白(黑、红、黄)色衣服的妇女
in uniform 穿着制服
in mourning 穿着丧服
in brown shoes 穿着棕色鞋
in his shirt sleeves 穿着衬衫
将来时态 in … 以后
例: They will come back in 10 days. 他们将10天以后回来。
I'll come round in a day or two. 我一两天就回来。
We'll be back in no time. 我们一会儿就回来。
Come and see me in two days' time. 两天后来看我。(从现在开始)
After … (从过去开始)
小处 at 大处 in
例:Li and I arrived at Heishan county safe and sound, all is well. Don't worry.
李和我平安地到达黑山县,一切很好,勿念。
I live in a great city (big city), my sister lives at a small town while my parents live at a village. 我住在大城市,我姐姐住在一个小城镇,而我的父母则住在农村。
I'm in Liaoning, at Anshan. 我住在辽宁省鞍山市.
有形 with 无形 by,语言、单位、材料 in
例:The workers are paving a road with stone. 工人们正用石子铺路。(有形)
The teacher is correcting the paper with a new pen. 这位教师正用一支新笔批改论文。(有形)
“Taking Tiger Mountain by Strategy”is a good opera. <<智取威虎山>>是—出好戏。(无形)
The proct is separated by distillation into gasoline and gas oil. 这种产品是用蒸馏分离出汽油和粗柴油。(表示方式、手段、方法——无形)
I really can't express my idea in English freely in-deed.
我确实不能用英语流利地表达我的思想。(表示某种语言用 in)
I wrote a novel in Russian. 我用俄语写了一本小说。(同上)
The kilometer is the biggest unit of length in the metric system.
公里是米制中最长的长度单位。(表示度、量、衡单位的用 in )
The length is measured in meter, kilometre, and centimetre.
长度是以米、公里、厘米为单位来计算的。(同上)
This board was cast in bronze not in gold. 这个牌匾是铜铸的,不是金铸的。
特征、方面与方式、心情、成语惯用 in
特征或状态:
例: The Democratic Party was then in power. 那时民主党执政。
They found the patient in a coma. 他们发现病人处于昏迷状态。
He has not been in good health for some years. 他几年来身体一直不好。
Many who came in despair went away in hope. 许多人带着绝望情绪而来,却满怀希望而去。
The house was in ruins. 这房屋成了废墟。
The poor girl was in tears. 这个贫苦女孩泪流满面。
Her clothes were in rags. 她的衣服穿破了。
His shoes were in holes. 他的鞋穿出窟窿了。
I only said it in fun. 我说这话只是开玩笑的。
She spoke in grief rather than in anger. 与其说她讲得很气愤,不如说她讲得很伤心。
还有一些短语也用 in,如:
in jest 诙谐地,in joke 开玩笑地,in spite 恶意地, in fairness 公正地,in revenge 报复, in mercy 宽大,in sorrow 伤心地等。
His mind was in great confusion. 他脑子里很乱。
Today everybody is in high spirits and no one is in low ebb.
今天大家都兴高采烈,没有一个情绪低落的。
She and her classmates are in flower ages. 她和她的同学都正值妙龄。
The campaign was in full swing. 运动正值高潮中。
方面:
例:We accepted the item in principle. 我们在原则上接受了这个条款。
They are never backward in giving their views. 他们从来不怕发表自己的意见。
The backward area has achieved self-sufficient in grain.
这个落后的地区在粮食方面已能自给。
A good teacher must be an example in study. 一个好的教师必须是学习的模范。
方式:
例:All the speeches were taken down in shorthand. 所有报告都用速记记录下来了。
The Party has always ecated us in the spirit of patriotism and internationalism.
