❶ 有关英语的知识
英语是一种语言，学习它的最好方法就是不断地运用：1、学会听别人说；2、大胆地和别人去交谈。
试想一个听也听不懂的人，怎么会去和别人交谈呢？所以，学习英语必须在“听”中提高自己，在“说”中检测自己。把你“听”到的，找机会向你的同学、朋友、老师进行卖弄；当你体会到成功的喜悦时，那些曾让你感觉到干吧吧的句型、课文就会一下子变得亲切而又有意义起来。
要做到“听、说”先行，最重要的就是听具有纯真、地道发音的语言材料，去模仿其发音、语调，去领悟其会话场景，去和真正的“老外”对话！听说时应该注意以下两点：
第一，磁带要选对，要选难度适合自己的；时间要保证，每天至少半小时，应该说，听那种纯正、地道的语音、语调，感觉就是一咱享受。
第二，听要一句一句地听，说也要一句一句地说。不求快，要反复听、反复说，直到听懂每一个词，说好每一句放才行。事实上，练习听说可以起到一石三鸟的效果：既巩固了语言知识、提高了听力水平，又实现了口语运用。何乐而不为呢？
“听”和“说”二者相互促进，不可偏废一方。要大量地听，不断地说，只有这样，知识才能变为能力。关键是要活学活用，坚持不懈。如果能这样，那么我相信你一定能练出非凡的�Γ�党隽骼�⒌氐赖挠⒂铩?
其次，读、写要跟上。
我们强调“听、说”领先的同时，还注重阅读量的扩大和阅读能力的提高。而阅读能力和写作能力的提高是建筑在相当练习量基础上的。达不到一定的量，就不会有“质”的突破，有的同学说，我做了好多的阅读性解题，可是进步却不大，是怎么回事呢？其实，阅读强调对文章整体的理解而不是对文章简单的表象理解，也就是说，文章中有的句子不是可能孤立起来理解的，它是有背景的。对于我们大家来说，在开始大量阅读前，，首先必须掌握一定的语法知识，比如句子词形变化、句型、结构、时态等，要善于归纳总结，牢记一些特殊变化，学习英语语法的一个重要原则就是“钻进去，跳出来”。钻进去就是认真学习语法知识，然后归纳总结，再做练习，使之真正成为自己的东西。一是语法基础有了长进，就要“跳起来”扩大阅读和提阅读能力了。在扩大阅读量的时候，应注意以下两点：
1、选准阅读材料，要精读。有些人说知识“大意”就行了。其实不然，这种说法非常片面。如果基础不好，又不仔细阅读，抓住的大意往往都不是关键。要想把自己的阅读能力提高到“一目十行”的境界，首先你必须要做到“十目一行”。
2、限时阅读。大量精读后就必须转到限时阅读。时限可以以考试时间为准，也可根据自己的实际情况确定，我们的目标是又快又准。
总之，当你真正做到听说先行，同时扩大阅读量和提高阅读技能后，你的脑中就人积淀了许多可想、可说的事情。写作时也就言之有物，下笔如神了。
最后，我把“五”颗心送给每一位同学：学习要用心，做题要细心，失败不灰心，成功需恒心。衷心祝愿各位在英语学习中取得优异成绩!
❷ 关于英语知识
定语从句用法归纳
定语从句由关系代词who、whom、whose、which、what、as和关系副词where、when、why等引导，但须记住：
1.what不能引导定语从句.
2.关系词的分析须考虑它在定语从句中的成分。
一.指人的关系代词有who、whose、whom、that. 试分析：
The old man who/whom /that we visited yesterday is a famous artist.
Miss Wang is taking care of the child whose parents have gone to Beijing .
The man with whom my father shook hands just now is our headmaster. （=The man who/whom that my father shook hands with just now is our headmaster.）注：
A． 指人时有时只用who不宜用that。
1．先行词为one、ones或anyone
（1）The comrade I want to learn from is the one who studies hard and works hard.
（2）Anyone who breaks the law should be punished.
2．先行词为these时
These who are going to Beijing are the best students of our school.
3．在there be 开头的句子中
There is a student who wants to see you.
4．一个句子中带有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that，另一个宜用who，以免重复。
The student that won the first prize is the monitor who works hards.
5．在非限制性定语从句中
A. I met a friend of mine in the street, who had just come from Japan.
B. 主句以who开头的句子中,只用that,不用who。
二．指物的关系代词有which、whose(=of which)、that. 试分析：
1. I like the books which / that were written by Lu Xun.
2. The desks (which/that) we made last year were very good.
3. This is the house in which we lived last year. (= This is the house which /that we lived in last year.)
4. I live in the room whose windows face south. (= I live in the room ,the windows of which face south.)
注：
A. 介词如果位于作为其宾语的关系代词之前时，只能用whom、 which不能用who或that.
(1). The girl about whom they were talking is our monitor.
(2). The book in which there are many interesting things was written by Li Ming.
B. 部分短语动词中的介词不可与动词拆开，在定语从句中其介词不可前置，只能放在其动词之后。
Is this the book which she is looking for?
The old man who/whom they are waiting for is Professor Li.
The child who/whom she is looking after is Wang Ping’s son.
C． 指物时，下列情况下只能用that ，不宜用which。
（1）先行词为不定代词，如All、much、anything、everything、nothing、something、none、the one等。
We are willing to do anything that is good to the people.
I have told them all (that) I know.
All that can be done has been done.
（2）先行词是序数词或被序数词、修饰时。
The first book that I read last night was an English novel.
（3）先行词是形容词最高级或被最高级修饰时。
This is one of the most interesting films that I have ever seen.
This is the best that can be done now.
（4）如果有两个或两个以上分别表示人和物的先行词时(先行词既有人又有物)，定语从句的关系代词用which和who都不合适，只能用that。
We know nothing about the doctors and the hospitals that you are talking about.
There are sheep and men that can be seen on the hill.
（5）如果先行词被the only、the very、the last、the same、any、 few 、little、no、 all 、one of、 just修饰时。
This is the only book that can be lent to you.
（6）当主句是以which开头的特殊问句时，关系代词只用that。
Which is the dictionary that he used yesterday ?
D．只物时，下列情况下只能用which，不宜用that。
（1）关系代词放在介词之后
This is the factory in which we once worked.
（2）非限制性定语从句中
This is the book, which is written by Lu Xun.
（3）that，Those作主语时
Those which are on the desk are English books.
E．先行词前有such、the same、 as时, 关系代词用as，不用that, 但the same…as…表示同样的, the same…that…表示同一的
He knows as many people as are present at the meeting.
Such people as you refer to are rare nowadays.
三．比较When/which、where /which、why.
which I still never forget.
This is the day when I joined the party.
which he spent reading the books.
where I found the book.
which makes machines.
