㈠ 一篇关于天文学的英语短文
The Greek Heavenly Thoughts
The Greek was the first recognize the distinction between the natural and the supernatural. In other words , they found the nature, since then, the cosmology(宇宙学) could never be maintain a system of myth.
Graally, the Greek believed themselves to live in a cosmos, and considered the cosmos to be an entirely natural place. Besides they saw an order in the cosmos. The order, to them, not only means an arrange, but also a good order, and also a beautiful, elegant order. With an optimism(乐观主义), they believed the order, and the cosmos were comprehensible(可知的), and furthermore, could be described in words and numbers. When the Greek formed these crucial ideas, some earliest philosophers and scientists were important and influential. The Milesians(米利都学派得的哲学家), including Thales(泰勒斯), Anaximander(阿纳克西曼德), described the cosmos in entirely natural terms for the first time. Heraclitus(赫拉克立特) insisted that the cosmos worked according to a logos(理性), which mean “word”, “account”, “measure”, and “proportion”, and if we grasp this logos, the cosmos could be understood and described well.
After the Greek accepted the idea that the cosmos was a natural place and comprehensible, some pre-Socratics(前苏格拉底时代德哲学家) overcame some significant conceptual(观念上的) hurdles to achieve a more sophisticated cosmology. There was the move from a hemispherical(半球形) universe to a spherical(球形) one, and a earth supported by water to supported by air, and then to one which need no support. In the earlier Greek cosmologies, objects were thought to drop in parallel straight lines from the top of the cosmos to the bottom, this led to the problem why the earth doesn’t fall to the bottom of the cosmos, so in this sort of the cosmos, something is required to support the earth. Then Aristotle placed the earth at the center of the cosmos, there was no the problem of the earth dropping. He believed that objects moved to the center of the cosmos, that is the earth itself.
The idea that the earth was central and stable dominated Greek astronomy and cosmology. In Greek minds, it can explain many phenomena. Firstly, the experience told Greek, if one was in rapid motion, he certainly knew about it, so they thought, if the earth has a daily rotation from west to east, there should be constant wind from east to west; if the earth is in motion around the sun, all objects will sweep off the face of the earth. Secondly, because they had no knowledge of gravity, they believe if the earth in rapid motion, it will disintegrate(解体). Thirdly, if the earth takes up different positions relative to the stars(恒星), there should be a stellar parallax(恒星视差量), one can detect slight changes in the apparent positions of the stars from the earth.
When the Greek physics, astronomy, philosophy and common sense all seemed to indicate an immobile earth, there was an important consequence, all of the motions of the heavens were real motions to the earth, not apparent ones e to the motion of the earth.
At the outset, Greek observational astronomy was rather divorced(背离) from philosophical speculation about the nature of the cosmos. Some observed the heavens and took careful notes of what they saw, some proced cosmological models based on general philosophical considerations. But no one gave a cosmological model that were anywhere near explaining, in a precise manner, the phenomena that had been record. The Pythagoreans(毕达哥拉斯学派的哲学家) made the first attempt. They believed in the center of the cosmos was a fire, not the sun, the fire was shield from the earth by a body known as the counter earth. The model was vague and speculative, and the earth moves around the fire, and between the fire and earth, there was the counter earth. Plato(柏拉图) proced a slightly better model, had central earth, with the sun, the moon, the five planets and the stars orbiting around it. Then it was a basic assumption of Greek astronomy and cosmology, if some motions seems not circular or regular, almost all Greek philosophers and scientists would consider these as some combination of several circular and regular motions. Neither of two models could account for two important phenomena relating to the point at which the sun sets. The sun does not always set e west(正西方). Where the sun sets ring a year changes from a maximum of 23.5º north of west to a maximum of 23.5°north of west. Solstices(至日，包括冬至、夏至) occur at the maximum points, while equinoxes(分日，包括春分、秋分) occur at the e west. Later Plato gave the first model that could give a reasonable account for these phenomena. The model was one of the most important Greek cosmological models. Plato made the first serious attempt to unite astronomical phenomena and cosmological traditions. He insisted that the sun, the moon, have a combination of two regular circular motions, that’s to say, the sun and the moon have a second motion in addition the daily one, offset(偏移) at an angle to it. As to the five planets, which are wandering in the heaven apparently, Plato gave a similar but more complex explanation. The model could give a reasonable explanation approximately, but couldn’t explain the planets exceptive motions. They will progress against the background of the fixed stars over a year or two, or even longer, then they will halt suddenly, and go in the other direction for a while, stop again, after that, progress in the normal direction. Facing a series strange exceptions and motions of the planets, Eudoxus(人名，难以翻译，重要的哲学家、科学家) thought regressively(回归，追本溯源). He was a pupil of Pythagorean, and had a close relationship with Plato. About planets, Plato’s model had two regular circular movements for each planet, Eudoxus gave four circular movements for each planet. In this model, the first sphere (环), generate a daily motion; the second generate the motion along the ecliptic(黄道), the other two proce a pattern like the figure 8 laid on its sides(行星出现在黄道正负8度范围内). Besides, Eudoxus had a record of planets’ motion, and made a good use of mathematics, so compared with Plato’s model, his is more sophisticated.