党一贯以爱国主义和国际主义精神教育我们。
如下成语惯用 in
例:in all 总计
in advance 事前
in the meantime 与此同时
in place 适当地
in hopes of(或 in the hope of) 怀着……希望
in connection with 和……有关
in contact with 和……联系
in addition to 除……以外
in case of 倘若,万一
in conflict with 和……冲突
in force 有效的,大批
in depth 彻底地
in regard to 关于
in the neighborhood of 大约、邻近
in retrospect 回顾,一想起
in behalf of 代表……利益
in the least 一点,丝毫
in alarm 惊慌、担心
in the opinion of 据……见解
in the long run 从长远说来
in one's opinion 在……看来
in word 口头上
in a word 总之
in vain 无益地, 白白地
in case 如果,万一,以防
in detail 详细地
in haste 急急忙忙地
in conclusion 总之
in spite of 尽管
in other words … 换句话说
in return 作为回报
in the name of 以……名义
be confident in 对……有信心
be interested in 对……感兴趣
in doubt 怀疑
in love 恋爱中
in debt 负债
in fun (jest、joke) 玩笑地
in hesitation 犹豫不决
in wonder 在惊奇中
in public (secret) 公开他(秘密地)
in a good humour 心情(情绪)好
“介词 at、to 表方向,攻击、位置、善、恶、分”
介词 at 和 to 都可以表示方向; 用 at 表示方向时,侧重于攻击的目标,往往表示恶意;用to 表示方向时,突出运动的位置或动作的对象,侧重表示善意。
试比较下列各句:
1. A.She came at me. 她向我扑过来。
B.She came to me. 她向我走过来。
2.A.Jake ran at John. 杰克向约翰扑过去。
B.Jake ran to John. 杰克朝约翰跑去。
3.A. He rushed at the woman with a sword. 他拿着剑向那妇女扑过去。
B. He rushed to the woman with a sword. 他带着剑向那妇女跑过去。
4.A.He shouted at the old man. 他大声喝斥那老人。
B. He shouted to the old man. 他大声向那老人说。
5.A.I heard her muttering at Xiao Li. 我听见她在抱怨小李。
B.I heard her muttering to Xiao Li. 我听见她在同小李低声说话。
6.A. She talked at you just now. 她刚才还说你坏话呢。
B.She talked to you just now. 她刚才还同你谈话呢.
7.A.She threw a bone at the dog. 她用一块骨头砸狗。
B.She threw a bone to the dog. 她把一块骨头扔给狗吃。
8.A.He presented a pistol at me. 他用手枪对着我。
B.He presented a pistol to me. 他赠送我一支手枪。
日子、日期、年月日,星期加上早、午、晚,
收音、农场、值日 on,关于、基础、靠、着论。
着、罢、出售、偷、公、假,故意、支付、相反,准。
特定时日和“一……就”,on 后常接动名词。
年、月、日加早、午、晚,of 之前 on 代 in。
步行、驴、马、玩笑 on,cab,carriage 则用 in。
at 山脚、门口、在当前,速、温、日落、价、核心。
工具、和、同随 with,具有、独立、就、原因。
就……来说宾译主,对、有、方状、表细分。
海、陆、空、车、偶、被 by,单数、人类 know to man。
this、that、tomorrow,yesterday,next、last、one。
接年、月、季、星期、周,介词省略已习惯。
over、under 正上下,above、below 则不然,
若与数量词连用,混合使用亦无关。
beyond 超出、无、不能,against 靠着,对与反。
besides,except 分内外,among 之内 along 沿。
同类比较 except,加 for 异类记心间。
原状 because of, owing to,e to 表语形容词。
Under 后接修、建中,of,from 物、化分。
Before,after 表一点, ago,later 表一段。
before 能接完成时,ago 过去极有限。
since 以来 ring 间,since 时态多变换。
与之相比 beside,除了 last but one。
复不定 for、找、价、原,对、给、段、去、为、作、赞。
快到、对、向 towards,工、学、军、城、北、上、南。
but for 否定用虚拟,复合介词待后言。
ing 型由于鉴,除了除外与包合。
之后、关于、在……方面,有关介词须记全。
in 内 to 外表位置,山、水、国界 to 在前。
英语中的介词搭配比较复杂,是初学英语的难点。本文讲时态的使用制成口诀,可以帮助大家更快的掌握介词的使用方法。如大体掌握如上介词用法口诀,就不易出错。后面会有文章对口诀的使用做专门解释。
日子、日期、年月日,星期加上早午晚; 以下皆用 on。
例: on October the first 1949 1949年10月1日
on February the thirteenth l893 1893年2月13日
on May the first 5月1日
on the first 1号
on the sixteenth 16号
on the second of January 或 on January the second 1月2日
on a summer evening 在夏天的一个夜晚
on Boxing Day 在节礼日(圣诞节次日)
on New Year's Day 在元旦
on my birthday 在我的生日
但 in the Christmas holidays 在圣诞节假期; in the eighteenth century 在十八世纪; in ancient times 在古代; in earlier times 在早期; in modern times 在现代,则用 in,at the present time 现在,at the present day 当今 则用 at。
on May Day 在“五·一”节
on winter day 在冬天
on December 12th 1950 l950年12月12日
on Sunday 在星期天
on Monday 在星期一
on Tuesday morning 星期二早晨
on Saturday afternoon 星期六下午
on Friday evening 星期五晚上
但 last night 昨夜;in the evening 在晚上; on time 准时,in time 及时,等则不同。
年月日,加早午晚,of 之前 on 代 in
例:on the morning of 18th 18日早晨
on the evening of 4th 4日晚上
On the eve of their departure they gave a farewell banquet and their head gave a farewell speech. 他们在临行前夕举行了一次告别宴会,他们的团长发表了告别讲话。
收音、农场,值日 on
例:Did your supervisor like the story over (or on) the radio last night?
