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英语超音段知识

发布时间: 2022-07-18 18:21:19

① 英语单词的重音是靠什么体现的呢

重音其实分为词重音和句重音。前者重音在一个单词内音节上,后者指句子中某些单词重(zhòng)读。后者一般是为强调语意突出某些关键词语的口语表达方法,应该问的是词重音吧,这里就不管句重音了。英文中,单词的重音不像芬兰语或者冰岛语有比较确定的规则(第一个音节重读等等),所以重音是单词发音的一部分,需要一起记忆。英文中重音一般由声调高低(pitch accent)、发音响度(dynamic accent)、音节长度(quantitative accent)和发音方式(qualitative accent)体现。先不管最后一个特征,英语中重音的特点一般是:基频高于轻音;基频有上升下降(相对的,轻音的基频更平直);响度较大;音节长度更长。响度和音节长度很容易理解。

② 超音段特征对英语语言学习的价值

超音段特征包括重音,停顿,音高,韵律等。对表达情感,诗歌写作,散文写作,演讲都有用。不是吗?

③ 英语语言学中pitch,intonation,tone有什么区别和联系

那我就来抛砖引玉一下咯,
超音段特征(supersegmentalfeatures)分重音(stress)、音调(tone)和语调(intonation)。
其中音调(tone)是音高(pitch)的变化,可以区分意义。汉语是典型的音调语言。
其中语调(intonation)是音高(pitch)、重音(stress)在句子层面的集中组合。比如英语中的陈述语句多有降调,一般疑问句用升调。
呵呵、这样明白了吗?

④ 英语语言学问题:什么叫"超切分特征"

suprasegmental feature中国知网里有讲解
就是超音段特征 Distingctive features that occur in units larger than sound segments, such as the syllables, words, phrases and sentences, are called suprasegmental features.

又称节律特征、超音段特征、超音质特征、超切分特征。指在连续的语流中超越不止一个音段......语的重音。利用韵律特征构成的音位是非音质音位。也有的学者把大于一个音段的语音结构所表现出来的所有语音特征,如腭化、鼻化都看作韵律特征

⑤ 英语音标

48个音标代表字母如下:

1、[i:] 发这个音的字母及组合e ea ee ie ei i ey 2、[i] 发这个音的字母及组合a i e y ey ay u ui

3、[ә:] 发这个音的字母及组合er ir ur ear or our 4、[ә] 发这个音的字母及组合ure er ar or ou re a e i o u