Eudoxus’ model was excellent model for a long time, but there were some inherent difficulties. Because the distance between the earth and each one of five planets that we can see with naked eyes, always changes, it is not difficult to find that all planets’ size are varying apparently. Eudoxus can’t cope with the phenomenon, in his model, the distances between the earth and the planets are constant, that means the size of planets can’t vary. Account for these problems, Ptolemy(托勒密) proced a whole new system which was to last for nearly 1500 years. The system was based on combination of regular circular motions too. He gave up concentric(同心圆) sphere model in favor of a system based on a device, the epicycle(本轮，天文模型的一种). The epicycle is a combination of two regular circular motions, but not around the same center. The center of smaller circle moves around the larger circle. The two circles can proced many complex patterns, because these patterns, Ptolemy was able to explain most problems that beset the concentric sphere model, including the variation of apparent size, the brightness, the velocity(速度) of the planets. Besides the epicycle, Ptolemy made another subtle change, the earth is offset from the center of the sun’s orbit. So the model can account for that seasons have slightly different lengths. Now before the telescope was invented and new phenomena that can’t be found with naked eyes were detected, the model is the best in the ancient times.
After talking about some important Greek cosmological models, we have to mention an exceptive astronomer, Aristarchus(阿里斯塔克斯). He is the first one who have a revolutionary thinking that the earth is orbiting around the sun. But sadly, we don’t know how and why he can be aware this without any idea about gravity and the phenomena which only can be detected with telescope, only we know he is a follower of Aristotle.
㈡ 求有关天文学，节日，饮食的3篇英语作文，要求100-120个词
In the Jack? London to write this book - "Call of the Wild", I walked into a dog's world. Dog named Buck, was a St. Bernard and Scotch shepherd dog of mixed blood. The difference is that Barker is not the fantasy of human mythology is full of dogs, nor are interspersed in the human society, the role of dogs as a friend, but in the snow in the northern part of the life stories of dogs shocked with readers. Barker had grown up in the South a judge's home, where Buck enjoying abundant life, universal respect for, and take the crucial importance of status to all human beings in the north because of the yellow metal find a change. With a somewhat aristocratic atmosphere for the first time Barker has suffered rude treatment, it was sold to a person abcted guys there wear red wool sweater. Followed by repeated blow to stick meal, once again to play it fainted. From Buck to understand a truth: that holding the stick in front of him there is no hope. I would like to stick that is a key one for Buck to understand the nature of the original key, it learned the rule of law of the jungle of the original rules, while giving the body hidden in the wild Barker is graally waking up. If the stick is a key, then Buck's companion is the body of this course, Professor. Barker was again complete the transaction. It