㈠ 初中英语语法的重点有哪些
中考语法范围
语 法 项 目 表
( 加“*”号的项目只要求理解)
1. 词类:1)名词 2)形容词 3)副词 4)动词 5)代词 6)冠词 7)数词 8)介词 9)连词 10)感叹词
*2. 构词法:
1)合成法 classroom, something, reading-room
2)派生法 worker, drawing, quickly, careful, kindness,
cloudy, unhappy
3)转化法 hand (n. )—hand (v. )
dry ( adj. )—dry ( v. )
3. 名词
1)可数名词和不可数名词
2)名词的复数
3)专有名词
4)所有格
4. 代词
1)人称代词的主格和宾格形式
2)物主代词的形容词与名词性形式
3)反身代词 myself, himself, ourselves, etc.
4)指示代词 this, that, these, those
5)不定代词 some, any, no, etc.
6)疑问代词 what, who, whose, which, etc.
5. 数词 基数词和序数词
6. 介词 词汇表中所列介词的基本用法
7. 连词 词汇表中所列连词的基本用法
8. 形容词
1)作定语、表语、宾语补足语的基本用法
2)比较等级 ( 原级、比较级、最高级)的基本用法
( 1)构成 -er, -est; more, the most
( 2)基本句型
as+原级形式+as. . .
not as ( so)+原级形式+as. . .
比较级形式+than. . .
the+最高级形式+. . . in ( of). . .
9. 副词
1)表示时间、地点、方式、程度等的基本用法
2)疑问副词when, where, how
3)比较等级 ( 原级、比较级、最高级)
( 1)构成 -er, -est; more, the most
( 2)基本句型
as+原级形式+as. . .
not as ( so)+原级形式+as. . .
比较级形式+than. . .
the+最高级形式+. . . in ( of). . .
*10. 冠词 一般用法
11. 动词
*1)动词种类
( 1)行为动词或实义动词
1及物动词
2不及物动词
( 2)连系动词 be, look, turn, get, become, etc.
( 3)助动词 be, do, have, shall, will, etc.
( 4)情态动词 can, may, must, need, etc.
2)时态
( 1)一般现在时
I get up at six o’clock every morning.
He doesn’t speak Russian.
They are very busy.
The moon moves round the earth.
When you see him, tell him to come to my place.
I’ll go to see you tonight if I’m free.
( 2)一般过去时
I was in Grade One last year.
I got up at five yesterday.
( 3)一般将来时
1. shall ( will)+动词原形
I shall ( will) go to your school tomorrow afternoon.
She will be here tomorrow.
2. be going to+动词原形
I’m going to help him.
( 4)现在进行时
We’re reading the text now.
They’re waiting for a bus.
( 5)现在完成时
I have already posted the letter.
They have lived here for ten years.
* ( 6)过去进行时
We were having a meeting this time yesterday.
The teacher was talking to some parents when I saw her.
* ( 7)过去完成时
We had learned four English songs by the end of last year.
The film had already begun when I got to the cinema.
She said that she had not heard from him since he left Beijing.
* ( 8)过去将来时
He said he would go to the cinema that evening.
Betty said she was going to visit her uncle next Sunday.
3)被动语态
( 1)一般现在时的被动语态
English is taught in that school.
( 2)一般过去时的被动语态
The song was written by that worker.
( 3)一般现在时带情态动词的被动语态
She must be sent to hospital at once.
4)动词不定式
* ( 1)作主语
To learn a foreign language is not easy.
It is not easy to learn a foreign language.
( 2)作宾语
They began to read.
( 3)作宾语补足语
Jim asked me to help him with his lessons.
We often heard her sing.
* ( 4)作定语
I have an important meeting to attend.
( 5)作状语
She went to see her grandma yesterday.
( 6)用在how, when, where, what, which等之后
I don’t know how to use a computer.
Do you know when to start?
He didn’t know what to do next.
12. 句子种类
1)陈述句 ( 肯定式和否定式)
2)疑问句 ( 一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句)
3)祈使句 ( 肯定式和否定式)
*4)感叹句
*13. 句子成份
1)主语
Betty likes her new bike.
He gets up early every day.
To learn a foreign language is not easy.
2)谓语
We work hard.
The boy caught a bird.
He is my brother.
They all look fine.
3)表语
Her sister is a nurse.
It’s me.
I’m ready.
He got angry.
We were at home last night.
His cup is broken.
4)宾语
Tom bought a story-book.
I saw him yesterday.
He wanted to have a cup of tea.
5)直接宾语和间接宾语
He gave me some ink.
Our teacher told us an interesting story.
6)宾语补足语
Call her Xiao Li.
You must keep the room clean.
John asked me to help him.
7)定语
This is a green jeep.
This is an apple tree.
Are these students your classmates?
Winter is the coldest season of the year.
I have something to tell you.
8)状语
You are quite right.
She will arrive in Beijing on Monday.
He stopped to have a look.
14. 简单句的五种基本句型
第一种 主语+连系动词+表语 ( S+V+P)
The bike is new.
The map is on the wall.
第二种 主语+不及物动词 ( S+V)
He swims.
第三种 主语+及物动词+宾语 ( S+V+O)
Children often sing this song.
第四种 主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语 ( S+V+IO+DO)
She showed her friends all her pictures.