5、[ɔ:] 发这个音的字母及组合a aw al or oor ore 6、[ɔ] 发这个音的字母及组合o a au ou ow

7、[u:] 发这个音的字母及组合o oo ui u oe ou ew 8、[u] 发这个音的字母及组合o oo u oul

9、[a:] 发这个音的字母及组合a ar au ear al 10、[Λ] 发这个音的字母及组合o u oo ou

11、[æ] 发这个音的字母及组合a ai 12、[e] 发这个音的字母及组合e ea a ai ue ie

13、[ei] 发这个音的字母及组a ai ay ey ea ei eigh 14、[ai] 发这个音的字母及组i y ie uy ei igh eye

15、[ɔi] 发这个音的字母及组合oi oy 16、[au] 发这个音的字母及组合ou ow

17、[әu] 发这个音的字母及组合o oa ow ou 18、[iә] 发这个音的字母及组合e ear eer ea ier eo

19、[eә] 发这个音的字母及组合air ear ere are eir 20、[uә] 发这个音的字母及组合oor our ure u

21、[p] 发这个音的字母及组合p pp pe 22、[b] 发这个音的字母及组合b bb be

23、[d] 发这个音的字母和字母组合d ed dd de 24、[g] 发这个音的字母及组合g gg gh gu gue

25、[3] 发这个音的字母及组合s ge gi si z 26、[θ] 发这个音的字母及组合th

27、[tr] 发这个音的字母及组合tr 28、[w] 发这个音的字母及组合 w wh

29、[j] 发这个音的字母及组合y e 30、[η] 发这个音的字母和字母组合n ng

31、[n] 发这个音的字母及组合n kn gn nn ne 32、[m] 发这个音的字母及组合m mb mm mn me

33、[l] 发这个音的字母和字母组合l ll 34、[r] 发这个音的字母及组合r rr wr rh

35、[h] 发这个音的字母及组合h wh 36、[dr] 发这个音的字母及组合dr

37、[tr] 发这个音的字母及组合tr 38、[dz] 发这个音的字母及组合ds des

39、[ts] 发这个音的字母及组合ts tes 40、[ð]发这个音的字母和字母组合th

41、[v] 发这个音的字母及组合v ve 42、[f] 发这个音的字母及组合f ff ph gh fe

43、[d3] 发这个音的字母及组合g j ge dge 44、[3] 发这个音的字母及组合s ge gi si z

45、[∫] 发这个音的字母及组合s sh ch ci si ti 46、[z] 发这个音的字母及组合z s se ze es

47、[g] 发这个音的字母及组合g gg gh gu gue 48、[s] 发这个音的字母及组合s c ss ce sc se


(5)英语超音段知识扩展阅读

①英语音标是针对英语语言的语法进行的研究,指英语中语言的结构规律。包括词法和句法。英语的语法既可以是规范性的,也可以是描述性的。

②音标就是记录音素的符号,是音素的标写符号,它的制定原则是:一个音素只用一个音标表示,一个音标只表示一个音素。如汉语拼音字母、英语的韦氏音标和国际音标。狭义上的“音标”意思就是指英语音标。

③英语(English )属于印欧语系中下的西日耳曼语支,由古代从欧洲大陆移民大不列颠岛的盎格鲁、撒克逊和朱特部落的日耳曼人所说的语言演变而来,并通过英国的殖民活动传播到世界各地。

⑥ 英语语言学指的是什么

语言学是对语言的系统研究,对于一个学习英语的人来说,应该懂一点语言学的知识,它可以在理论上对学习语言有指导作用,有助于更好的学习语言,下面介绍一点语言学知识。

I. Introction

1. What is Language

Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.

2. What is Linguistics(语言学)

Linguistics is the scientific study of language.

3.Some Basic Distinctions(区分) in Linguistics

3.1 Speech and Writing

One general principle(原则) of linguistic analysis is the primacy of speech over writing. Writing gives language new scope(范畴) and uses that speech does not have.

3.2 Descriptive(描述性) or Prescriptive(说明性)

A linguistic study is descriptive if it describes and analyses facts observed; it is prescriptive if it tries to lay down rules for "correct" behavior.

3.3 Synchronic(共时) and Diachronic(历时) Studies

The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study and The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.

3.4 Langue(语言) and Parole(言语)

This is a distinction made by the Swiss linguist F.De Saussure (索绪尔)early last century. langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community and parole refers to the actualized(实际的) language, or realization of langue.

3.5 Competence(能力)and Performance(行为)

Competence is the ideal language user's knowledge of the rules of his language. Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in utterances(发声).

4.The Scope of Linguistics

General linguistics is the study of language as a whole.

Phonetics(语音学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription.

Phonology(音韵学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of languages.

Morphology(词法) is the branch of linguistics which studies the form of words.

Syntax(句法) is the branch of linguistics which studies the rules governing the combination of words into sentences.

Semantics(语义学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the meaning of language.

Applied linguistics(应用语言学) is the study of the teaching of foreign and second languages.

Sociolinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and society.

Psycholinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and the mind.

Historical Linguistics(历史语言学) is the study of language changes.

Anthropological linguistics(人文语言学) uses the theories and methods of anthropology to study language variation and language use in relation to the cultural patterns and beliefs of man.

Neurolinguistics(神经语言学) studies the neurological basis of language development and use in human beings.

Mathematical linguistics(数学语言学) studies the mathematical features of language, often employing models and concepts of mathematics.

Computational linguistics(计算语言学) is an approach to linguistics in which mathematical techniques and concepts(概念) are applied, often with the aid of a computer.

II. Phonetics(语音学)

1. scope of phonetics

Speech sounds may be studied from different angles, thus we have at least three branches of phonetics:

Articulatory phonetics(发音语音学)we may examine the way in which a speech sound is proced to discover which vocal organs are involved and how they coordinate(协调) in the process.

Auditory phonetics (听觉语音学)we may look into the impression a speaker makes on the hearer as mediated(调节) by the ear, the auditory nerve(神经) and the brain.