This is the place which we once visited.
which I will never forget.
which I am looking for.
限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别：
限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句
All the students who study hard have passed.学习努力的学生都考试及格了。(只有努力的及格了，不努力的没及格。) All the students ,who study hard have passed.所有的学生都及格了，他们学习努力。（没有人不及格，这些学生都很努力。）
从句是先行词不可缺少的定语（如去掉，主句意思就不完整或不正确。） 从句是对先行词的附加说明（如去掉，主句意思仍清楚，不受影响。） 与主句关系密切，不用逗号 与主句关系不十分密切，用逗号与主句隔开译为汉语时，从句译在先行词前，与先行词用“的”连接 译为汉语时，从句放在主句后面关系代词that可以代替who、whom(指人)、which(指物) 关系代词不用that,只用who、whom(指人)、which(指物) 关系代词代替宾语时可以省略 关系代词不能省略关系代词as和which
先研究下面两个例句：
○1.This elephant is like a snake, as /which everybody can see. =As everybody can see, this elephant is like a snake. 任何人都看得出来，这头象像条蛇。
○2.Tom didn’t pass the physics exam, which made his parents very angry. Tom物理考试不及格，这使得他父亲很生气。
这两个例句中，as和which所代表的都是整个主句所表示的内容。但有两点不同之处：
1． 在形式上as引导的非限制性定语从句可位于主句的后面，也可位于主句的前面；而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能位于主句的后面，不能位于主句的前面。
2． 在意义上，as引导的定语从句和主句的关系一般为一致关系，常译为“正如……”，“就像……”，而which引导的定语从句和主句的关系是因果关系，或which引导的定语从句是对主句的评论。因此，在意思通顺的情况下，which可代替as，而as许多时候不能代替which，如句○2。再如：
1．He was late again, as / which we had expected. =As we had expected, he was late again. 正如我们所料，他又迟到了。/他又迟到了这是我们早就料到的。
2． The street hasn’t been cleared for weeks, which makes it very dirty. 街道好多星期没有打扫了，因此整条街很脏。（不用as）
3．The young man cheated his friend of much money, which was disgraceful. 那年轻人诈骗了他朋友许多钱财，这是不光彩的。（不 用as）
4．He takes exercise everyday, which has done a lot of good to his health. 他每天运动，这对他的身体很有好处。（不用as）
5．As has already been pointed out, English is rather difficult for a foreigner. 正如已经指出
的那样，英语对于初学者说，是相当难学的。在such…as…、the same…as…、 as…、
as many…/much as…等结构中,as不能用which代替。如：
1.Such books as this are too difficult for beginners. 这样的书对于初学的人来说是太难了。
=Books such as this are …
=Books like this are …
2.I live in the same building as he (does). 我和他住再同一座大楼里。
3.He knows as many people as are present at the meeting. 他认识所有到会的人。
4.That day we all got up early as usual. 那天我们和平时一样，都起得很早。
“One of the +复数名词”后面定语从句中谓语单复数情况
这一结构后面的定语从句的谓语动词通常用复数形式，跟定语从句所*近的那个复数名词在数上保持一致。如：
1． That is one of the books that are required for study at school.
2． This is one of the most wonderful novels that have been published since 1990.
3． She is one of the few persons who know Spanish .
4． This is one of the most famous plays that were written in the thirties,
如果one of +复数名词这一结构前面带有the only、the very之类的限定语，后面定语从句的谓语动词则要用单数形式，这是因为定语从句在意义上修饰的是而不是那个复数名词。如：
1.He is the only one of the teachers who knows French in our school.( 修饰the only one)
He is one of the teachers who know French in our school.( 修饰the teachers)
2.This is the only one of the rooms that is free now. (修饰the only one)
This is one of the rooms that are free now. (修饰rooms)
as与which引导的定语从句
两者均可引导非限制性定语从句，有时可以互换，但下列情况多用as。
1. 关系代词引导的定语从句居句首时。 As we all know, the earth is round.
2. 当与such或the same连用时，一般用as。 Such books as you tell me are interesting. I have
the same plan as you.
3. 当从句和主句语义一致时，用as，反之则用which。 She has married again, as was
expected. She has married again, which was unexpected.
4. as在从句中作主语时，后面常接行为动词的被动语态，如be known，be said，be reported等，如从句中行为动词是主动语态，一般要用which作主语。
She has been late again, as was expected.
Tom has made great progress, which made us happy.
❸ 一些关于英语的知识
1.动词要加ing有两种情况
一种是进行时，不管是现在还是过去还是将来，某个时刻正在做某事
i was watching TV at 3PM yesterday
一种是加上ing后把动词变成名词，称为动名词
比如read是动词：读，加上ing:reading，可以解释为阅读这个过程，也就是名词了
Reading is an art，阅读是一门艺术
to 后面都是动词原形，如果加的是ing形式的话，那都是动名词，也就是作名词用
2.这个主要是考你时态以及语法，对于应试教育体制来说，只有多背，多做题了
其实英语和任何一种技巧一样，都是越用越熟的
3.在英语中按动词后可否直接跟宾语，可以把动词分成两种：及物动词与不及物动词。 及物动词 vt. 字典里词后标有vi. 的就是不及物动词。不及物动词后不能直接跟有动作的对象（即宾语）。若要跟宾语，必须先在其后添加上某个介词，如to
I can see a boy. see是及物动词，后面可以直接加名词（宾语）：a boy
I apologized to the boy. apologize是不及物动词，后面不可以直接加名词，所以要加个to
我爱你：我（主语）爱（谓语，就是动词）你（宾语）
宾语补足语：某些及物动词的宾语后面还需要有一个补足语，意思才完整
简单举例
I'm going to paint it pink.