第五种 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语 ( S+V+O+C)
We keep our classroom clean and tidy.
15. 并列句
He likes maths, but he needs help.
I help him and he helps me.
16. 复合句
1)宾语从句
He said ( that) he felt sick.
I don’t know whether ( if) she still works in the factory.
I take back what I said.
I can’t tell who is there.
Can you tell me where the Summer Palace is?
2)状语从句
The train had left when I got to the station.
I’ll go with you to the cinema this afternoon if I’m free.
The students went to the farm because the farmers needed some help.
The earth is bigger than the moon.
He was so tired that he couldn’t walk on.
* Jack worked hard so that he might get a good job.
Doctor Wang went to the hospital though it rained heavily.
*3)定语从句
Find the girl who is wearing a red skirt.
Show me the picture that you like best.
Colour the birds which ( that) are flying.
㈡ 广州版九年级下册英语有哪些语法重点
1.不定代词(some any,all both,either neither,no none,each every,many much,few little的区别与联系)
A复合不定代词12个
Bsome any的用法
2.时态
A一般现在、过去、将来时
B现在、过去完成时
C过去、现在、将来进行时
D现在完成进行时
3.宾语从句(3种)
4.定语从句(以that为主)
5.构词法,主要词缀(un dis bi ab inter tele re ful tion less ese y ing ed ly able al等)
6.主要缩写
7.形容词与副词的比较级,最高级
A特殊变化与一般变化
B用法
8.动词的种类
行为、情态、联系、助动词
9.句子的成分
主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语
10.简单句5大基本句型(顺便掌握及物与不及物动词的区别)
11.动词不定式
A基本结构(to+动词原型,否定式为not to+动词原型)
B用法
C疑问词+不定式
12.被动语态
A主动与被动的概念
B构成
C情态动词被动语态
13.虚拟语气(以“现在不可能发生”为主)
结构为If+主+V-ed,主+would do。
注意从句里面be用were
14.双宾语
15.情态动词
caN could,should,would,would like,might may,have to must,need
特别注意掌握情态动词表推测
16.直接引语,间接引语
注意指示代词、时间与地点词、动词转换的情况
注意不转换的情况
注意主从一致
17.状语从句(特别是IF ,WHEN和UNTIL)
注意主句一般将来时,从句用一般现在表将来。
18.名词
A专有名词与普通名词
B可数与不可数
C可数名词单数与复数
D所有格
19.代词
A人称代词
B物主代词
C指示代词
20.数词
A基数词
B序数词
21.动词缩略形式
22.介词
A时间介词
B地点介词
C其他
23.冠词
24.分词
A现在与过去分词
B现在分词做主语等
C分词做定语
25.倒装
A so+动词+主语
B部分倒装
26.特殊
A季节,星期,月份,年份读法
B报时
C动词+介词,动词+副词的各种特殊意义
D其他(如7大洲,4大洋,扑克花色,电影.音乐的类型,国家与首都等)
㈢ 初中英语语法知识点总结有哪些
一、谓语动词和非谓语动词
从是否能充当句子中的谓语来看,动词有谓语动词和非谓语动词两大类。
1、谓语动词
有人称和数的变化。如:Heisa tractor driver.他是一个拖拉机手。
2、非谓语动词
非谓语动词有动词不定式、动名词和分词三种,在句子里都不能单独作谓语,没有人称和数的变化。如:I am pleasedto meet you.我很高兴与你相识。(动词不定式)
二、实义动词、连系动词、情态动词和助动词
从其含义来分,动词有实义动词(notional verb),连系动词(link verb),情态动词(modal verb)和助动词(auxiliary verb)四类。
1、实义动词
实义动词有完全的词义,并能独立作谓语动词。
如:The sunshonebrightly this morning.
今天早晨阳光灿烂。
2、连系动词
连系动词在句中作谓语动词,后面跟表语。英语连系动词有be(是),seem(似乎),look(看来),keep(保持),become(变成),get(变得),grow(变得),feel(感到),turn(变得,变成),appear(显得),remain(仍旧是)等。
如:Itisnever too late to mend.
改过不嫌晚。
3、情态动词
情态动词有can (能),may (可以,也许),must(必须)等,表示能力、义务、必要、猜测等说话人的语气或情态。情态动词只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词。
4、助动词
助动词有shall,will,have,be,should,wonld, do等。它们只能和主要动词一起构成各种时态、语态、语气等动词形式,以及否定和疑问等结构中的谓语动词。
三、及物动词和不及物动词
从是否能直接跟宾语来分,实义动词又有及物动词和不及物动词两类。
1、及物动词
后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的实义动词,叫做及物动词(transitive verb)。
如:Ibelievethat the committee willconsiderour suggestion.
我相信委员会将会考虑我们的建议。
2、不及物动词
本身意义完整后面不须跟宾语的实义动词,叫做不及物动词(intransitive verb)。
如:Ithappenedin June 1932.