Acoustic phonetics (声学语音学) we study the physical properties of speech sounds, as transmitted(传送) between mouth and ear.

2. The vocal organs

The vocal organs may be viewed as consisting of three parts, the initiator of the air-stream,(气流发生器官) the procer of voice(声音发生器官) and the resonating cavities.(声音共振器官)

3. Consonants(辅音)

Places of articulation(发音部位): bilabial,(双唇) Labiodentals,(唇齿) dental,(齿) alveolar,(齿龈) retroflex,(卷舌) palate-alveolar,(上齿龈) palatal,(上颚) velar,(软腭) uvular,(小舌) glottal(声门)

Manners of articulation: plosive,(暴破) nasal,(鼻音) trill,(颤音) lateral,(边音) fricative,(摩擦) approximant,(近似音) affricate(破擦)

4. Vowels (元音)

The classification of vowels: the height of tongue raising (high, mid, low), the position of the highest part of the tongue(front, central, back), and the degree of lip rounding(rounded, unrounded)

III. Phonology(音韵学)

1. phonemes(音素):a distinctive(有区别的) sound in a language.

2. Allophones(音位变体):The nondistinctive sounds are members of the same phoneme.

3. Minimal pairs(最小对立体): word forms which differ from each other only by one sound.

4. Free variation (自由变异):If two sounds occurring in the same environment(环境), they does not proce a different word form, but merely a different pronunciation of the same word.

5. Complementary distribution(补充分类):Not all the speech sounds occur in the same environment. When two sounds never occur in the same environment

6.Suprasegmental phonology(超音段音位):the study of phonological properties(性质) of units lager than the segment-phoneme. They are syllable(音节), stress,(重音) word stress, sentence stress. pitch (音调)and intonation(语调).

IV. Morphology(词法)

1. inflection(构形法):the grammatical relationships through the addition of inflectional affixes.(屈折词缀)

2. Word-formation(构词):the processes(过程) of word variations signaling lexical relationships.(表明词法关系) They are compound(合成)and derivation (派生).

3. Morpheme(词素): the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content.

4. Allomorph(同质异象变体): some morphemes have considerable variation, for instance, alternate shapes or phonetic forms.

5. Types of morphemes: They are roots,(词根) affix(词缀) and stem(词干).

6. Lexicon(语言词汇):in its most general sense, is synonymous with vocabulary.

7. Closed-class words(封闭性) and open-class words(开放性):the former whose membership is fixed or limited and the latter whose membership is in principle(实际上) indefinite or unlimited.

8. Word class(词性):It displays a wider range of more precisely defined classes.

9. Lexeme(词位):the smallest unit in the meaning system of a language that can be distinguished from other smaller units.

10. Idiom(习语,成语):Most phrasal lexemes are idioms. It is especially true for a sequence of words(词序) which is semantically(语义上) and often syntactically(句法上) restricted.(限制)

11. Collocation(搭配): the habitual(习惯的) co-occurrences (同时出现)of indivial lexical items.

V. Syntax (句法)

1. Positional relation or word order(词序):the sequential(顺序) arrangement of words in a language.

2. Construction or constituent (句子结构): the overall process of internal (内部)organization of a grammatical unit .

3. Syntactic function(句法功能): the relationship between a linguistic form and other parts of the linguistic pattern in which it is used. The names of functions are expressed in terms of subjects, objects, predicates, modifiers,(修饰语) complements(补语), etc.

4. Category(范畴):It refers to classes and functions in its narrow sense, e.g. noun, verb, subject, predicate, noun phrase, verb phrase, etc. The categories of the noun include number, gender, case and countability.

5. Phrase: a single element of structure containing more than one word, and lacking the subject-predicate structure typical of clause.

6. Clause: a group of words with its own subject and predicate, if it is included in a larger sentence.

7. Sentence: It is the minimum part of language that expresses a complete thought.

VI. Semantics

1. Conceptualism or mentalism (概念主义):Following F. De Saussure(索学尔)'s "sign" theory, the linguistic sign is said to consist of a signifier (所指)and signified(被指), i.e., a sound image and a concept, liked by a psychological(心理的) "associative" bond.(相关联系)

2. Mechanism(机械主义):Some linguists, Bloomfield,(布鲁费尔德) for example, turned to science to counter(反)-act the precious theories and this leads to what call the mechanistic approach(方法). The nature of this theory has nothing to do with the scientific study of mental phenomena.(智力现象)

3. Contextualism (语境主义):It is based on the presumption(假定) that one can derive meaning from or rece it to observable context.