我要粉刷它，这句话不完整
我要粉刷它成粉色，这句话才完整
从句是复合句中不能独立成句，但具有主语部分和谓语部分，由that、who、whom，when，why，where。how，which等引导词
简单举例
我要宰了那个人。 这就是完整的一句话了
我要宰了那个抢我女朋友的人。 “抢我女朋友的人”就是句子中的从句了
4.我读书的时候没进行过什么分班考试，所以我不知道~~~
❹ 有什么英语趣味知识
西方人眼中的数字 生活中的数字(number)无处不在，但有写数字带有固定的象征意义。由于中西方国家文化背景和风俗习惯的不同，它的意义和用法也有很大的差异，听我来介绍一下吧。就像咱们中国人(Chinese)偏爱数字8(eight)和6(six)，忌讳4(four)一样，西方人认为3(three)和7(seven)是大吉大利的数字，会给人带来幸福和快乐。西方文化认为世界(the world)是由大地(land),海洋(sea)与天空(sky)三者合成的；大自然由动物(animal),植物(plant)和矿物构成,所以他们就特别喜欢3这个数字。但是西方人认为13 (thirteen)是个不祥的数字。重大活动不安排在13号，请客避免13人入席，电影院里没有第13排和13号座位。这是因为耶稣受难的前夜，和12个门徒共进晚餐，师徒13人中出现了一个叛徒犹大，因此，信奉基督教的民族都认为13是个不祥的数字。 国家的奥秘 拓展孩子对英美文化和历史的了解，本期学科学习给您和孩子提供了这方面的内容，欢迎查看！“英国”的种种表达：英国的全称是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国（The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland），简称为联合王国，缩写为the U.K. 。英国由两个大岛组成，一个是大不列颠，另一个是爱尔兰岛北部。大不列颠由威尔士（Wales），英格兰（England）和苏格兰（Scotland）三部分组成，其中英格兰面积最大，人口最多，所以人们谈起英国的时候常常称之为England或者Britain。国家名称和大写字母 大家一定都知道我们的祖国的英语名称是China吧！但是提到PRC，可能很多同学就不知道了，其实PRC也是中国的意思！在英语中，为了使用方便，很多国家名称都可以用几个简单的大写字母来代替，如： PRC =the People's Republic of China中国（中华人民共和国） CAN = Canada 加拿大 US = USA = the United States of America 美国（美利坚合众国） UK = the United Kingdom (of Great Britain and Northern Ireland)英国（大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国） 大写字母不仅能代表国家名称的缩略形式，还有许多的用途，例如：厕所WC；世界贸易组织WTO；光盘CD等。大家不妨搜集一下，把这些有意义的大写字母都放在一起，好好领略领略大写字母的魅力吧！ 西方的进餐礼仪 欧美国家(country)的餐桌大多是长方形的，男主人(host)坐在桌子的一端，女主人(hostess)坐在另一端，通常安排座位时要尽量避免两位男宾或两位女宾并坐在一起。 就餐时，身体(body)要坐得端正，身体和餐桌间距离以能使用刀(knife)、叉(fork)、匙(spoon)和饮食方便为度，手臂不要放在桌上，也不要张开妨碍别人。餐巾只用于擦嘴(mouth)和手(hands),切不可用来擦拭餐具和擦鼻涕、擦汗。用餐完毕后收起餐巾放在盘子(plate)右方。使用knife, fork和spoon时，不要弄出声音，不用时，也不要用手摆弄刀叉玩。当一道菜吃完，或不想再吃时，就把刀和叉并排放在一起，刀叉的柄朝自己胸部。如未吃完，只是为了谈话暂时停吃，就把刀叉摆成“八”字形，这样服务员就不会把盘子收走。
女主人通常是主持整个宴会(party)的主人，大家注意她的动作。入席时，特别是小型宴会，一般总要等女宾先坐下后，男宾才坐下。男宾最好还要帮邻座的女宾拉椅子。上菜后，一般要等女主人动手吃后，客人们(guests)才吃。宴会结束时，也由她领头离席。西方的进餐礼仪还有很多呢，学习英语时老师也会给孩子讲到相关内容。如果有机会和孩子一起吃西餐，或者其他正餐时，何不提醒孩子注意这些餐桌礼仪呢，让孩子变得更礼貌，更文雅。 在美国打的 你经常打的吗？Do you often take a taxi? 那么你们知道在美国“打的”的规矩吗？俗话说: “When in Rome, do as Romans do.”（入乡随俗）, 所以我们也要知道一些人家的风俗。In America, if you sit ahead when you take a taxi，the driver will be very happy. 在美国，如果你坐在车前座上，司机会很高兴，他会一路上与你谈笑风生。But if you sit at the back, the driver will not say a word to you. 但是，如果你坐在后座上，司机则跟你一句话也不说。即便你主动搭讪，人家也爱搭不理的。原来啊，如果你坐在前面，说明你把司机当作了朋友；你若坐在了后面，便表明对方成了纯粹为你服务的司机，你们就是雇佣关系了。现在人们往往还是寻求金钱（money）以外的尊重（respect）与友谊（friendship），这看上去虽然只是个座位的问题，但却体现了人与人之间的尊重。所以啊，如果您有机会在美国打的“take a taxi”，可要记得坐在前面啊！猫猫的万种风情 1． fat cat 肥猫，指“为竞选出钱的富翁；享有特权或谋取特权的人；有钱有势的人，大亨。” 2． cool cat 酷猫，指“时髦人（尤指嗜好冷爵士乐的人）；嗜好摇滚乐的人；做出孤傲冷漠的样子的人”。 3． hepcat 迷恋爵士乐的猫，指“爵士（或摇摆舞）音乐迷；爵士（或摇摆舞）乐队乐师。 4． cat 好模仿的猫，指“盲目的模仿者（通常为儿童之间的用语）”。 5． hell cat 好发脾气的猫，指“泼妇，巫婆”。关于hell cat 是巫婆的说法要追溯到中世纪，那是迷信的人认为魔鬼撒旦（Satan，the Devil）常以黑猫的样子出现。巫婆抱着一只黑猫，骑着一把扫帚，在夜空游荡。所以，黑猫象征着“厄运”。“不要让黑猫从你面前走过”Don't let a black cat across your path是西方人众所周知的禁忌。 6． the scaredy-cat/ fraidy-cat 恐惧的猫，指“胆小鬼”。a)Ten animals I slam in a net.
我把十只动物一网打尽
你注意到这句话有什么特别之处吗？对了，无论从左到右，还是从右到左，字母排列顺序都是一样的，英语把这叫做Palindromes 回文（指顺读和倒读都一样的词语），关于动物的回文还有以下的例子
Otto saw pup ; pup was Otto. （奥托看见了小狗，小狗的名字叫奥托）
Was it a car or a cat I saw ?