adds a pull-sled team, and from peers groping in a plethora of survival. Dog Park Church, how it stealing to comfort empty stomach. In fact, Barker is not like stealing, in order to be able to eat right and wrong, he can not be stolen. Billy from the dog there, Buck quickly learned how to quench their thirst in the snow, ice-breaking techniques such as the Kap Shui. Here I would like to mention a Spitz dog, because from its body, Buck "learning" to a lot, so that in the twilight of the Buck remembered the original killings. Spitz is a dog sled team in the first row, that is, leaders. It is to Barker as a potential rival, always provocative finding fault, surface and good, the actual cruelty. At first, for Sri Lanka are always horses everywhere Ci Bake patient, try to avoid head-on collision. On the one hand, he learn from the other hand, the body's instincts as a provocation revived again and again. Gnawing the end of their ancestors, tear, and wolf-style assault on it alive to Spitz Dou of. Once the wild awake, it cries from the depths of the forest will be constantly tempted with Barker, it was a bleak one weird and tells the people chilling tone, can be very happy to Buck howl along with them. Powerful primitive animal behavior on it is a growing sense, in a hunt, the Buck tasted kind of bloodthirsty lust and pleasure gained by killing eventually become a long long ... .... The existence of competition in human society and human with the spirit of upward is a manifestation of the ancient wild bar. Wild, is that it brings the desire to conquer all things and barbarism. Like Buck, like, when all the facts are telling the world it is only when the conquerors and the conquered, from the depths of the indomitable nature of the fighting has been awakened, because it knows that all this is that the value of life. In today's competitive society, winning in a flash, leading to humans can not have the slightest hesitation, breathing with the face of crisis can only be brave to accept, and ultimately conquer the wild ... ... but it is not only cruel, it also brings the age-old friendship, can be said that the crystallization of ancient civilization. When the last owner, John Buck died, he look up to heaven, sent a long howl. This growl is a sad, is loyal, is stirring. Deep sense of love of John Buck Wild is another means of expression. The nature of recovery, the author depicted the coordination of a graal nature makes the whole story at one go, people let them go, was also in that slow and orderly process, made this call for strong and far-reaching implications, people have to create some kind of association, would like to to explore their own nature, and want to face it. So I want to say life is paradoxical that the world is complex, but this complex world is that there are naturally created by the easiest way. The world is that it is full of vitality, while the world into hell, no different is that it - wild. It has cunning, but also loyal; it brings brutal, but also brought the friendship. So be it, this is real life, colorful, bright and prosperous.
在杰克·伦敦写的这本书——《野性的呼唤》中，我走进一只狗的世界。这只狗叫巴克，是一只圣伯纳犬和苏格兰牧羊犬的混血儿。不同的是，巴克并非是神话中充满人类幻想的狗，也不是穿插在人类社会担任朋友角色的狗，而是以在北国雪地的生活、事迹震撼着读者心灵的狗。
