1. 牛津英語必修五復習提綱
定義及構成
非謂語動詞主要包括不定式&動名詞&分詞(現在分詞和過去分詞),.即動詞的非謂語形式除了不能獨立作謂語外,可以承擔句子的任何成分
它有三種形式:不定式,分詞(現在分詞、過去分詞),動名詞
1.非謂語動詞與謂語動詞的相同點有:
(1)如果是及物動詞都可與賓語連用,例如:
They built a garden.
They suggested building a garden.
(2)都可以被狀語修飾:
The suit fits him very well.
The suit used to fit him very well.
(3)都有主動與被動, 「體」式(一般式;進行式;完成式)的變化。例如:
He was punished by his parents.(謂語動詞被動語態)
He avoided being punished by his parents.(動名詞的被動式)
We have written the composition.(謂語動詞的完成時)
Having written the composition, we handed it in.(現在分詞的完成式)
(4)都可以有邏輯主語
They started the work at once.(謂語動詞的邏輯主語)
The boss ordered them to start the work.(動詞不定式的邏輯主語)
We are League members.(謂語動詞的主語)
We being League member, the work was well done.
(現在分詞的邏輯主語)
2、非謂語動詞與謂語動詞的不同點有:
(1)非謂語動詞可以有名詞作用(如動詞不定式和動名詞),在句中做主語、賓語、表語。
(2)非謂語動詞可以有形容詞作用(如動詞不定式和分詞),在句中做定語、表語或賓語補足語。
(3)非謂語動詞可以有副詞作用(如動詞不定式和分詞),在句中作狀語。
(4)謂語動詞在句中作謂語,受主語的人稱和數的限制;非謂語動詞在句中不能單獨作謂語,它不受主語的人稱和數的限制。
(5)英語中不能單獨做句子的謂語。
[編輯本段]功能及用法
(一)動詞不定式:(to)+do,具有名詞、形容詞、副詞的特徵.
否定式:not + (to) do
(1)一般式:不定式的一般式所表示的動作與謂語動詞動作同時發生或發生在謂語動詞動作之後.
例如:
I'm glad to meet you.
He seems to know a lot.
We plan to pay a visit.
He wants to be an artist.
The patient asked to be operated on at once.
The teacher ordered the work to be done.
(2)進行式:不定式的進行式所表示的動作與謂語動詞動作同時發生,例如:
The boy pretended to be working hard.
He seems to be reading in his room.
(3)完成式:不定式的完成式表示的動作發生在謂語動詞動作之前,例如:
I regretted to have told a lie.
I happened to have seen the film.
He is pleased to have met his friend.
2.不定式的句法功能:
(1)作主語:
To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.
To lose your heart means failure.
動詞不定式短語作主語時,常用it作形式主語,真正的主語不定式置於句後,例如上面兩句可用如下形式:
It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.
It means failure to lose your heart.
常用句式有:1、It+be+名詞+to do。2、It takes sb.+some time+to do。3、It+be+形容詞+of sb +to do。4、It+be+形容詞+for sb.+to do。常用careless,,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise,等表示贊揚或批評的形容詞,不定式前的sb.可作其邏輯主語。
(2)作表語:
Her job is to clean the hall.
He appears to have caught a cold.
(3)作賓語:
常與不定式做賓語連用的動詞有:want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式(賓語)後面有賓語補足語,則用it作形式賓語,真正的賓語(不定式)後置,放在賓語補足語後面,例如:
Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.
動詞不定式也可充當介詞賓語,如:
I have no choice but to stay here.
He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.
動詞不定式前有時可與疑問詞連用,如:
He gave us some advice on how to learn English.
(4)作賓語補足語:
在復合賓語中,動詞不定式可充當賓語補足語,如下動詞常跟這種復合賓語:want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.
此外,介詞有時也與這種復合賓語連用,如:
With a lot of work to do, he didn't go to the cinema.
有些動詞如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等與不帶有to的不定式連用,但改為被動語態時,不定式要加to, 如:
I saw him cross the road.
He was seen to cross the road.
(5)作定語:
動詞不定式作定語,放在所修飾的名詞或代詞後。與所修飾名詞有如下關系:
①動賓關系:
I have a meeting to attend.
注意:不定式為不及物動詞時,所修飾的名詞如果是地點、工具等,應有必要的介詞,如:
He found a good house to live in.
The child has nothing to worry about.
What did you open it with?
如果不定式修飾time, place, way,可以省略介詞:
He has no place to live.
This is the best way to work out this problem.
如果不定式所修飾名詞是不定式動作承受者,不定式可用主動式也可用被動式:
Have you got anything to send?
Have you got anything to be sent?
②說明所修飾名詞的內容:
We have made a plan to finish the work.
③被修飾名詞是不定式邏輯主語:
He is the first to get here.
(6)作狀語:
①表目的:
He worked day and night to get the money.
She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.
注意不定式放句首時,邏輯主語與句子主語要一致:
wrong:To save money, every means has been tried.
right:To save money, he has tried every means.
wrong:To learn English well, a dictionary is needed.
right:To learn English well, he needs a dictionary.
②表結果(往往是與預期願望相反的結果):
He arrived late only to find the train had gone.
I visited him only to find him out.