Was it a rat I saw ? （我刚才看见的是条老鼠？）
b)the bee's knees
又来形容最好的至高无上的东西。
[例] She is a very poor singer but she thinks she's the bee's knees. （她五音不全却自认为是高高在上的一流歌手。）
该表现起源于20年代的美国，仅仅因为bee's 和 knees押韵，琅琅上口，迅速得到流传，直到现在， 还在日常生活非正式场合的对话中经常使用。很多同学觉得英语的词汇量大，英语单词很难记。记英语单词有没有什么小窍门呢？下面向大家介绍十种记忆英语单词的方法：①分类记忆：把单词进行分类如：颜色、文具、动物、食品、称谓、职 业等进行分类记忆。②整体记忆： 把几个字母看作一个整体来记 如 : “ow” 再加上不同的字母，可组成 how, cow, low, now, town, down, know ” 等 ; “ight” ，再在前面 加上不同的字母，可组成 eight, light, right, fight, night, 等。③形象记忆： 如：“ tree ”把 tr 看成树干和树枝，把 ee 看成树叶。“ eye ” 把两个 e 看成两个眼，中间的 y 是鼻子。“ banana ”把 a 看成一 个个的香蕉。“ bird ” 把 b 和 d 看成两个翅膀等等。④加法记忆： 如： after ＋ noon ＝ afternoon , school ＋bag=schoolbag⑤比较记忆: 英汉比较 如： T-shirt(T恤) 同音词的比较 如： eye-I, see-sea, right-write⑥读音记忆： 根据字母组合、读音规则进行记忆，会读一个单词，便会拼 写出来。⑦感官记忆： 记单词时，尽可能地用多个感官，耳听、嘴读、手写、眼看 、心记等。⑧卡片记忆： 自制单词卡片，随身带着，有空就拿出来读一读，记一记单词。⑨复习记忆： 记住了的单词，过段时间不看，就忘记了，所以每隔一段时间要进行复习，巩固所学单词。 ⑩睡眠记忆：晚上睡前读两遍要记的单词，然后睡觉，第二天醒来后再读两遍，这样记忆效果不错。英语趣味小知识——英语和汉语对手指的称呼1.thumb :大拇指。与汉语相映成趣的是，英语的all(fingers and ) thumbs也表示"笨手笨脚"的意思，例如：（1）I'm all fingers and thumbs this morning. I don't seem to be able to button up my shirt.今天早上我的手怎么这么笨呢，好像连衬衫都扣不上了。（2）He was so excited that his fingers were all thumbs and he dropped the teacup.他激动得手都不好使了，竟把茶杯摔了。2. forefinger :又称index finger,即食指。前缀fore-表示"位置靠前的"（placed at the front）,所以从排位上说，forefinger应为"第一指"。从功用上看，此手指伸出时有标示或指向的作用。在一些英语工具书中，我们会见到这样的表示"参见"（index）含义的手型符号。3. middle finger :中指。此指居中，名正言顺，且与汉语说法也一致。4. ring finger:无名指。从世界各地的婚俗习惯来说，结婚戒指（wedding ring）戴在这一手指（通常指左手）之上，表示已婚。5. little finger: 顾名思义为小指。在美国和苏格兰，人们又赋予它一个爱称，管pinkie(pinky)，后缀-ie (-y)有"小巧可爱"之意。
❺ 20条有趣的英语小知识
1、 According to a research project at Cambridge Uiversity, it doesn't matter what order the letters in a word are, the only important thing is that the first and last letter be in the right place. This is because the human mind does not read every letter。
剑桥大学的研究表明：单词中字母的顺序如何不重要，重要的是第一个和最后一个字母的位置。这是因为大脑在阅读时不会读到所有字母。
2、 'WAS IT A CAR OR A CAT I SAW'. This is the only English sentence which even if we read in reverse, it'll give the same sentence。
(我看到的是一辆车还是一只猫)这是英语中唯一一句反过来念还是一样的句子。
3、 "Goodbye" came from "God bye" which came from "God be with you"。
英语单词“Goodbye”来自于“God bye”，原意是“上帝与你同在”。
4、 The sentence "The quick brown fox jumps over a lazy dog."uses every letter of the alphabet!
(这只敏捷的棕色狐狸跳过了一只懒狗)这句话用到了字母表中的所有字母！
5、"Go", is the shortest complete sentence in the English language。
“Go”是英语中最短的完整句子。
6、 The onion is named after the Latin word 'unio' meaning large pearl。
单词“onion”(洋葱)来自于拉丁词“unio”，意思是大珍珠。
7、 The word Tips is actually an acronym standing for 'To Insure Prompt Service'。
单词“tips”(小费)实际上是“To Insure Prompt Service”(保障快捷的服务)的首字母缩写！
8、The phrase 'rule of thumb' is derived from and old English law which stated that you couldn't beat your wife with anything wider than your thumb。
词组“rule of thumb”(经验法则)，是从一条古老的英国法律中来的，即：不能用超过大拇指粗细的东西打老婆。
9、 The longest word in the English language !
英语中最长的单词是“”(硅酸盐沉着病)！
10、 More people in China speak English than in the United States。
会说英语的中国人比会说英语的美国人还多。
11、The word "listen" contains the same letters as"silent"。
单词“listen”(听)和“silent”(安静的)用到了一样的字母。
12、Hoover vacuum cleaners were so popular in the UK that many people now refer to vacuuming as hoovering。
胡佛真空吸尘器在英国曾经非常流行，到现在很多人还把“vacuuming”(吸尘)说成“hoovering”(胡佛ing…)。
13、 Stressed is Desserts spelled backwards。
“Stressed”(压力)倒过来拼就是“Desserts”(点心)。
14、The most used letter in the English alphabet is 'E', and'Q' is the least used!
英语中使用最多的字母是“E”，用得最少的是“Q”。
15、 Ernest Vincent Wright wrote a novel, "Gadsby", whichcontains over 50,000 words -- none of them with the letter E!
❻ 初中英语语法知识点有哪些
一、谓语动词和非谓语动词
从是否能充当句子中的谓语来看，动词有谓语动词和非谓语动词两大类。
1、谓语动词
有人称和数的变化。如：Heisa tractor driver.他是一个拖拉机手。
2、非谓语动词
非谓语动词有动词不定式、动名词和分词三种，在句子里都不能单独作谓语，没有人称和数的变化。如：I am pleasedto meet you.我很高兴与你相识。(动词不定式)
二、实义动词、连系动词、情态动词和助动词
从其含义来分，动词有实义动词(notional verb)，连系动词(link verb)，情态动词(modal verb)和助动词(auxiliary verb)四类。
1、实义动词
实义动词有完全的词义，并能独立作谓语动词。
如：The sunshonebrightly this morning.
今天早晨阳光灿烂。
2、连系动词
连系动词在句中作谓语动词，后面跟表语。英语连系动词有be(是)，seem(似乎)，look(看来)，keep(保持)，become(变成)，get(变得)，grow(变得)，feel(感到)，turn(变得，变成)，appear(显得)，remain(仍旧是)等。
如：Itisnever too late to mend.
改过不嫌晚。
3、情态动词
情态动词有can (能)，may (可以，也许)，must(必须)等，表示能力、义务、必要、猜测等说话人的语气或情态。情态动词只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词。
4、助动词
助动词有shall，will，have，be，should，wonld， do等。它们只能和主要动词一起构成各种时态、语态、语气等动词形式，以及否定和疑问等结构中的谓语动词。
三、及物动词和不及物动词
从是否能直接跟宾语来分，实义动词又有及物动词和不及物动词两类。
1、及物动词
后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的实义动词，叫做及物动词(transitive verb)。
如：Ibelievethat the committee willconsiderour suggestion.