这件事发生于一九三;年六月。
3、兼作及物动词和不及物动词
英语里有不少实义动词可以兼作及物动词和不及物动词。这样的动词又有两种不同的情况:
a) 兼作及物动词和不及物动词时,意义不变。试比较:
Shall I begin at once?我可以立刻开始吗?(begin作不及物动词)
She began working as a librarian after she left school.她毕业后当图书馆管理员。(began作及物动词)
b) 兼作及物动词和不及物动词时,有时意义不尽相同。
如:Wash your hands before meals.饭前要洗手。
四、情态动词
在行为动词、连系动词以外,还有两类动词,其中之一就是情态动词。从字面上看,我们就知道这是表示“感情与态度”的动词。
比如:Icando it without much difficulty. (能够,表示自信)
事实上,情态动词的英文说法modal verb,还是值得推敲的。modal,来自于名词mode,和modality(模式,方式)紧密相关,包括likelihood可能性, ability 能力, permission 许可与obligation责任这四种模式。
情态动词自身所具备的意义一般来说也是不完整的,不过和需要涉及其他事物的及物动词不同,情态动词不涉及其他事物,需要的是其他动词,即行为动词和连系动词,来配合使用。
一般来说情态动词是不能用作行为动词的,但也有例外,比如need,既可以用作情态动词,也可以是行为动词,看它的后面跟的是什么。
五、助动词
还有一类动词,也是意义上不完整、需要配合行为动词、连系动词使用的,那就是助动词。顾名思义,助动词就是用来帮助主要动词构成谓语的。
主要包括进行时态的be(is / am / are / was / were)、一般时态的do / does / did,将来时态的will / shall / would / should和完成时态的have / has / had。这种动词的英文名称叫auxiliary verb,简写是v. aux.。
㈣ 初中英语语法、时态、词汇、知识点和中考考点归纳
虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想,而不表示客观存在的事实,所说的是一个条件,不一定是事实,或与事实相反。虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。英语中的语气分为陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气三类。
真实条件状语从句与非真实条件状语从句
条件句可分为两类,一类为真实条件句,一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设或实际可能性不大的情况,故采用虚拟语气。 eg: If he doesn’t hurry up, he will miss the bus. 如果他不快点,他将错过巴士。( 真实) If he is free, he will ask me to tell stories. 如果他是空闲的,他会要求我讲故事。(真实) If I were you, I would go at once.如果我是你,我马上就会去。 (非真实,虚拟语气) If there were no air, people would die. 如果没有空气,人就会死亡。(非真实,虚拟语气)
用法及动词形式
1、表示与现在事实相反的情况: 从句:主语+过去时 主句:主语+should/would/could/might+do 例: 1.If I were you, I would take an umbrella. 如果我是你,我会带把伞。(事实:我不可能是你) 2.If I knew his telephone number, I would tell you. 如果我知道他的电话号码,我就会告诉你。(事实:不知道) 3.If there were no air or water, there would be no living things on the earth. 如果没有水和空气,地球上就不会有生物。(事实:地球上既有空气也有水) 4.If I had any money with me, I could lend you some. 如果我带钱了,我就会借给你些。(事实:没带钱) 5.If he studied harder, he might pass the exam. 如果他再努力些,就能通过考试了。(事实:没有努力) 2、表示与过去事实相反的情况 从句:主语+had done 主句:主语+should/would/could/might+have done 例: 1. If I had gotten there earlier, I should/could have met her. 如果我早到那儿,我就会见到她。 (事实:去晚了) 2.If he had taken my advice, he would not have made such a mistake. 如果他听我的劝告的话,就不会犯这样的错误了。 (事实:没有听我的话) 3、表示对将来情况的主观推测 从句:①if+主语+were to do 主句:①主语+should/would/could/might+do ②if+主语+did/were ②主语+should/would/could/might+do ③if+主语+should+do ③主语+should/would/could/might+do 例: 1.If he should come here tomorrow, I should/would talk to him. 如果他哪天来这儿的话,我就跟他谈谈。 (事实:来的可能性很小) 2.If there were a heavy snow next Sunday, we would not go skating. 如果下周日下大雪,我们就不能去滑冰了。(事实:不知能否下雪) 3.If she were to be there next Monday, I would tell her about the matter. 如果她下周一来这儿的话,我就会告诉她这件事的始末。 4、 有时,虚拟条件句中,结果主句和条件从句的谓语动作若不是同时发生时,虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整。 ①从句的动作与过去事实相反,而主句的动作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不符。 如: If I had worked hard at school, I would be an engineer, too. 如果我在学校学习刻苦的话,我现在也会成为一个工程师了 If they had informed us, we would not come here now. 如果他们通知过我们的话,我们现在就不会来这里了。 ②从句的动作与现在事实相反,而主句的动作与过去事实不符。 如: If he were free today, we would have sent him to Beijing. 如果他今天有空的话,我们会已经派他去北京了。 If he knew her, he would have greeted her. 要是他认识她的话,他肯定会去问候她了。 5、 当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有were, should, had时,if可以省略,这时条件从句要用倒装语序,即将were, should, had等词置于句首,这种多用于书面语。 如: Should he agree to go there, we would send him there. 要是他答应去的话,我们就派他去。 Were she here, she would agree with us. 如果她在这儿的话,她会同意我们的。 Had he learnt about computers, we would have hired him to work here. 如果他懂一些电脑知识的话,我们已经聘用他来这里工作了。 