您的导师喜欢昨天从收音机里听到的故事吗?
I heard the news over (or on) the radio. 我从收音机里听到了这一条消息。
talk over the radio 由无线电播音
on TV 从电视里……
hear something on the wireless 在无线电里听到
My brother works on an Army reclamation farm. 我哥哥在一个军垦农场工作。
The students are working on a school farm. 学生们正在校办农场劳动。
This is a farmer's house on a farm. 这是农场的农舍。
Who is on ty, today? 今天谁值日?
We go on ty at 8 a.m. 我们上午8点钟上班。
关于、基础、靠、着论
例: This afternoon we are going to listen to a report on the international situation.
今天下午我们要听关于国际形势的报告。
Professor Shen will give us a talk on traveling in America.
申教授将给我们做关于美国之行的报告。
You are wrong on all these issues. 在这些问题上你的看法都错了。
The belief is based on practical experience. 这种信念是以实际经验为基础的。
Theory must be based on practice. 理论必须以实践为基础。
The people in the south live on rice. 南方人主食大米。(靠)
The citizens live on their salaries. 城市人靠薪金生活。
You can't afford luxuries, on an income of 100 yuan a month.
靠月薪100 元的收入,你是买不起奢侈品的。
Her pet dogs were fed on the choicest food. 她用精饲料喂养她心爱的狗。
He is just a scrounger, who lives on other people. 他正是一个小偷,专靠损害别人过日子。
Keep the kettle on the boil (=boiling). 让水壶的水一直开着。
The enemy are on the run (=running). 敌人在逃跑。
On 后接 the 加上一个作名词的动词.其意义与现在分词所表达的相近。类似例子很多如:
on the march 在行军中,on the mend 在好转中,on the prowl 徘徊,on the move 活动中,on the scrounge 巧取豪夺(俚语),on the go 活跃,忙碌,on the lookout 注意, 警戒,on the watch 监视着。on the hop 趁不备抓住某人等等。
on the People's Democratic Dictatorship 《实践论》和《矛盾论》
on the People's Democratic Dictatorship 《论人民民主专政》
“on Coalition Government”《论联合政府》
着、罢、出售、偷、公、假,故意、支付,相反、准
注:口诀中的“着”是指着火,“罢”指罢工,“偷”指偷偷地,“公”指出差、办公事;“假”指休假,“准”指准时。
例:The house next to mine was on fire. 我邻居的房子着火了。
The workers of the railway station were on strike. 铁路工人罢工了。
Grapes and big water melons from Sinkiang are on sale on a large sale.
新疆葡萄和西瓜大量上市了。
Do something on the sly (quiet). 秘密地(暗地里,偷偷地)做某事。
I've come here on business. 我是有公事来的。
They went to Bern on a mission. 他们到伯尔尼去执行一项使命。
They have been away on a long trip. 他们出去做一次长途旅行。
I'll go home on leave next month. 下月我将休假回家。
I went on business to Shanghai. I did not take leave. 我是公出去上海的,不是不告而别。
She came to see you on purpose. 她是专程来看你的。
He came here on purpose to discuss it with you. 他到这来是要与你讨论这件事的。
“This lunch is on me.”“这顿午饭我付钱。”
“No. let's go Dutch.”“不,还是各付各的。”
On the contrary, it was very easy to understand. 相反,这事儿很容易理解。
P1ease come on time. (on schele). 请准时来。
注:in time 是“及时”的意思。
The train arrived on schele. 火车准时到达。
特定时间和“一……就”,左右 on 后动名词
例:Gases expand on heating and contract on cooling. 气体加热时膨胀,冷却时收缩。(特定时间)
On entering the room, he found his friends dancing in high spirits.