我相信委员会将会考虑我们的建议。
2、不及物动词
本身意义完整后面不须跟宾语的实义动词，叫做不及物动词(intransitive verb)。
如：Ithappenedin June 1932.
这件事发生于一九三；年六月。
3、兼作及物动词和不及物动词
英语里有不少实义动词可以兼作及物动词和不及物动词。这样的动词又有两种不同的情况：
a) 兼作及物动词和不及物动词时，意义不变。试比较：
Shall I begin at once?我可以立刻开始吗?(begin作不及物动词)
She began working as a librarian after she left school.她毕业后当图书馆管理员。(began作及物动词)
b) 兼作及物动词和不及物动词时，有时意义不尽相同。
如：Wash your hands before meals.饭前要洗手。
四、情态动词
在行为动词、连系动词以外，还有两类动词，其中之一就是情态动词。从字面上看，我们就知道这是表示“感情与态度”的动词。
比如：Icando it without much difficulty. （能够，表示自信）
事实上，情态动词的英文说法modal verb，还是值得推敲的。modal，来自于名词mode，和modality（模式，方式）紧密相关，包括likelihood可能性, ability 能力, permission 许可与obligation责任这四种模式。
情态动词自身所具备的意义一般来说也是不完整的，不过和需要涉及其他事物的及物动词不同，情态动词不涉及其他事物，需要的是其他动词，即行为动词和连系动词，来配合使用。
一般来说情态动词是不能用作行为动词的，但也有例外，比如need，既可以用作情态动词，也可以是行为动词，看它的后面跟的是什么。
五、助动词
还有一类动词，也是意义上不完整、需要配合行为动词、连系动词使用的，那就是助动词。顾名思义，助动词就是用来帮助主要动词构成谓语的。
主要包括进行时态的be（is / am / are / was / were）、一般时态的do / does / did，将来时态的will / shall / would / should和完成时态的have / has / had。这种动词的英文名称叫auxiliary verb，简写是v. aux.。
❼ 关于英语的知识
定语从句及相关术语
1.定语从句：定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。
2.关系词：引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词，关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；关系副词有where, when, why等。关系词常有3个作用：1，引导定语从句。2，代替先行词。3，在定语从句中担当一个成分。
3.定语：定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词的，是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用‘……的’表示。主要由形容词担任。此外，名词，代词，数词，分词，副词，不定式以及介词短语也可以来担任，也可以由一个句子来担任．单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前，作前置定语。短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后，作后置定语。
(一） 限定性定语从句
1. that既可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which在从句中作宾语则不能省略。而且，如果which在从句中作“不及物动词＋介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉，而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置
2. which作宾语时，根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系，先行词与which之间的介词不能丢
3. 代表物时多用which，但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which，这些词包括当先行词是anything, everything, nothing ,few, all, none, little, some等不定代词时，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修饰时等，这时的that常被省略 还有先行词前有序数词或形容词最高级修饰时,或先行词就是序数词或最高级时.以及先行词中既有人又有物时.还有句中前面有which时,都只能用that
4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom作宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语
5. where是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句
6. when引导定语从句表示时间〔注〕值得一提的是，表示时间“time"一词的定语从句只用when引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用that引导
By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks. I still remember the first time I met her. Each time he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc.
7. whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格.它引导的从句可以修饰人和物, 当它引导的从句修饰物体时, 可以与 of which 调换,表达的意思一样.
8. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时，常用there is来引导
There is somebody here who wants to speak to you. 这里有人要和你说话。
(二）非限定性定语从句
非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常是引导词和先行词之间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立
1. which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分
2.当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如：
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理·史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。
3.非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。
4. 有时as也可用作关系代词
5. 在非限定性定语从句中，不能用关系副词why和关系代词that，而用who, whom代表人，用which代表事物.；
(三）关系代词引导的定语从句
1.who指人，在从句中做主语
(1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One.
(2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.
2. whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。
(1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus.
(2) Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see.
注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。
如果在从句中做宾语,就用whom或who.比如: He is the man whom/who I talk to.
如果是在从句中作主语就只能用who.比如: He is the man who has an English book.
(3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend
3.which指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略
(1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys.
(2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.
4. that指人时，相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which。
在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。
(5) The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million.
(6) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?
5. whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语
(1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor.
(2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.whose指物时，常用以下结构来代替
(3) The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
(4) The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.
(5) Do you like the book whose color is yellow?
(6) Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?
(四）注意
介词+关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时
从句常由介词+关系代词引导
(1) The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.
(2) The school in which he once studied is very famous.
(3) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for.
(4) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked.
(5) We’ll go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who) we have often talked about.
(6) We’ll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.
注意：1. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等
(1) This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T＝正确)
(2) This is the watch for which I am looking. (F＝错误)
2. 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用whom，不可用who或者that；指物时用which，不能用that；关系代词是所有格时用whose
(1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T)
(2) The man with that you talked is my friend. (F)
(3) The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T)
(4) The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable. (F)
3. “介词+关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代词或者数词
(1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.
(2) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.
(3) There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.
(五）关系副词引导的定语从句
1. when指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语
(1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school.
(2) The time when we got together finally came.
2. where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语
(1) Shanghai is the city where I was born.
(2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.
3. why指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语
(1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.
(2) I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today.
注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换
(1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear,
(2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.
(3) Great changes have taken place in the city in which./where I was born.
[六）判断关系代词与关系副词
方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。不及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系副词或者是介词加关系代词；而及物动词后接宾语，则要求用关系代词。例如：
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
判断改错（注：先显示题，再显示答案，横线；用不同的颜色表示出。）
（错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
（错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
（对） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.
（对） I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.
习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。
方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days ago?
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held?
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one答案：
例1 D，例2 A
例1变为肯定句： This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.例2变为肯定句： This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.
在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。
而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A。
关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose)；
先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语) 。
1.The place _______interested me most was the Children's Palace.
A. Which B. where C. what D. in which
2.Do you know the man _______?
A. whom I spoke B. to who spoke C. I spoke to D. that I spoke
3.This is the hotel _______last month.
A. which they stayed B. at that they stayed
C. where they stayed at D. where they stayed
4.Do you know the year ______the Chinese Communist Party was founded?
A. which B. that C. when D. on which
5.That is the day ______I'll never forget.
A. which B. on which C. in which D. when
6.The factory ______we'll visit next week is not far from here.
A. where B. to which C. which D. in which
7.Great changes have taken place since then in the factory _______we are working.
A. where B. that C. which D. there
8.This is one of the best films _______.
A. that have been shown this year B. that have shown
C. that has been shown this year D. that you talked
9.Can you lend me the book ______the other day?
A. about which you talked B. which you talked
C. about that you talked D. that you talked
10.The pen ______he is writing is mine.
A. with which B. in which C. on which D. by which
11.They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of ______sat a small boy.