6、非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表达出来,只暗含在副词、介词短语、上下文或其他方式表示出来,这种句子叫做含蓄条件句,在多数情况下,条件会暗含在短语中,如without…., but for….等 如: But for his help, we would be working now. 要不是他的帮助,我们还会在工作呢。 Without your instruction, I would not have made such great progress. 要是没有你的指导,我不会取得如此大的进步。 We didn’t know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him. 我们不知道他的电话号码,否则我们就会给他打电话。 7、 有时,虚拟条件句中,主、从句可以省略其中的一个,来表示说话人的一种强烈的感情。 ①省略从句 He would have finished it. 他本该完成了。 You could have passed this exam. 你应该能通过这次考试了。 ②省略主句 If I were at home now. 要是我现在在家里该多好啊。 If only I had got it. 要是我得到它了该多好啊。、
编辑本段虚拟语气(Subjunctive Mood)的其他用法
用在wish 后的宾语从句
a、表示与现在事实相反的愿望,谓语动词用过去式 eg. I wish I had your brains. 我希望我有你那样的头脑。(事实:我根本比不上你) b、表示与过去事实相反的愿望,谓语动词:had+done eg:.I wish I had known the truth of the matter. 我希望我原来知道这件事的真相。(事实:原来不知道) c、表示将来难以实现的愿望 谓语动词:should/would + 动词原形 eg. I wish I should have a chance again. 我希望我还能有一次这样的机会。(事实:很难再有这样的机会了) (注:if only和as if/as though也有相同用法)
用在目的状语从句中
1.在for fear that, in case, lest引导的从句中,若用虚拟语气时,从句谓语为:should + 动词原形。并且 should不能省略 She examined the door again for fear that a thief should come in. 她又把门检查了一遍,以防盗贼的进入。 He started out earlier lest he should be late. 他很早就出发了以防迟到。 2、在so that, in order that所引导的目的状语从句中,从句中的谓语为:can / may / could / might / will / would / should + 动词原形。 He goes closer to the speaker so that he can hear him clearer. 他走近说话的人以便能听得更清楚。 He read the letter carefully in order that he should not miss a word. 他把信读得很仔细以便不漏掉一个单词。
其他用法
1、一想要(desire)二宁愿(prefer)三命令(order. command)四建议(advice. suggest. propose)五要求(demand. require. request. desire.insist)中,无论主句谓语动词为何种时态,从句的谓语动词都用:“should + 动词原形”或只用“动词原形”。 如: He suggested that we (should) takethe teacher’s advice. He insisted that we (should) takethe teacher’s advice. He demand that we (should) takethe teacher’s advice. He ordered that we (should) takethe teacher’s advice. insist如果翻译成坚持某种动作才用虚拟语气;翻译成坚持某种观点就不用虚拟语气。 如:He insists he is a student. 他坚持说他是个学生。 这个语句表示的是事实,因此在这个语句中不能使用虚拟语气。 suggest意为“建议”才用虚拟语气,意为“暗示”则不用虚拟语气。 如: His face suggests that he looks worried . 他的表情暗含着他很担心。 这个句子本身是事实,因此它就没有用到虚拟语气。 2、表情绪.观点的形容词或名词也要用虚拟语气.如:necessary、important、impossible、natural、strange、surprising、funny、right、wrong、better、a pity等。 句型:It is.......that +主语从句,从句的谓语动词都要用should+原型 或只用动词原型。 3、 在even if, even though 所引导的让步状语从句中,可用虚拟语气,主句、从句的结构与if所引导的条件从句结构相同。如: Even if he were here himself, he should not know what to do. 即使他亲自来也不知该怎么办。(事实:他没来) Nobody could save him even though Hua Tuo should come here. 即使华佗在世也救不了他。(事实:华佗不在世) 4、 在whatever,whichever,whenever,whoever, wherever,however, no matter wh-word 等引导的让步状语从句中,从句虚拟语气结构为: 指现在或将来: may +动词原形。 如: We will finish it on time no matter what may happen. 不管发生什么事,我们都要按时完成。 We will find him wherever he may be. 无论他在哪里,我们都要找到他。 I will wait for him no matter how late he may come. 不管他来的多么晚,我都会等他。 指过去: may +完成式 。 如: You mustn’t be proud whatever great progress you may have made. 不管你取得了多么大的进步,你也不能骄傲。 We must respect him no matter what mistakes he may have made. 不管他犯过什么错误,我们必须尊敬他。 5、一般would rather, had rather, would sooner等之后的宾语从句常表示与客观事实不相符的一种愿望,故使用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为:
过去 had + 过去分词 现在 过去时(be 用were ) 将来 过去时(be 用were ) 如: I’d rather you had seen the film yesterday. 我倒想你昨天看过了这场电影。 I’d rather you were here now. 我倒想你现在在这儿。 We’d rather you went here tomorrow. 我们倒想你明天去那儿 6、虚拟语气还可用在定语从句中,表示:“早该做某事了”时,定语从句中的谓语动词须用虚拟语气,其虚拟语气的结构为:It is (high / about) time that + 主语+ 动词的过去式/ should + 动词原形,即从句用虚拟过去式。 如 It is time that I went to pick up my daughter at school. 我该去学校接我的女儿了。 It is high time you should go to work. 你早该上班了。 7、 简单句中的虚拟语气 (1) 说话时,为了表示客气、谦虚、委婉而有礼貌,言语常使用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构形式常为:would / could / might / should + 动词原形。 如: Would you mind my shutting the door? 我把门关起来你介意吗? You should always learn this lesson by heart. 你要把这个教训牢记于心。 I should agree with you. 我应该同意你的观点。 (2) 表示“祝愿”时,常用may + 主语+ 动词原形。 如: May you have a good journey! 祝你一路顺风。 May your youth last for ever! 祝你青春永驻。 (3)表示强烈的“愿望”、“祝愿”时,常用动词原形。 如: Long live the Communist Party of China. 中国共产党万岁。 God bless us. 上帝保佑。 (4) 习惯表达中常用的虚拟语气。 ① 提出请求或邀请。如: Would you like to have a talk with us this evening? 今天晚上来跟我们聊天好吗? Could I use your bike now? 我可以用一下你的单车吗? ② 陈述自己的观点或看法。如: I should glad to meet you. 见到你我会很高兴。 I would try my best to help you. 我会尽力帮助你。 ③提出劝告或建议。如: You’d better ask your father first. 你最好先问一问你的父亲。 You should make a full investigation of it first. 你应该先全面调查一番。 ④ 提出问题。如: Do you think he could get here on time? 你认为他能按时来吗? Do you expect he would tell us the truth? 你期望他会告诉我们真相吗? ⑤ 表示对过去情况的责备时,常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为:情态动词 + have + 过去分词。 如: You should have got here earlier. 你应该早就到这里了。 You should have returned it to him. 你应该把它还给他了。 8、虚拟语气在方式状语从句的应用。详见网络之方式状语从句词条。
编辑本段四、省略的虚拟条件句型
省略连词if
有时可将条件从句的连词if省略,但此时应用倒装句型,即将从句中的were, should, had 等提到句首: Were I Tom, I would refuse. 如果我是汤姆,我会拒绝。 I will go, should it be necessary. 假若有必要,我会去的。 Had it not been for the bad weather we would have arrived in time. 若不是天气坏,我们就准时到达了。 【注】 ① 若条件从句为否定句,否定词not应置于主语之后,而不能与were, should, had 等缩略成Weren’t, Shouldn’t, Hadn’t而置于句首。 ② 有时省略if后提前的had不是助动词: Had I time, I would come. 假若我有时间,我会来的。(=If I had time…)
省略条件句的主语和其后的动词be
若主从句主语一致,且谓语部分包含有动词be,通常可将主语和动词be省略: If repaired earlier, the tractor would not have broken down. 要是早点儿修一下,拖拉机就不会抛锚了。(=If it had been repaired earlier…)
省略“it+be”
If necessary, I would send more farm-hands to help you. 如果需要的话我会派更多的民工去帮你。(=If it was necessary, I would…)
省略整个条件从句
这样的省略通常需要借助一定的上下文,即省略条件从句后,所剩下的主句的意思在一定的上下文中意思是清楚的: I might see her personally. It would be better. 我可以亲自去看她,这样好一些。(=…If I saw her personally, it would be better.)
编辑本段在含蓄条件句中的用法
(1) 条件暗含在短语中。如: We didn’t know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him. 我们不知道他的电话号码,否则我们就会给他打电话。(暗含条件是otherwise) Without your help, we wouldn’t have achieved so much. 没有你的帮助,我们不可能取得这么大的成绩。 (暗含条件是介词短语without your help) But for your help, I would not have succeeded in the experiment. 如果没有你的帮助,我的实验就不会成功。(暗含条件是but for your help) It would cause great trouble not to lubricate the bearing immediately. 不立即润滑轴承就会引起很大的故障。 (暗含条件是not to lubricate the bearing immediately) (2) 条件暗含在上下文中。如: I would not have done it that way. 我是不会那么做的。(可能暗含if I were you) I was busy that day. Otherwise I would have come to help you. 我那天很忙。否则我会来帮你的。(可能暗含if I hadn’t been so busy.) You might come to join us in the discussion. 你可以参加我们的讨论。(可能暗含if you wanted to) I would have bought the DVD player. 我是会买下那台影碟机的。(可能暗含if I had the money) But for the storm, we should have arrived earlier. 要不是碰到暴雨,我们还会早些到。(可能暗含if it had not been for the storm)。
㈤ 初中英语语法重点有哪些
主要是宾语从句和状语从句,如果说考的稍微难一些的话就是定语从句以及名词性从句,一般考的话后两者的难度不会很大.
宾语从句在句中作及物动词或介词的宾语,从句放在主句之后,前后不用逗号分开.
宾语从句:
引导宾语从句的词有:
连词that(在口语中that常可省略),if,whether,如:
He knows that Jim will work hard.
连接代词who,whom,which等,如:
Do you know who (whom) they are waiting for?
连接副词when,where,how,why等,如:Could you tell me how we can get to the station?
3.whether和if都有“是否”的意思,一般情况下两者可以换用,但在介词之后,
不定式之前,与or not连用,在句首或在引导表语从句,同位语从句时,只能用whether,如:I want to know if/whether the news is true.He doesn't know whether to stay or not?
4.宾语从句要用陈述句语序.
5.宾语从句一定要注意时态呼应,即:当主句谓语动词是过去式时,从句中谓语动
词也要用过去范畴的时态,但若从句陈述的是真理或客观规律,其谓语的时态仍用一般现在时,如:
He asked who could answer the question.
My father told me that the earth goes around the sun.