一进屋,他就发现他的朋友们在愉快地跳舞。
On reaching the city he called up Lao Yang. 一到城里他就给老杨打了一个电话。
I'll write to him on hearing from you. 我接到你的来信就给他写信。(一……就)
以及 on the left, right 向左向右,on the stair 在台阶上等
⑥ 我是辽宁省锦州市初三学生,我想要全初中的英语短语,必须是人民教育出版社(新目标)教材的。
1. 充满…的 be full of
2. 听 listen to
3. 一瓶… a bottle of
4. 从…到… from…to…
5. 把这些新书发给同学们 give these new books to your classmates
6. 把这些苹果放到篮子里 put these apples into the basket
7. 把这些课桌带到教室去 take these desks to the classroom
8. 把这些篮子放到那边 put these baskets over there
9. 儿童节 Children’s Day
10. 把…收起来 put…away
11. 出来 come out
12. 谢天谢地 thank goodness
13. 我的一只鞋 one of my shoes
14. 走这边 come this way
15. 下来 get down
16. 坏了 be broken
17. 看一看 have a look
18. 一个漂亮的飞机 a nice plane
19. 帮我找到它 help me find it
20. 很,非常 a lot/ very much
21. 一(玻璃)杯 a glass of
22. 一片(一张,一块) a piece of
23. 冰淇淋 ice cream
24. 饥饿 be hungry
25. 六点四十五分 a quarter to seven
26. 一杯茶 a cup of tea
27. 一袋牛奶 a bag of milk
28. 一瓶果汁 a bottle of juice
29. 一玻璃杯水 a glass of water
30. 喝的东西 something to drink
31. 其他的 other one
32. 在…方面好;善于 be good at
33. 过来 come on
34. 接住这个球 catch the ball
35. 别着急 don’t worry
36. 像这样传球 pass the ball like this
37. 骑自行车 ride a bike
38. 试一试 want a go
39. 打排球 play volleyball
40. 像这样带着风筝跑 run with the kite like this
41. 你最喜欢的运动 your favourite sports
42. 整理床铺 make the bed
43. 做作业 do one’s homework
44. 寻找 look for
45. 和…交谈 talk with
46. 照相 take photos
47. 画一张图片 draw a picture
48. 吃些肉 have some meat
49. 读书 read a book
50. 修理自行车 mend the bike
51. 打扫房间 clean the room
52. 玩电脑游戏 play computer games
53. 看电视 watch TV
54. 打牌 play cards
55. 帮助这个女人 help this woman
56. 穿上你的衣服 put on your clothes
57. 照看这个孩子 look after the child
58. 包饺子 make mplings
59. 把门打开 open the door
60. 把窗户关上 close the window
61. 看黑板 look at the blackboard
62. 浇花 water the flowers
63. 在房子附近工作 work near the house
64. 穿一条蓝裤子 wear a blue trousers
65. 从…借 borrow…from
66. 给予…帮助 give a hand
67. 课后 after class
68. 休息 have a rest
69. 在每天的这个时候 at this time of day
70. 一本英汉字典 an English-Chinese dictionary
71. 把…还回来 give…back
72. 向…学习 learn…from
73. 互相 each other
74. 在湖中央 in the middle of the lake
75. 救了她的女儿 save her daughter
76. 把面包扔给鱼 throw the bread to the fish
77. 开会 have a meeting
78. 姓 family name
79. 来自…;从…来 come from ( be from)
80. 尽快给我回信 write to me soon
81. 交朋友 make friends
82. 说一点英语 speak a little English
83. 联合王国 UK
84. 长城 the Great Wall
85. 中学 high school
86. 热狗 a hot dog
87. 一点也不 not…at all
88. 一种;一类 a kind of
89. 打电话 make a phone call