A. whom B. who C. which D. that
12.The engineer ______my father works is about 50 years old.
A. to whom B. on whom C. with which D. with whom
13.It there anyone in your class ______family is in the country?
A. who B. who's C. which D. whose
14.I'm interested in ______you have said.
A. all that B. all what C. that D. which
15.I want to use the same dictionary ______was used yesterday.
A. which B. who C. what D. as
16.He isn't such a man ______he used to be.
A. who B. whom C. that D. as
17.He is good at English, ______we all know.
A. that B. as C. whom D. what
18.Li Ming, ______to the concert enjoyed it very much.
A. I went with B. with whom I went C. with who I went D.I went with him
19.I don't like ______ as you read.
A. the novels B. the such novels C. such novels D. same novels
20.He talked a lot about things and persons ________they remembered in the school.
A. which B. that C. whom D. what
21.The letter is from my sister, ______is working in Beijing.
A. which B. that C. whom D. who
22.In our factory there are 2,000 workers, two thirds of ____are women.
A. them B. which C. whom D. who
23.You're the only person ______I've ever met ______could do it.
A. who;/ B./; whom C. whom;/ D./; who
24.I lost a book, ______I can't remember now.
A. whose title B. its title C. the title of it D. the title of that
25.Last summer we visited the West Lake, ______Hangzhou is famous in the world.
A. for which B. for that C. in which D. what
26.I have bought such a watch _______ was advertised on TV.
A. that B. which C. as D. it
27.I can never forget the day _______ we worked together and the day ______ we spent together.
A. when; which B. which; when C. what; that D. on which; when
28.The way ______he looks at problems is wrong.
A. which B. whose C. what D./
29.This is the reason ______he didn't come to the meeting.
A. in which B. with which C. that D. for which
30.This machine, ______for many years, is still working perfectly.
A. after which I have looked B. which I have looked after
C. that I have looked after D. I have looked after
31.The reason ______he didn't come was ______he was ill.
A. why; that B.that;why C. for that;that D.for which;what
32.He is working hard, ______will make him pass the final exam.
A.that B.which C.for which D.who
33.That is not the way ______I do it.
A./ B.which C.for which D.with which
34.I have two grammars, ______are of great use.
A. all of which B. either of which C. both of that D. both of which
35.I want to use the same tools _______used in your factory a few days ago.
A. as was B. which was C. as were D. which
36.My neigh bours used to give me a hand in time of trouble, _______ was very kind of them.
A. who B. which C. that D. it
37.This is the magazine _______ I copied the paragraph.
A. that B. which C. from that D. from which
38.He is not such a man _______ would leave his work half done.
A. that B. which C. who D. as
39. You can depend on whatever promise _______ he makes.
A. / B. why C. when D. whose
40. Smoking, _______ is a bad habit, is, however, popular.
A. that B. which C. it D. though
41. --- Did you ask the guard _______ happened?
--- Yes, he told me all _______ he knew.
A. what; that B. what; what C. which; which D. that; that
42. I shall never forget those years _______ I lived on the farm with
the farmers, _______ has a great effect on my life.
A. when; who B. that; which C. which; that D. when; which
43. The number of the people who _______ cars _______ increasing.
A. owns; are B. owns; is C. own; is D. own; are
44. During the days ________, he worked as a servant at the Browns.
A. followed B. following C. to follow D. that followed
45. Is oxygen the only gas _______ helps fire burn?
A. that B. / C. which D. it
46. The clever boy made a hole in the wall, _______ he could see _____ was going on inside house.
A. which; what B. through which; what C. through that; what D. what; that
47. Is _______ some German friends visited last week?
A. this school B. this the school C. this school one D. this school where
48. John got beaten in the game, _______ had been expected.
A. as B. that C. what D. who
49. I have bought two ballpens, _______ writes well.
A. none of them B. neither of them C. neither of which D. none of which
50. All that can be eaten _______ eaten up.
A. are being B. has been C. had been D. have been
参考答案及解析
1. A. which用作关系代词，在定语从句中作主语。
2．C. "和谁讲话”要说speak to sb. 本题全句应为Do you know the man whom I spoke to.。whom是关系代词，作介词to的宾语，可以省略。
3. D. where是关系副词，表示地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。
4. C. when是关系副词，表示时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。
5．A. which是关系代词，在从句中作forget的宾语。其他几个答案都不能作宾语。
6．C. 解析同第5题。
7. A. 解析见第3题。
8. A. 本句话的先行词应该是films,因此，关系代词that是负数概念，其谓语动词应用复述的被动语态have been shown。如果句中的one前面使用了定冠词the，则the one应该视为先行词。
9. A. “谈到某事物”应说talk about sth.。about是介词，其后要用which作宾语，不能用that。
10. A. with which是"介词+关系代词"结构,常用来引导定语从句.with有"用"的意思,介词之后只能用which,不能用that. with which在定语从句中作状语,即he is writing with a pen.
11. C. in front of which 即in front of a farmhouse. In front of which在从句中作状语.
12. D. with whom引导定语从句.with whom放在从句中即为:my father works with the engineer.
13. D. whose引导定语从句,在从句中作主语family的定语.
14. A. that引导定语从句,因为先行词是all,所以只能选用that引导.
15. D. the same……..as是固定用法, as引导定语从句时,可以作主语,宾语或表语.在本句话中,as作从句的主语.
16. D. such……… as是固定用法,as引导定语从句时,可以作主语,宾语或表语.在本题中,as作表语.
17. B. as作关系代词可以单独用来引导非限制性定语从句。这时as所指代的不是主句中某个名词，而往往指代整个主句的含义。as在从句中可以作主语、宾语。从句可放在主句后，也可置于主句前。在本句中,as作宾语.
18. B. Li Ming enjoyed it very much是主句,with whom I went to the concert是定语从句.with whom放在从句中为:I went to the concert with Li Ming.
19. C. as引导定语从句时通常构成such…as或the same…as固定搭配，其中such和same修饰其后的名词，as为关系代词，指代其前的名词引导定语从句。 as在从句中可以作主语、表语或宾语。Such修饰单数名词时,要用such a……..,本题中such books, such直接修饰复数名词.