㈥ 初中英语的主要语法知识有哪些
1. 名词
�(1) 不规则名词的单、复数形式要特别记忆:
�man—men, woman—women, child—children, foot—feet, tooth—teeth
�(2) 单数、复数同形的名词:
�fish, sheep, deer, Chinese, Japanese
�(3) 常用复数形的名词:
�trousers, shoes, glasses
�(4) 只有复数形的名词:
�thanks, clothes
�(5) 单数形式但其意为复数的可数名词:
�people, police
�(6) 有生命的名词所有格形式:
�单数名词加's, 复数名词加s', 不是以s结尾的复数名词加�'s�, 如: children's
room
�(7) 无生命的名词所有格用of结构表达:
�如: the capital of China
�(8) 表示并列名词各自所有,在各名词词尾加's:
�如: Tom's and Mary's bikes (两人各自的自行车)
�(9) 表示并列名词共同所有,则在后一个名词的词尾加's:�
如: Tom and Mary's mother (即Tom与Mary是兄妹)
�(10) 关于时间、距离、长度、重量、价格的所有格:
�如: ten minutes' walk, ten miles' journey, a boat's length, two pounds' weight, ten dollars' worth
�(11) 双重所有格:
�a friend of my father's
2. 形容词与副词
�(1) 原级,比较级,最高级词形变化:
�① 〔单元音+单辅音〕的单音节词
�fat—fatter—fattest
�thin—thinner—thinnest
�hot—hotter—hottest
�big—bigger—biggest
�② 以y结尾的双音节词
�easy—easier—easiest
�heavy—heavier—heaviest
�pretty—prettier—prettiest
③ 劣级比较
�less+形容词/副词原级+than
�例: She is less beautiful than Mary.
�④ 两者之间用比较级,在比较级前加定冠词,三者以上用最高级
�例: He is the taller of the two.�
She is the best player of the three.
�⑤ 越……越……的表达法
�例: The days are getting hotter and hotter.
�The more you study, the more you learn.
�⑥ 修饰比较级的词有:much, by far, even, a little, a great deal…
�例: She is much better now.
�� 切记不要用比较级来修饰比较级。
3. 连词
�(1) 动词与*近的主语一致:
�这样的连词有: or, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also。
�(2) or的用法:
�① 作或者讲
�例: You or your friend has to go to the teachers' office.
�② 作否则讲
�例: Hurry up, or you will be late for school.
�(3) and与but:
�例: He has no money and he is poor.�
He is poor but he is honest.
4. 介词
�(1) 表示时间:
�at: 表示某一时间点
�如: at noon
�on: 表示特定的日子
�如: on Christmas
�in: 表示一段不具体的时间
�如: in the morning, in the Second world war
�� 如表示在某一特定的早上、下午则用on
�如: on a cold morning, on a hot afternoon, on Sunday morning
�ring: 表示期间内的某个时期
�如: ring the night, ring the Second World War
�for: 其后接表示一段时间长度的词
�如: for three days
�through: 表示在整个期间没有间歇
�例: It snowed through the night.
�till/until: 表示动作持续的终点
�例:I studied hard till twelve o'clock last night.
�by: 表示动作完成期限
�例: I'll be back by five o'clock.
�since: 表示某动作的起始点
�例:I have studied English since 1990.
�(2) 表示地点:
�at: 表示较小的地点
�如: arrived at the school gate
�in: 表示较大的地点
�如: arrived in Shanghai
�for: 表示目的地
�例: I'll leave for Shanghai.
�above: 表示上面,上方,其反意词是below
�over: 表示垂直上方,其反意词是under
�例: The dog jumped over the table.
�through: 表示穿过
�如: through the forest
�across: 表示平原上的跨越
�例: I want to walk across the road.
5. 动词
�(1) 动词的时态:
�① 一般现在时
�一般现在时的主要用法有两点:其一表示一经常发生的动作,如: I always go to scho
ol at seven. 其二表示某一真理,事实,如: The earth moves around the sun.
�② 现在完成时
�现在完成时的主要用法有两点:其一表示某一动作发生于过去,并持续下来,到现在完成
。如: I have studied English for two years. 其二表示某动作发生于过去并已结束,但其影响到现在。如: I haven't had my lunch. I'm hungry now.
�与现在完成时连用的词语有:yet, already, before, since, ever, never等。
�其考查要点:
�其一: Have been表示曾经去过,如:I have been to America twice. 说此话的人应
已经回到国内。而He has gone to Japan.则此人目前已到日本去了。
�其二: 截止性动词可以有现在完成时,但不可与表示一段长度的词连用,如: The clas
s has begun. The class has been on for five minutes.
�③ 一般过去时
�表示过去发生的动作,过去的习惯或反复发生的动作。如: Who broke the window? In those days, I studied hard at night every day. 与过去时连用的时间状语有: at that time, ago, in 1949, just now (刚才), last night, yesterday
�④ 一般将来时
�纯将来时的表示法: shall/will+动词原形
�例: I'll leave for Shanghai this evening.
�表示按计划要做或可能做的事: be going to+动词原形
�例: I'm going to help you tonight.
�将来时的特殊表示法
�a. be+coming/leaving/going/starting/arriving
�例: Don't worry. I'm coming.
�b. be about to+动词原形
�例: He is about to leave, when the telephone rings.
�c. 状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来
�例: If it rains tomorrow I won't go to the party.
�(2) 情态动词:
�can: 能,会
�例: He can do it very well.