90. 起居室 living room
91. 餐厅 dining room
92. 薯条 potato chips
93. 做家务 do the housework
94. 电子邮件 e-mail
95. 打电话 make phone calls
96. 洗衣服 wash the clothes
97. 做饭 cook the meal
98. 售货员;店员 shopping assistant
99. 公共汽车站 bus station
100. 邮局 post office
101. 在白天 in the day
102. 在晚上;在夜里 at night
103. 在工厂 in a factory
104. 在农场 on a farm
105. 在办公室 in an office
106. 轮到你了 it’s your turn
107. 每周 every week
108. 在周末 at weekend
109. 在工作日 on weekday
110. 赚钱 make money
111. 睡觉 go to bed
112. 到达 get to
113. 脱衣服 take off
114. 放学后 after school
115. 去买东西 go shopping
116. 进行体育运动 have sports
117. 立刻;马上 right now
118. 开始上课 begin to have classes
119. 离开家 leave home
120. 洗脸 wash one’s face
121. 一场篮球赛 a basketball match
122. 走路;步行 on foot
123. 乘飞机 by plane/ by air
124. 乘船 by ship / by sea
125. 花费(时间) take time
126. 多久 how long
127. 在河上 on the river
128. 在桥上 over the bridge
129. 在天上 in the sky
130. 购物单 shopping list
131. 多少;多少钱 how much
132. 便宜的 be cheap
133. 昂贵的 be expensive
134. 一整天 all day
135. 许多;很多 a lot of
136. 一点面包 a little bread
137. 跟我来 come with me
138. 帮我抬东西 help me carry the things
139. 一公斤鸡腿 a kilo of chicken legs
140. 两公斤苹果 two kilos of apples
141. 四瓶牛奶 our bottles of milk
142. 八个薯仔 eight potatoes
143. 一些饮料 some drinks
144. 叫作 be called
145. 非常友好 very friendly
146. 半斤 half a kilo
147. 当然;自然的事 of course
148. 等等 and so on
149. 例如 for example
150. 有一天;某一天 one day
151. 对健康有好处 be good for health
152. 回家度假 go home for holiday
153. 蔬菜市场 vegetable market
154. 卖菜 sell vegetables
155. 不同的机器 different machines
⑦ 同步轻松练习英语八年级上册的答案辽宁专版的
我也在找 所以无法回答
⑧ 悬赏100,求初中英语所有句型,语法.
由于这些东西太多,我一天只能给你写一个板块。希望你能理解
第一讲:虚拟语气
一、英语中有三种语气:陈述语气,疑问语气,虚拟语气。
二、虚拟语气的学习重点: 1. 虚拟语气的在条件句中的基本用法和四个基本情态动词的用法。 2. 虚拟语气的倒装。(if省略,条件句中中有had, should, were)。 3. 两种错综虚拟语气。 4. 含蓄条件句中的虚拟语气。 5. 过去的计划,打算,愿望等未曾实现时的虚拟语气。 6. 特殊句型中的虚拟语气:两个。重点为wish后宾语从句中的虚拟语气及as if和as though从句中虚拟语气的表示法。 7. 虚拟语气在名词性从句中的应用。即用来表示要求、建议、命令、提议、意愿等的名词性从句。
三、相关时态 主句形式 从句形式 例句 与现在事实相反 Should\would\could\might+do(动词原形) 过去式(be动词各人称都用were) If I were you, I should \would make full use of my time to study. 与过去事实相反 Should\would\could\might+have done(动词过去分词) Had+done(过去分词) If you had come earlier, you would have met him. 与将来事实相反 Should\would\could\might+do(动词原形) 1. 过去式(be动词各人称都用were) 2. should+动词原形 3. were to +动词原形 If it should rain tomorrow, the crops would be saved.
四、★★★注意四个情态动词的用法: 1. 若表示在某一假设的条件下,必然而然就会发生某事,第一人称可用should或would, 而二、三人称只用would. 2. 若表示在某一假设条件下就能够干某事,各人称都用could. 3. 如果表示在某种假设条件下有可能会发生某事,各人称都用might.