20. B. things和persons是先行词.当定语从句要修饰的先行词是既表示人,又表示物的名词时,其关系代词要用that.
21. D. who引导非限制性定语从句,who作从句的主语.
22. C. two thirds of whom 即:two thirds of the 2,000 workers.
23. D. 先行词person后有两个定语从句,第一个从句省略了关系代词whom.因为, whom作从句中met的宾语,可以省略.第二个从句who could do it.who在从句中作主语,不可省略.
24. A. whose title引导非限制性定语从句,whose title也可以说成the title of which
25. A. for which 引导定语从句,使用介词for,是来自于从句中的固定短语 be famous for "以……..而闻名".
26. C. 当先行词被such修饰时,引导定语从句的关系代词要用as. As在本从句中作主语.
27. A. 两个先行词the day都是表示时间的名词,但第一个空白处要填的关系词在从句中作状语,因此要用关系副词when. 第二个空白处要填的关系词在从句中作动词spent的宾语,因此要用关系代词which或that来引导定语从句.
28. D. 在way、distance、direction等词后的定语从句中，常用that来代替“in (或其他介词)+which”、when或where，而that常可省略。
29. D. for which在定语从句中作原因状语,可用why 来替代.
30. B. which I have looked after 构成一个非限制性定语从句.
31. A. The reason why… was that….已成为一种固定句型，这一句中的why和that不能随意换位，也不能将that改成because，尽管that这个词在译文中可能有 “因为”的含义。
32. B. 非限制性定语从句常用which引导,which表示前句话的整个含义.
33. A. 解释见28题.
34. D. 主句中的two表明不能选A.从句中的are表明不能选B. both of which用来引导非限制性定语从句.
35. C. as引导定语从句时通常构成such…as或the same…as固定搭配，其中such和same修饰其后的名词，as为关系代词，指代其前的名词引导定语从句。as在从句中可以作主语、表语或宾语。本题中as作从句的主语.
36. B. 非限制性定语从句常用which引导,which表示前句话的整个含义.
37. D.
38. D. 解析见35题.
39. A. he makes是定语从句, 从句前省略了关系代词that.
40. B. which is a bad habit 非限制性定语从句.
41. A. what happened是宾语从句. all 之后that he knew是定语从句.先行词是all,所以关系代词只能用that.
42. D. years是表示时间的名词,用when引导定语从句,是因为when在从句中作时间状语.第二个空选用which,引导一个非限制性定语从句.
43. C. 本句话的定语从句是who own cars. 其先行词是people,因此,定语从句的谓语动词要用复数的own。本句话主句的主语是The number of指“…..的数目”，是单数概念。因此，主句的谓语动词要用is。
44. D. that followed是定语从句，关系代词that在从句中作主语。
45. A. 先行词gas被only修饰，关系代词要用that，而不用which。
46. B. through which引导定语从句，through which即through the hole,在定语从句中作状语。What引导的是see的宾语从句，并作从句的主语。
47. B. 为便于理解，改写本句话：This is the school that some Germanfriends visited last week. 不难看出，作表语的the school是先行词。that引导了定语从句，因为that同时又作visited的宾语，所以被省略了。其它选项结构不对。
48. A. 解释见35题。
49. C. 因为是two ballpens, 并且定语从句的谓语writes是单数概念。因此，C是正确选项。
50. B. 本句话中，主句的主语是all,为抽象概念。因此，其谓语应用单数的has been。关系代词that引导定语从句，并在从句中作主语。
这是我以前在网络搜集的
❽ 有关英语的语法知识
虚拟语气(Subjunctive Mood)这一语法项目是各类英语考试中心测试的重点之一。虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式，用来表示说话人所说的话并不是事实，而是一种假设、愿望、怀疑或推测。
Ⅰ用以表示虚拟条件的虚拟语气
⒈ 用if条件从句表示的虚拟条件，是虚拟条件最普通的方式。
① 虚拟现在时表示与现在事实相反的假设，其if 从句的谓语形式用动词的过去式(be 一般用were)，主句用would/ should/ could/ might +动词原形，例如：If I were in your position I would marry her.
② 虚拟过去时是表示与过去事实相反的假设，if 从句的谓语形式用过去完成时即had＋过去分词，主句用would / should / could / might + have +过去分词，例如：If it had not rained so hard yesterday we could have played tennis.
③ 大多数的虚拟条件句属于上面三种情况的一种，但并不排除存在条件和后果中，一个和现在情况相反，另一个和过去情况相反，例如：If you had followed what the doctor said, you would not have been so painful now.这个句子在高中出现频率颇高。
④ 但是，如果后果用了虚拟语气，而条件却用陈述语气，这种用法是错的。
⒉ 除了表示虚假条件外，if从句还可以表示对将来的推测，由于是将来还没有发生的，所以谈不上是真实的还是虚假的，只能说这个事情发生的可能性有多大。一般情况下，可以用陈述语气的if从句来表示对一个未来事实的推测，这个事实是完全可能发生的。If从句的谓语形式用一般过去式或用were to / should +动词原形，主句用would / should /could/ might +动词原形，例如：Jean doesn't want to work right away because she thinks that if she were to get a job she probably wouldn't be able to see her friends very often.（1996年1月四级第44题）
⒊ 有时可以把含有助动词、情态动词、be或have的虚拟条件句中的连词if 省去，而将had , should, were 等词提到主语之前，即用倒装结构,这时候，如果出现not等否定词，否定词需放在主语后面。这种结构在口语中很少使用，但频频出现在各类考试中出现，例如：If it had not rained so hard yesterday we could have played tennis.→Had it not rained so hard yesterday, we could have played tennis.
⒋ 大多数的虚拟条件通过上面所讲的两种方法表达，但在个别句子中也可以通过介词without和介词短语but for表达，副词otherwise等表达出来。例如：We didn't know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him.（1995年6月四级第46题）值得注意的是，包含but for的句子，谓语动词必定要用虚拟形式，但包含without等短语的句子，谓语动词未必一定要用虚拟语气。
⒌ 有时虚拟条件不是明确地表达出来，而在蕴含在用but引导的从句里，于是便出现了有谓语动词是虚拟语气的主句加上谓语动词是陈述语气的but从句构成的并列复合句，例如I would have hung you but the telephone was out of order.在这样的句子里，如果主句没有用虚拟语气，或者从句用了虚拟语气，都是错的。
Ⅱ用在宾语从句中的虚拟语气
⒈ 在表示愿望的动词wish后的宾语从句中，需用虚拟语气。（wish后的that 常省略），根据主句时态，从句谓语时态相应退后一位，例如：How she wished his family could go with him.
⒉ 在具有愿望、请求、建议、命令等主观意愿的动词(desire, demand, advice, insist, require, suggest, propose, order, recommend, decide …) 后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用(should) +动词原形。值得注意的是，如果宾语从句的动词是否定的，否定词not的位置应在动词之前，而不是动词之后。例如：The head nurse insisted that the patient not be move.另外，如suggest表达“暗示”，insist表示“坚持某种说法”时，后面的从句不用虚拟语气，例如：Her pale face suggests that she is ill.或He insisted that he did not kill the boy.
除此之外，上述动词也要求用虚拟式
① 在It is+上述动词的过去分词，其后所跟的主语从句中，如It is suggested that pupils wear school uniforms.
② 在上述动词相应的名词形式作主语+连系动词，其后的表语从句中，例如His suggestion was that classed be re-scheled.