巴克从小生活在南方一个法官的家里，在那儿巴克享受着优裕的生活，普遍的尊重和取足轻重的地位，可一切却因人类在北方找到一种黄色的金属而改变。
带有几分贵族气息的巴克遭受了第一次不礼貌的待遇，它被人拐走卖到一个穿红绒线衫家伙那儿。接着是一顿大棒的反复猛打，一次再次地打得它昏死过去。从此巴克明白一个道理:在那拿着大棒的人面前他是没有希望的。我想大棒就是一把钥匙，一把让巴克明白原始本性的钥匙，让它学习到弱肉强食的原始统治法则，同时也让潜藏在巴克体内的野性渐渐苏醒。
如果说大棒是一把钥匙，那么巴克的同伴则是教授这门课程的正文。巴克再次被人交易。它加入了一只拉雪橇的队伍，并从同伴中摸索到了许许多多的生存之道。
狗派克教会它如何偷食以慰饥肠。其实巴克是不喜欢偷，为了能吃饱他是非偷不可。从狗比利那儿，巴克很快学会了如何在雪地里破冰汲水解渴等技巧。这里我要提到一只狗斯匹茨， 因为从它身上，巴克“学”到了很多，让在朦胧中的巴克记起了原始的杀戮。
斯匹茨是雪橇队里的排头狗，也就是领袖。它把巴克当成是潜在的对手，总是挑衅找茬，表面和善，实际凶残。起先，对于斯匹茨巴克总是处处忍让，尽量避免发生正面冲突。一方面他从中学习，另一方面体内的本能随着一次次的挑衅复活了。最终祖先们的咬啮、撕扯和豺狼式的突击在它身上活跃起来，把斯匹茨斗倒了。
一旦野性苏醒，那来自森林深处的呼喊便时时诱惑着巴克，那是一种凄凉怪诞、叫人毛骨悚然的调子，可巴克却很高兴跟着一起嚎。原始动物的强悍习性在它身上越发强烈，在一次捕猎中，巴克尝到了那种嗜血的欲望和因杀戮而获得的快乐……最终成为了狼王。
人类社会存在着竞争和人类具有的向上的精神就是一种古老的野性的体现吧。野性，是它带来了征服万物的欲望与野蛮。就像巴克一样，当所有的事实都在告诉它世界上只有征服者和被征服者时，来自本性深处的不屈的斗志被唤醒，因为它知道这一切就是生命的价值。
在当今竞争激烈的社会，胜负就在一刹那间，导致人类不能有半点喘息与犹豫，面对危机只有勇敢接受，并最终征服……
但野性并不仅仅是残酷，它也带来了古老的友情，可以说是文明与古老的结晶。当巴克最后一个主人约翰死的时候，他仰望苍天，发出长长的嗥叫。这嗥叫是伤感的，是忠诚的，是震撼人心的。巴克对约翰浓浓的爱意正是野性的另一种表达方式。
所以我想说生命是茅盾的，世界是复杂的，但这个复杂的世界正是有自然最简单的方法造就的。让世界充满生机的是它，同时把世界推入地狱的亦然是它——野性。它有狡猾，也有忠诚；它带来野蛮，也带了了友情。就这样吧，这便是真实的生命，多彩，灿烂，生生不息。
The Spring Festival
Spring Festival is the most important festival in China .It’s to celebrate the lunar calendar 's new year .In the evening before the Spring Festival ,families get together and have a big meal .In many places people like to set off firecrackers .Dumplings are the most traditional food .Children like the festival very much ,because they can have delicious food and wear new clothes .They can also get some money from their parents. This money is given to children for good luck . People put New Year scrolls on the wall for good fortune .
The Spring Festival lasts about 15 days long .People visit relatives and friends with the words “Have all your wishes ”. People enjoy the Spring Festival ,ring this time they can have a good rest .
春节
春节是中国最重要的节日。它是为了庆祝农历的新年的。在除夕,各家都会聚在一起吃团年饭,许多地方的人们喜欢燃放鞭炮。饺子是最传统的食品。孩子们非常喜欢这个节日，因为他们可以吃美味的食物并穿新衣服。他们也可以从他们的父母那儿得到一些钱。这笔钱是为孩子祈求好运的。人们将春联贴上墙壁以求好运。春节持续约15天。人民探亲访友互道“恭喜”．人们很喜欢春节，在此期间，他们可以好好休息。 An increasing number of people are becoming aware of the significance of health maintainence . Just as the basic need of human beings for survival , like food to prevent starvation , and clothing to keep away from cold , being healthy is one essential element , which would be easily ignored . Here , tips for keeping good healthy are to be : work regularily and rest adequately , keep in good hours and have a healthy diet . If you do not intent to get yourself sick , exercising every moring would surely be the best way to prevent disease . Often can be seen that there are senior folks jogging and playing Taiji on the square or garden . And many young peers would much like to take sports gathering , such as table tennis and badminton , instead of spending the whole night getting drunk in bars . And as is known to all , tobacco an alcohol are the two greatest evils that creat negative affections on our health . Thus a man should definitely be sure of what to eat and what not , what to drink and what not . Besides , joining a family outdoor pinic in a shining weekend would be a lovely way to keep psychologically/mentally healthy . Anyway , health is the most precious gift that man can ever have .