五、请看典型考题:__________ your address,I would have written to you. A. Did I know B. Were I to know C. Had I known D. If I should know 此题应选 C。这是虚拟语气的倒装形式。当虚拟条件句中含有 were,had,should,could等动词时,可以将if省略,然后将 were,had,should,could 等词移至句首: 1. If he should fail,he would kill himself. →Should he fail,he would kill himself. 万一失败,他就会自杀。 2. If I were you,I would do it at once. →Were I you,I would do it at once. 假若我是你,我就会马上做。 3. If I could do it,I would. →Could I do it,I would. 要是我能做此事,我一定会做。 4. If he had seen you yesterday,he would haveasked you about it. →Had he seen you yesterday,he would haveasked you about it. 他昨天要是看到了你,他就会问你这事了。 注意:顺便说一句,以上移至句首的 had不一定是助动词,如果是实义动词也可倒装: 5. If he had money,he would buy a car. Had he money,he would buy a car. 他要是有钱,他就会买一辆小车。 将下列倒装句恢复正常: (省略if的虚拟语气)a. Were it not for the fact that you are ill, I would give you a good beating. 要不是因为你有病这一事实,我就会狠揍你一顿。 b. Had he asked me, I would have given him my advice.要是他请求我的话,我就会给他建议的。 c. Were it to snow tomorrow, the hunter would not go hunting.万一明天下雪,猎人就不去打猎了。
六、常见的两种错综虚拟语气: 1.从句与过去事实相反相成,而主句与现在事实相反。例如: If you had not been strict with me when I was young, I could not be such a successful person now.如果我年轻时你没有对我严格要求的话,我现在就不可能是这么成功的一个人。(这种虚拟语气的特点是主句中常含有时间准状语now 或nowadays) 2. Should anyone come and ask for me, tell them I will come back tomorrow.万一有人来找我,告诉他们我明天回来。(主句为祈使句,条件句与将来事实相反,表示说话人认为某件事情发生的可能性很小。) ★★★过去的计划打算愿望等未曾实现时的虚拟语气 1. 表过去愿望未曾实现时,常用would like to have done sth. 或would have liked to do sth.(前者常用) I would like to have gone to the celebration, but I couldn’t get away. 我本来想参加庆祝会,但未能脱开身。 2. 表示过去本来该干某事但没有干时,用should\ought to have done sth. 若表示本来不该干但却干了某事时,用should not\ought not to have done sth. The criminal should have told the truth, but he refused to. 那罪犯本来应该说出实情,但他不肯说。 3. 表示过去本来有能力干某事,但未能干成时用could have done sth. I could have lent you the money, but you did not turn to me for help. 我本来能借给你那笔钱,但你没有向我求助。 4. 表示过去本来有可能干某事,但未能干成时用might have done sth. You might have been chosen, but you gave up the chance. 你本来有可能被选上的,但你放弃了那个机会。 5. 表示过去本来愿意干某事,但未能干成时用would have done sth. The cook would have helped you, but his wife stopped him. 那厨师本来愿意帮助你,但他妻子制止了他。 6. hope, want, expect, plan等动词表示过去愿望、计划、打算等未曾实现时,把谓语动词用成过去完成时或把它们后面的不定式用成完成式。 I had hoped to become a poet, but I turned teacher instead. 我本希望当个诗人,但我却当了老师。 I hoped to have become a poet, but I turned teacher instead. My playmate hoped to have entered a key university last year, but his wish didn’t come true. 我的伙伴本打算进入一个重点大学,但他的梦想没能实现。 7. be to do sth.句型表示过去计划安排未曾实现时,用was\ were to have done sth结构. The European tourists were to have arrived by ten, but they were caught in a shower and delayed. 那些欧洲的游客本来10点到达,但他们遇上了阵雨,被推迟了。 The building was to have been completed by the end of last month, but the plan failed. 这栋楼本来计划上个月底建完,但计划失败了。 (二)宾语从句用虚拟语气的10种类型 1、I wish后的宾语从句 ( 略) We wish he didn’t smoke. 我们希望他不吸烟。 I wish prices would come down. 我希望物价能降下来。 I wish the train would come. 我希望火车会来。 2、表示“坚持”后的宾语从句 主要是指insist的宾语从句,从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成,其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如: I insisted that he (should) stay. 我坚持要他留下。 He insisted that I (should) go with them. 