4. Behaviorism (行为主义):Behaviourists attempt to define (定义)the meaning of a language form as "the situation(情景) in which the speaker utters(说话) it and the response(反应) it calls forth in the hearer."

5. functionalism (功能主义):Functionalists as represented (代表)by the Prague school(布拉格学派) linguists and neo-Firthian (新弗斯)linguists, approach the problem from an entirely new orientation(方法). They argue(争辩) that meaning could only be interpreted(解释) from its use or function in social life.

6. Sense relationships: While reference deals with the relationship between the linguistic elements, words, sentences, etc.,and the non-linguistic world of experience, sense relates to the complex system of relationships that hold between the linguistic elements themselves. They include synonymy(同义词),antonymy(反义词),hyponymy(下层次)Polysemy(一词多义)and Homonymy (同音异义词)

7. Semantic analysis: It includes 1) componential(成分) analysis which defines the meaning of a lexical element in terms of semantic components.(意义成分)2) predication (表述)analysis in which the meaning of a sentence is not merely the sum of the meanings of the words which compose it. 3) relational components in which the semantic analysis of some words presents a complicated picture, because they show relations between two and perhaps more terms.

VII. Language Variation (语言变化)

1. Lexical change(词汇的变化):changes in lexis.

2. Invention: (新造词)new entities.

3. Compounding:(合成词)New words are sometimes constructed by combining two old words.

4. Blending: (混合词):It is a relatively complex form of compounding, in which two roots are blended by joining the initial part of the first root and the final part of the second root, or by joining the initial parts of the two roots.

5. Abbreviation or clipping:(缩写)A new word is created by cutting the final part or cutting the initial part.

6. acronym:(取首字母的缩写词)It is made up from the first letters of the name of an organization, which has a heavily modified (修饰) headword.

7. Metanalysis:(再分化)It refers to a process through which a division is made where there were note before.

8. Back-formation:(逆构词) It refers to an abnormal(非正常) type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting(去掉) an imagined affix from a longer form already present in the language.

9. Analogical creation:(类比造词)It can account for(说明) the co-existence of two forms, regular and irregular, in the conjugation(结合) of some English verbs.

10. Borrowing(借用):English in its development has managed to widen her vocabulary by borrowing words from other languages.

11. Phonological change(音变):It is related to language variation in the phonological system of language. It includes loss,(省音) addition,(加音) assimilation,( 同化)dissimilation.(异化)

12. Grammatical change: Changes in both morphology(词法) and syntax(句法) are listed under this heading.

13. Semantic change:(语义变化)It includes broadening,(语义扩大) narrowing,(语义缩小) meaning shift,(意义转化) class shift(词性转换) and folk etymology.(词源变化)

14. Orthographic change :(正字法)Changes can also be found at the graphetic level.

⑦ 举例说明音位和音素的区别

1 音素是构成音节的最小单位或最小语音片段。它是从音色的角度划分出来的。比如说ba,就可以划分出“b”和“a”,gan就可以划分出“k、a、n”三个音素。



2 音位是一个语音系统中能够区别意义的最小语音单位。有从元音中归纳出来的元音音位,从辅音中归纳出的辅音音位,还有声调也可以起区别意义的作用,也是音位,但因为声调的主要是音高构成的,不是音质,所以声调音位又做作“非音质音位”或“超音段音位”。一个音位,比如/a/,可以包含不同的变体,如[A],[α],[ε],[a]。



3 音素就是音节里我们能感觉到的东西,就是一个个的字母,当让ng只代表一个音素,这是仅从语音上讲的。而音位是从语音和意义两方面说的,我们能从语音上感觉到的最小单位是音素,如果这个音素还能区分意义,就是音位了。

比如说,“闻”的声母我们有读[w]的,有读[v]的,但是[w]和[v]不区分意义,我们听到新[wen]和听到新[ven]都会理解成新闻,不会有别的意思。而[b]和[p]就不同,我们说八,趴,就是有意义上的区别的。