越来越多的人们已经意识到健康的重要性。正如食物充饥、衣物御寒一样，拥有健康也是人类生存的必要条件之一，而它却往往被忽视。以下有保持身体健康的小秘笈：规律的工作、充足的休息、早睡早起、健康饮食。如果你不想把自己弄生病，那么每天的晨练一定是预防疾病最好的方式。经常可以看见，很多老年人在广场或公园健身或打太极拳，而很多年轻人也喜欢聚在一起玩玩乒乓球或羽毛球，而不再是扎堆在酒吧里宿夜买醉。地球人都知道，烟草和酒精是影响我们健康的两大恶邪，所以应该明白，什么该吃什么不该吃，什么该喝什么不该喝。除此之外，在阳光灿烂的周末跟家里人到郊外野餐也能使得心理/精神保持健康。总之，我们应该知道，健康是上天赐给人类最宝贵的礼物。
㈢ 用航天知识写一篇英语作文80词左右，急用！
刘洋，女，汉族，河南省林州市人，中共党员，学士学位。1978年10月出生，1997年8月入伍，2001年5月入党，现为中国人民解放军航天员大队四级航天员，少校军衔。曾任空军某师某团某飞行大队副大队长，安全飞行1680小时，被评为空军二级飞行员。
Liu Yang, female, the Han nationality, Henan Province, Linzhou City, the Communist Party, Bachelor degree. Born in October 1978, 1997 2001 August the army, joined the party in May, the Chinese people's Liberation Army astronaut group four astronauts, the rank of major. A former Air Force Regiment of division a group deputy commander, 1680 hours of flight safety, was rated as the two air force pilot.
㈣ 假如你是李华,邀请好友Peter参加天文知识专题讲座,英语作文
ch are the, her mother see not only not criticize her, but humorously said: "daughter! Where's your left hand?" The little girl immediately put the book aside and have a good meal, and the mother and daughter both laughed.
㈤ 宇宙行星英语作文
Our universe, mysterious, in our solar system, the study of value, as the universe. Now, let's see, members of the solar system. The planet mercury, a phrase, nor, even a drop of surface temperature is quite large, if you put in the daytime is a pig, KaoRuZhu, night is frozen pork. Venus, and mercury, on the contrary, it is extremely thick atmosphere of carbon dioxide in the greenhouse effect, his temperature is extremely high, up to a maximum of 4.8 even more degrees Celsius, aircraft cannot landed in the above, but he is very much like earth initial state, is very good study materials. Mars, earth and can be "sister planet", because the planet, or because sandstorm of iron, he's surface is red, this small planet to show the different side with Venus, st storms, drought, and perhaps a human and tens of thousands of years. Jupiter, this planet, such as wood of the solar system's brother, his biggest characteristic is to see the great red spot, tornadoes, and that is the storm, it is the power of our big typhoon on thousands of times. Saturn and Neptune, first, Uranus, we known after a planet, I'm afraid you can't imagine how he turn, you dare to turn the circle go a little, though, but dare you forever are rolling walking, Uranus is outstanding. As a famous Neptune, he, he is not observed, but calculate out of 19th century, astronomers have discovered some rules of operation Uranus, they suspect a planet in "time", continuously, people finally got this planet Neptune. As to Pluto, in 2006 the international astronomical joint conference has revoked the planet Pluto, became a dwarf planet, nonetheless, for his desire to explore, even more than other planets.汉语翻译：我们的宇宙，神秘莫测，在我们的太阳系中，其所研究的价值，不亚于宇宙。现在，让我们来看看，太阳系的成员。水星，一个徒有其名的星球，一滴水也没有，甚至于它的表面温差相当大，你若在那放一头猪，白天是烤乳猪，晚上就是冷冻猪肉。金星，与水星恰恰相反，其极其浓厚的二氧化碳大气层使得在温室效应下，他的温度极其高，最高达到480多摄氏度，甚至于连飞行器都不能着陆在上面，不过他的现在很像地球初期的状态，是很好的研究材料。火星，可以和地球称得上是“姊妹星球”的行星，其由于沙尘暴，或又因为铁的原因，他的表面是红色的，这颗不起眼的星球去展现了与金星不同的一面，沙暴，干旱，或许展现的是人类及几万年后的世界。木星，这颗类木行星，充当了太阳系的老大哥，他最大的特点就是龙卷风，看到那个大红斑了吗，那是个风暴，它比我们台风的威力要大上上千倍。土星，天王星，海王星，前一个我们众所皆知，后一个行星，恐怕你无法想象他是怎么转的，你敢转着圈走吗，虽然有点晕，但你敢一辈子都滚着走路吗，天王星就是这样的佼佼者。至于海王星，他出名的一点，就是他不是观测到的，而是算出来的，19世纪，天文学家发现天王星的运行有些不规律，他们怀疑有一个行星在“作怪”，在不断的测算中，人们终于得到了这颗行星，海王星。至于冥王星，在2006年国际天文联合大会上，吊销了冥王星行星的资格，成了矮行星，尽管如此，人们对于他的探索欲望，甚至超过其他行星。