�may: 许可,可能性
�例: May I use your pen?
�must: 必要,禁止(多表示主观看法)
�例: You mustn't play with fire.
�have to: 不得不(多表示客观之事)
�例: I have to go, because I have a meeting.
�could与would:二者用于现在时表示语气的委婉
�例: Could you help me?
6.句型
(1) 宾语从句:
�由疑问代词或副词引出的宾语从句
�例: Could you tell me where the post office is?�
Could you tell me what he said? (what作said的宾语)
�由that引出的宾语从句
�例: They said that they would give me some help. (that 仅作引导词)
�� 宾语从句中的疑问句要用陈述语序。
�例: He asked when we would leave home.
(2) 状语从句:
�状语从句可包括:时间/地点/原因/结果/目的等状语从句。
�例:I will come when I am free.�
I'm late because my bike is broken.�
He went so early that he got a good seat.�
She studied hard so that she would pass the exam.
�� 状语从句要用一般现在时表示将来。
�例: If it rains tomorrow I shall not go to the cinema.
�� 表示在一长动作进行过程中某一动作突然发生则长动作要用进行时态,而突发性 动作要用一般时态。
�例: When I'm reading a book, the telephone rings.
(3) 反意疑问句
�例: She can swim across the river, can't she?�
It's a fine day, isn't it?�
Marry needs to have a rest, doesn't she?�
You have nothing to do, do you?�
He seldom does homework, does he?�
Don't open the door, will you?�
Open the door please, will you?�
Let us have a rest, will you?�
Let's go, shall we?
(4) 感叹句:
�例. What a hot day it is!�
How hot the weather is!
7. 不定式
�(1) 不定式在句中作宾语,状语:
� 例: It has begun to rain.�
I want to go to the cinema.
�(2) 不定式与疑问词连用:
� 例: I want to know how to work.
� I want to know what to do.
�(3) 不定式的否定句:
� 例: He told me not to do it.
�④ 省略to的不定式:
� 例: I saw him come this morning.
这样的动词有see, hear, watch等感官动词,及have(作让、使讲) make, let.
㈦ 求初中英语语法知识点
初中英语合集网络网盘下载
链接:https://pan..com/s/1znmI8mJTas01m1m03zCRfQ
简介:初中英语优质资料下载,包括:试题试卷、课件、教材、视频、各大名师网校合集。
㈧ 初中英语语法知识点的归纳方法
初中英语对以后的英语学习起着举足轻重的作用,所以对初中的英语知识点要进行充分的归纳复习,只有不断扩充自己的英语知识结构,才能系统的、整体掌握英语语法。语法是组成句子的基本架构,很难想象一个不懂语法的人,能说出一口地道、无误的英语口语,能看懂英文文章,能进行英语写作。掌握基础的语法可以帮助我们更好的理解一些语言现象,更快的为实际交流运用打好基础。那么,我们怎么做才能更好的对初中的这些英语知识点进行总结呢?
一、掌握重点语法。
初中的语法知识点比较多,不要把时间平均分布到每一个知识点上。无论是对于考试还是实际运用,都要先掌握重点的语法知识,比方说:动词的各种时态、非谓语动词,这些都是初中英语语法里的重点和难点,在学习的时候,要多花一些时间和精力,反复练习才能更好的掌握。对于我们来说,英语是外语,和我们学习母语有很大区别,也需要我们投入更多的精力,所以要有计划的安排学习。以从句为例,可以先归纳好有哪几种从句,然后根据不同从句的基本架构,进行例句解析,然后做模拟题,了解各类型从句的运用。
二、结合实际应用,掌握语法。
不管是哪种语法,最后都是为实际应用服务的,所以如果单单只讲解语法架构,是达不到好的学习效果的,只有放在实际的语言环境中,和实际应用结合起来,才能真正掌握。比方说:学习一个新的语法知识后,可以让学生用这个语法进行造句或者文章朗读,这样会加深记忆理解,并且能更好的对学过的知识点进行归纳总结。要鼓励学生在日常生活中多用英语表达,只有了解到英语在实际中的价值,才能激发学习的主动性。
三、通过比较不同,加深语法的掌握。
英语的语法有很多看上去大致相同的地方,如果不进行仔细对比,很难掌握其中的差别,容易发生知识点的混乱。比方说动词的不定式和-ing形式的用法比较,现在完成时和现在完成进行时的用法比较等。在英语的学习里,对比总结归纳是很有必要的,对于一些模糊不清的语法现象及用法,通过对比可以更清晰明了的知道其中的差异,掌握的更加准确。
对语法的掌握情况,直接影响了实际应用水平。在初中英语语法知识点的学习中,要学会用归纳法学习语法,日常练习中,也要多多锻炼运用能力,从而达到提高英语水平的实际效果。
㈨ 初中英语知识点,重点语法总结
一般现在时 do
一般过去时 did
一般将来时 will do
现在进行时 is(am are)doing
过去进行时 was(were)doing
一般过去将来时 would do
过去完成时态 had done
现在完成时 have(has)done
一、 一般现在时
1、定义 表示经常发生的动作或存在的状态,如能力、特征、性质、身份等。
2、构成 1) be --- is, am, are 2) 实意动词用原形表示 (注意当主语为第三人称单数时,动词 + s或 + es)
句型转换 1) 情态动词,联系动词提前或直接在其后加 not 2) 实意动词加do/ does或don't/ doesn't
3、用法 1) 表示经常性的、习惯性的或永久性的动作,常与 always, usually, often, sometimes, every day,
twice a month等连用. e.g. Does he usually go to school on foot?