他坚持要我同他们一起去。 Rose insisted that he be present. 罗斯坚持要他出席。 The detective insisted that he should have a look. 警探坚持要查看。 注意:动词insist后接宾语从句时,除可用虚拟语气外,也可用陈述语气,两者的区别是:若谓语动词所表示的动作尚未发生,或尚未成为事实,则用虚拟语气;若谓语动词所表示的动作已经发生,或已经成为事实,则要用陈述语气。比较: He insisted that I had read his letter. 他坚持说我看过他的信。 He insisted that I should read his letter. 他坚持要我看他的信。 3、表示“命令”后的宾语从句 主要是指order, command的宾语从句,从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成,其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如: He ordered that it (should) be sent back. 他命令把它送回去。 Thejudge ordered that the prisoner should be remanded. 法官命令被告还押。 The King ordered that the man be released. 国王命令释放那人。 He commanded that we (should) attack at once. 他命令我们立即发起进攻。 4、表示“建议”后的宾语从句 主要是指advise, suggest, propose, recommend等的宾语从句,从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成,其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如: He suggested that we should leave early. 他建议我们早点动身。 The doctor advised that he change his job. 医生劝他换工作。 They recommend that this tax be abolished. 他们建议取消这种税。 I suggest that we (should) have lunch right now. 我建议我们现在就吃午饭。 The committee proposed (that) Mr. Day be elected. 委员会建议推选戴先生。 The doctor advised [suggested] that he (should) not smoke. 医生建议他不要抽烟。 I propose that the matter be put to the vote at once. 我提议对此问题立刻进行表决。 He proposed that Mr. O’Leary be the chairman. 他提议奥列利先生担任主席。 She suggested that I (should) be responsible for the arrangements. 她建议我来负责进行安排。 注意:与动词insist相似,动词suggest后接宾语从句时,除可用虚拟语气外,也可用陈述语气,两者的区别也是:若谓语动词所表示的情况尚未成为事实,则用虚拟语气,此时suggest通常译为“建议”;若谓语动词所表示的情况为既成事实,则要用陈述语气,此时的suggest通常译为“表明”、“认为”。比较并体会: He suggested that we (should) stay for dinner. 他建议我们留下吃饭。 What he said suggested that he was a cheat. 他说的话表明他是个骗子。 I suggested that you had a secret understanding with him. 我觉得你与他心照不宣。 5、表示“要求”后的宾语从句 9、表示“希望”“打算”后的宾语从句 主要是指动词desire, intend后的宾语从句,从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成,其中的should在美语中通常省略。 She desires that he do it. 她希望他做此事。 They intended that the news (should) be suppressed. 他们打算封锁这条消息。 I desire the patient should have a bath every day. 我希望病人每天洗澡。 10、表示“指示”后的宾语从句 主要是指动词direct后的宾语从句,从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成,其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。 The general directed that the prisoners should be set free. 将军指示释放那些俘虏。 (三)表语从句和同位语从句 有些名词引起的表语从句或同位语从句中,谓语动词须用动词原形或should +do的形式。 这些名词包括: advice(忠告)、 decision(决定)、 demand(要求)、 desire(渴望)、 idea(想法)、 motion(提议)、 necessity(必要性)、 order(命令)、 plan(计划)、 preference(偏爱)、 proposal(建议)、 recommendation(推荐)、requirement(要求)、suggestion(建议)等。 例句13:His proposal is that we turn off TVfor half an hour every day.他建议我们每天少看半个小时的电视。 特别提示:从以上的各类从句中我们可以得到以下的推论,即当一个动词后面的宾语从句中要使用(should)+do的虚拟语气形式时,则可推理出用法相同的一组从句。以动词advise为例: (1)I advise that we stay and wait here.(动词后的宾语从句) (2)It is advised that we stay here.(It is +动词的过去分词+that引导的主语从句) (3)It is advisable that we stay here.(It is +由该动词转换的形容词+that引导的主语从句) (4)My advice is that we stay here.(由该动词转换的名词后的表语从句) (5)I offered the advice that we stay here.(由该动词转换的名词后的同位语从句) (6)I think it advisable that we stay here.(由该动词转换的形容词作宾语补足语,it为形式宾语,真正的宾语从句中使用虚拟语气) 以上六类从句中所使用的都为(should)+do的虚拟语气形式。