(7)英语超音段知识扩展阅读:


音素(phone),是语音中的最小的单位,依据音节里的发音动作来分析,一个动作构成一个音素。音素分为元音、辅音两大类。

如汉语音节 ā(啊)只有一个音素,ài(爱)有两个音素,dāi(呆)有三个音素等。

用国际音标标注语音的方法称作标音法,有宽式和严式两种。宽式标音法以能辨义的音位标音,严式标音法则以严格的音素区别来标音,尽量表现各音素间的区别,宽式标音法采用的符号有限,而严式标音法所采用的符号极多,但两者各有用途。

音素是构成音节的最小单位或最小的语音片段,是从音质的角度划分出来的最小的线性的语音单位。音素是具体存在的物理现象。国际音标(由国际语音学会制定,用来统一标示各国语音的字母。也称为“国际语音学字母”“万国语音学字母”)的音标符号与全人类语言的音素一一对应。

音素是根据语音的自然属性划分出来的最小语音单位。从声学性质来看,音素是从音质角度划分出来的最小语音单位。从生理性质来看,一个发音动作形成一个音素。如〔ma〕包含〔m〕〔a〕两个发音动作,是两个音素。

相同发音动作发出的音就是同一音素,不同发音动作发出的音就是不同音素。如〔ma-mi〕中,两个〔m〕发音动作相同,是相同音素,〔a〕〔i〕发音动作不同,是不同音素。对音素的分析,一般是根据发音动作来描写的。如〔m〕的发音动作是:上唇和下唇闭拢,声带振动,气流从鼻腔流出发音。用语音学术语来说,就是双唇鼻音。

音素一般用国际音标(IPA)标记。国际音标是国际上通行的一种记音符号,由国际语音协会于1888年制定并公布,后经多次修改。用国际音标记音,用于表示发音上的音素细节时,采用[],用于标记音位则采用//。音素一般分为元音和辅音两大类。

首先,学习辅音音素的读音规则,因为辅音音素的读音规则比较简单,学容易记住,这样做还能保持学习兴趣,可以记住一些较简单的读音规则,如:sh读/ʃ/,tch和ch读/tʃ/,dr读/dr/等。

其次,教五个元音字母的读音规则。 如:

在相对开音节词中一般读字元音/eɪ/:gate、kate、date、face

在闭音节词中一般读/æ/:bad、map、cat、bag

在相对开音节词中读/aɪ/:kite、bike、fine、mine

在闭音节词中一般的读音/i/:big、pig、fit、did

在相对开音节词中读/u/:home、nose

在闭音节词中一般读 /ɔ/:not、pot、doctor、mom

在相对开音节词中般读/iː/:he、me、we、she

在闭音节词中一般读/e/:pen、bet、fed、bed、set

可以读字元音/juː/:you

可以读字元音/uː/:blue、ruler

可以读字元音/ʊ/:put

可以读字元音/ʌ/:but、cut、truck

掌握五个元音字母的基本读音规划,同时,还要学会变通,有时读音只是相对,不是绝对的,有时会有一些变化。

一个语言系统中能够区分词义的最小的语音单位,也就是按语音的辨义作用归纳出来的音类,是从语言的社会属性划分出来的语言单位。

音位(Phoneme)是语言中能表示语义的单位。根据国际语音学协会的定义,音位是“某个语言里不加分别的一族相关的声音”。它是具体语言或方言中能够区别意义的最小的语音单位。近年来出版的北京大学叶蜚声、徐通锵着的《语言学纲要》则指出“音位是具体语言中有区别词的语音形式作用的最小语音单位”。

音位并不是一个实际的音素。一个音位可以有数种不同的发音,但是语言使用者心理上认定这几种发音是等同的,甚至可能不会察觉语音上有所不同。这种音位内的不同发音,称为同位异音或音位变体。音位可被视为一族相关的声音,然而为了便于描述一个音位,通常会取这群声音当中最具代表性的一个来称呼整族声音。

例如,英语中lip和bell的l发音是不同的,前者是齿龈边音[l] ,后者是软颚化齿龈边音 [ɫ] ,然而这只是 l 在出现在不同位置、不同前后境环所发生的语音变化,因此这两个音都视为同一个/l/音位。