2) 表示存在的状态,常用动词 be, have, love, like, know, see, hear, think, have, belong to 等。注意这些
动词一般不用被动语态. e.g. He doesn't like music.
3) 表示不受时间限制的客观事实或普遍真理. e.g. The earth goes round the sun.
二、一般过去时
1、定义 表示过去某一时间内发生的动作或存在的状态,可能是一次的,也可能是经常的,动作已完成。
2、构成 1) be – was,were 2) 实意动词用过去式来表示,没有人称和数的变化。
句型转换 1) was, were 提前或直接加 not 2) 实意动词加did或didn't(动词改为原形)
3、用法 1) 表示过去某一时间内发生的动作或存在的状态,常与表示过去的时间状语连用 yesterday , last Friday, in 1994, an hour ago, a moment ago, last November, before 1997, on December 26, 1976. yesterday morning.
2) 表示过去经常或反复发生的动作。 When I was in the university, I did morning exercises every day.
3) had(have的过去式)当“有”讲时,构成疑问和否定有两种形式,其他词义同实意动词。
Did you have no friends? He hasn't enough time.
My father doesn't have lunch at factory. (不用 haven't) Did you have a good time?
三、一般将来时
1、定义 表示将来某一时间内要发生的动作或存在的状态,常与表示将来的时间状语连用。如tomorrow, today, this week, next week, next month, next year, next Wednesday, from now on, in a year, in the future
2、构成和用法1)shall (第一人称)和will (所有人称) + 动词原形, 缩写为 “'ll”,否定缩写为shan't, won't。
2) be going to do,常用于口语,表示打算去做的事和可能要发生的事。 It's going to rain.
3) is/ am/ are about to do...when...表马上要发生的事,不与时间连用。I was about to leave when it rained.
4) be to do sth. 按计划或职责、义务要求必须做的事或即将发生的动作。
5) 终止性动词come, go, leave, arrive等的现在进行时刻表示按计划,安排或即将进行的动作。
6) 以if, as soon as, when, once, unless等引导的从句的一般现在时表示一般将来时。
四、过去将来时
1、定义 表示从过去某一时间来看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。
2、构成及用法 should (第一人称)或would (第二,三人称) + 动词原形,常用于宾语从句中。
We asked him where we should have a meeting. 其他用法见一般将来时。
五、现在进行时和过去进行时
定义:现在进行时表示1)现在正在进行的动作 2)现阶段一直在进行,延续性 3)目前阶段临时发生的动作,暂时性。 is/ am/ are + doing
过去进行时表示1)过去某时正在进行的动作 2)过去某段时间正在进行的动作 3)过去瞬间发生的动作。was/ were + doing
Notes:1. 表安排、计划要发生的动作可用进行时表示将来时。这些终止性动词有arrive, begin, come, go, leave, start
2. 现在进行时与always, often等频率副词连用,表示厌烦、赞叹等感情。
3. 在条件从句中,时间状语从句中用现在进行时表示将来进行时。
4. 同理,在表条件、时间状语从句中,用过去进行时表示过去将来进行时,在一些表开始,离开的动词用过去进行时表过去将来时。
用法: 1. 现在完成时表示现阶段完成的动作或存在的状态,动作或状态从过去开始延续到现在,可能终止,
即动作发生在过去强调对现在的影响,与现在有关,常与 already, ever, lately, just, now, recently, yet,
for + 段时间, since + 点时间;in the last/ past three years, so far, by now, up to now/ present等连用
2. 过去时指过去某时或某一段时间发生的动作或存在的状态。指的现在之前的情况,与现在无关
3. 过去完成时指的过去某一时间动作之前发生的动作或存在的状态,“过去的过去”。常用句型:
1) had done + before/ when/ by the time + did 2) did + after/ until + had done
3) had done + by/ up/ since/ till + 过去时间 4) No sooner had + S. + done ... than ... did ...
5) Hardly/ Scarcely had + S. + done ... when ... did ... 6) had meant to do …
Notes: 1. just“刚才”表示刚刚过去,可以看成与说话时间紧密相连,可与现在完成时连用,也可以与过去时连用。但just now“刚才”=a moment ago, 只表示过去时间,只与过去时连用。
2. 一些终止性动词不能用完成时态的肯定句与延续多久的时间状语连用,要用表状态的动词或用动词+介词短语或+形容词的完成式,还可以用it is+多少时间+since的句型。
3. since自从……以来 conj + 从句 prep + 表示“时间点”的名词。for prep.+ 多少时间,表示一段时间。
He has been studying since 3 o'clock/ since 3 hours ago/ since he came. He's been here for five hours.
4. in the past/last+多少时间,表示最近一段时间,用完成时,不用过去时。
5. have been去过某地(不在去过地)have gone到某地去了(不在说话地方)。一,二人称不能用have gone。 6. 在美语中have/ has got = have/ has。
7. hardly...when..., no sooner...than... 引导倒装句,常与过去完成时连用。
8. hope, intend, mean, plan, think, want常用过去完成时表示过去的意图而实际没有实现的情况