㈥ 谁能帮我写两段关于火星、还有木星的介绍英文版和中文翻译的
火星
Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun in the Solar System. The planet is named after Mars, the Roman god of war. It is also referred to as the "Red Planet" because of its reddish appearance as seen from Earth.
A terrestrial planet with a thin atmosphere, Mars has surface features reminiscent both of the impact craters of the Moon and the volcanoes, valleys, deserts and polar ice caps of Earth. It is the site of Olympus Mons, the highest known mountain in the solar system, and of Valles Marineris, the largest canyon. In addition to its geographical features, Mars’ rotational period and seasonal cycles are likewise similar to those of Earth.
火星是第四个行星从太阳在太阳系。该行星的名字命名火星，罗马战神。它也被称为"红色星球" ，因为它红色的外观.
地面星球与薄的气氛中，火星表面特征想起这两个冲击环形山的月亮与火山，峡谷，沙漠和极地冰盖的地球。这是该网站的奥林巴斯蒙斯，最高的被称为山在太阳系,全国最大的峡谷。除了它的地理特征，火星旋转期和季节性周期，也同样的那些类似的地球。
木星
Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the largest planet within the solar system. It is two and a half times as massive as all of the other planets in our solar system combined. Jupiter, along with Saturn, Uranus and Neptune, is classified as a gas giant. Together, these four planets are sometimes referred to as the Jovian planets, where Jovian is the adjectival form of Jupiter.
The planet was known by astronomers of ancient times and was associated with the mythology and religious beliefs of many cultures. The Romans named the planet after the Roman god Jupiter (also called Jove).When viewed from Earth, Jupiter can reach an apparent magnitude of −2.8, making it the third brightest object in the night sky after the moon and Venus.
木星是第五个行星从太阳和世界上最大的星球内部的太阳能系统。这是两年半的时间，大规模的所有其他行星在太阳系的总和。木星，随着土星，天王星和海王星，被列为天然气巨头。
地球是众所周知的天文学家古代的时候，是与神话和宗教信仰的许多文化。入乡随俗命名的星球之后，罗马天主木星（又称jove ） 。 当时，从地球，木星，可以得出一个明显的规模-2.8 ，使得它成为第三个最亮的物体在夜空后，月亮与金星。
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METEOR (Metric for Evaluation of Translation with Explicit ORdering) is a metric for the evaluation of machine translation output. The metric is based on the harmonic mean of unigram precision and recall, with recall weighted higher than precision. It also has several features that are not found in other metrics, such as stemming and synonymy matching, along with the standard exact word matching. The metric was designed to fix some of the problems found in the more popular BLEU metric, and also proce good correlation with human judgement at the sentence or segment level This differs from the BLEU metric in that BLEU seeks correlation at the corpus level.
Example alignment (a).Results have been presented which give correlation of up to 0.964 with human judgement at the corpus level, compared to BLEU's achievement of 0.817 on the same data set. At the sentence level, the maximum correlation with human judgement achieved was 0.403.[1]
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