③ 在对上述动词相应的名词进行解释的同位语从句中，如：The workers raised the demand that their pay be increased to cope with the inflation.
⒊ would （had）rather , would sooner也用来表达主观愿望，它们之后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用过去式表示现在或将来，用过去完成式表示与过去事实相反，例如：I would rather he went right now.
Ⅲ其他形式的虚拟语气
⒈ it is +necessary等形容词后，that主语从句中虚拟形式使用，这类形容词包括necessary, important, essential, imperative, urgent, preferable, vital, advisable等，例如It is necessary that you listen to the teacher carefully.或者It is essential that you be able to pronounce every single word correctly.
⒉ 在It's (high/about) time 之后的定语从句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用过去式，例如It is high time that you went to school
⒊ 虚拟语气在as if / as though 引导的方式状语从句中的应用（谓语动词形式与wish后的宾语从句基本相同）表示与现在事实相反或对现在情况有怀疑，谓语动词用过去式。例如：He felt as if he alone were responsible for what had happened. 表示过去想象中的动作或情况，谓语动词用过去完成式。
⒋ 在lest 引导的状语从句中，谓语动词多用虚拟语气，(should )+ 动词原形。例如： The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.（1998年1月四级第38题）
⒌ 在if only 引起的感叹句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用过去式或过去完成式。例如： Look at the terrible situation I am in! if only I had followed your advice.
❾ 英语基础知识
基础很差该怎样学英语呢？相信这是许多同学都有的问题，由于刚学英文的时候没有打好基础，他们普遍英语基础比较差。词汇量比较少，听力和阅读以及口语水平都比较低，他们应该怎样学习英语呢。分享一些经验给基础差的同学吧！
方法/步骤
第一：明确自己确实有必要学习英语，并且有足够的时间。
学习英语毕竟不是轻松的事情，需要耗费大量的精力和时间。我们说英语首先一门知识，知识的掌握离不开记忆，同时英语又是一种技能，听说读写的能力就是一种技能，而技能的掌握需要重复训练才能掌握。英语具有的知识和技能特性决定了学习英语不需要很高深的智力，学习英语不是创造发明，不需要刻苦钻研，所以只要有记忆力的人理论上都可以学会英语。同时，由于大量的记忆和重复训练需要时间和精力，那么这决定了学习英语的时间将比较漫长。
第二：树立必然可以掌握英语的信心。
了明确的学习需要，自己真的非常渴望学习英语。并且自己将会有足够的时间，那么就不要犹豫，抓紧开始学习。计划开始学习之后，要破除自己的不自信心心态。基础较差的人，一般在学校的时候就对英语有恐惧症，所以对自己的信心往往不足。总是怀疑自己是不是有能力学好英语呢？这种怀疑的心头导致经不起挫折，一旦发现达不到学习目标，或者效果不显着，往往就会放弃了。树立掌握英语的自信，是基础差的人第二要做的事情。那么信心从何处来呢？一个是已经掌握了英语的人的激励，可以多了解成功掌握英语的故事，很多人文盲也可以很好的学会了英语，并且能够流畅的跟外国人交流，只不过他们也可以说是英语文盲，只能听说，不能阅读和书写。但是比较起他们来，你是不是应该有了必然可以掌握英语的自信呢？信心的另一个来源就是不断的进步，要保证自己的学习能够让你不断感受到进步。
第三：寻找合适的方法和途径学习英语。
有了需求和时间，并且相信自己一定可以掌握英语，什么样的挫折也难不到。然后就是要寻找一个合适的方法和途径，以及资料来开始学习。对于自学英语的人，特别是基础差的人，对怎么样学英语不是很清楚。学习英语有哪些资料也不是很清楚，所以他们的学习非常盲目。今天听说某某方法不错，或者什么资料很热门，然后就选择什么，坚持不了两天，没有效果，那么就放弃了。过几天头脑发热了，又会寻找别的方法或资料。三天打鱼，两天晒网，这就是多数人学英语的写照。
第四：搞清楚学习英语的内容
经常我们会在学习过程中迷失自己，在学习了一段时间后，发现自己不禁搞不清楚该怎样学英语了，更重要的是搞不清楚应该学什么内容。没有明确的目标，我们不可能达到目标，对自己要学习的内容搞不清楚，那么永远也不会有任何的结果。
仔细想想，学习英语的内容是什么。学生每天跟着老师上课，一节课一节课学习，最后整个课本学完了，发现自己只记住了零星的单词和句子。自学者找一本教材，学啊学，学了很多课后，发现会出现同样的结果。英语是什么，学英语到底要学什么，很多人并没有搞清楚。
所谓一叶障目，不见泰山。多数人陷入局部英语之中，迷失在其中，看不到英语的整体结构，所以前不见方向，后没有退路，只是机械的跟着课程走，这样学习效果自然不可能好。
学习英语要学习哪些内容呢？从语言要素上来说，包括单词，语法，句子，文章。从语言的效用上来说，还要包括文化。表现在语言能力上来说，包括听、说、读、写、译五种能力。听起来似乎非常简单，似乎谁都知道这一点，事实上，可能很多人并没有很深入的理解这里边包含的真正内容。
❿ 关于英语的小知识(200字左右)急用！！！！！！！！！！！！
英语（English）世界通用语言，是联合国的工作语言之一，也是事实上的国际交流语言。英语属于印欧语系中日耳曼语族下的西日耳曼语支，由古代从欧洲大陆移民大不列颠岛的盎格鲁、撒克逊和朱特部落的日耳曼人所说的语言演变而来，并通过英国的殖民活动传播到世界各地。由于在历史上曾和多种民族语言接触，它的词汇从一元变为多元，语法从“多曲折”变为“少曲折”，语音也发生了规律性的变化。根据以英语作为母语的人数计算，英语是世界上最广泛的第二语言，但它可能是世界上第二大或第四大语言（1999年统计为380,000,000人使用英语）。世界上60%以上的信件是用英语书写的，50%以上的报纸杂志是英语的。上两个世纪英国和美国在文化、经济、军事、政治和科学上的领先地位使得英语成为一种国际语言。英语也是与计算机联系最密切的语言，大多数编程语言都与英语有联系，而且随着互联网的使用，使英文的使用更普及。与英语最接近的无疑是弗里西语，这种语言现在仍然在荷兰北部弗里斯兰省中使用，大约有50万个使用者。一些人认为低地苏格兰语是与英语接近的一个独立语言，而一些人则认为它是英语的一个方言。苏格兰语、荷兰东部和德国北部的低地撒克逊语与英语也很接近。其他相关的语言包括荷兰语、南非荷兰语和德语。诺曼人于11世纪征服英格兰，带来大量法语词汇，很大程度地丰富了英语词汇。