③表原因:
They were very sad to hear the news.
④表程度:
It's too dark for us to see anything.
The question is simple for him to answer.
(7)作獨立成分:
To tell you the truth, I don't like the way he talked.
(8)不定式的省略:保留to省略do動詞。
If you don't want to do it, you don't need to.
(9)不定式的並列:第二個不定式可省略to。
He wished to study medicine and become a doctor.
(二)動名詞:
動名詞既具有動詞的一些特徵,又具有名詞的句法功能。
1.動名詞的形式: Ving
否定式:not + 動名詞
(1)一般式:
Seeing is believing. 眼見為實。
(2)被動式:
He came to the party without being invited.他未被邀請就來到了晚會。
(3)完成式:
We remembered having seen the film. 我們記得看過這部電影。
(4)完成被動式:
He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.
他忘記五歲時曾被帶到廣州去過。
(5)否定式:not + 動名詞
I regret not following his advice. 我後悔沒聽他的勸告。
(6)復合結構:物主代詞(或名詞所有格)+ 動名詞
He suggested our trying it once again. 他建議我們再試一次。
His not knowing English troubled him a lot.
他不懂英語給他帶來許多麻煩。
2.動名詞的句法功能:
(1)作主語:
Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗讀是很有好處的。
Collecting stamps is interesting. 集郵很有趣。
當動名詞短語作主語時常用it作形式主語。
It's no use quarrelling.爭吵是沒用的。
(2)作表語:
In the ant city, the queen's job is laying eggs.
在螞蟻王國,蟻後的工作是產卵。
(3)作賓語:
They haven't finished building the dam. 他們還沒有建好大壩。
We have to prevent the air from being polluted.
我們必須阻止空氣被污染。
注意動名詞既可作動詞賓語也可作介詞賓語,如上面兩個例句。此外,動名詞作賓語時,若跟有賓語補足語,則常用形式賓語it,例如:
We found it no good making fun of others. 我們發現取笑他人不好。
要記住如下動詞及短語只跟動名詞作賓語:
enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid(避免), excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit(承認),deny(否認), mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk(冒險), appreciate(感激), be busy, be worth, feel like, can't stand, can't help(情不自禁地), think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent…(from),keep …from, stop…(from),protect…from, set about, be engaged in, spend…(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like
(4)作定語:
He can't walk without a walking-stick. 他沒有拐杖不能走路。
Is there a swimming pool in your school? 你們學校有游泳池嗎?
(5)作同位語:
The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那個山洞,他藏身的地方很秘密。
His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged.
他收聽收音機新聞節目的習慣仍未改變。
(三)現在分詞:
現在分詞既具有動詞的一些特徵,又具有形容詞和副詞的句法功能。
1、現在分詞的形式:
否定式:not + 現在分詞
(1)現在分詞的主動語態:現在分詞主動語態的一般式表示與謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發生,完成
式表示的動作在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前發生,常作狀語。例如:
They went to the park, singing and talking. 他們邊唱邊說向公園走去。
Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作業,他開始打籃球。
(2)現在分詞的被動語態:一般式表示與謂語動詞同時發生的被動的動作,完成式表示發生在謂語動
詞之前的被動的動作。
The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被討論的問題很重要。
Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake.
被告訴了好幾遍,這個淘氣的孩子又犯了同一個錯誤。
2.現在分詞的句法功能:
(1)作定語:現在分詞作定語,當分詞單獨做定語時,放在所修飾的名詞前;如果是分詞短語做定語
放在名詞後。
In the following years he worked even harder.
在後來的幾年中,他學習更努力了。
The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor's father.
正與老師談話的那個人是我們班長的父親。
現在分詞作定語相當於一個定語從句的句法功能,如:in the following years也可用in the years that followed; the man speaking to the teacher可改為the man who is speaking to the teacher.
(2)現在分詞作表語:
The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在這家上演的電影很棒。
The present situation is inspiring. 當前的形勢鼓舞人心。
be + doing既可能表示現在進行時,也可能是現在分詞做表語,它們的區別在於be + doing表示進行的動作是進行時,而表示特徵時是系動詞be與現在分詞構成系表結構。
(3)作賓語補足語:
如下動詞後可跟現在分詞作賓語補足語:
see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。例如:
Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能聽見她在隔壁唱歌嗎?
He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他讓小汽車在門口等著。
(4)現在分詞作狀語:
①作時間狀語:
(While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.
在工廠工作時,他是一名先進工人。
②作原因狀語:
Being a League member, he is always helping others. 由於是共青團員,他經常幫助他人。
③作方式狀語,表示伴隨:
He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家裡,又擦又洗。
④作條件狀語:
(If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.
要是整天玩,你就會浪費寶貴的時間。
⑤作結果狀語:
He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了,結果摔得粉碎。
⑥作目的狀語:
He went swimming the other day. 幾天前他去游泳了。
⑦作讓步狀語:
Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon.
雖然雨下得很大,但不久天就晴了。
⑧與邏輯主語構成獨立主格:
I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my head.
我等汽車時,一隻鳥落到我頭上。
All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly.
所有的票已經賣光了,他們失望地離開了。
Time permitting, we'll do another two exercises.
如果時間允許,我們將做另兩個練習。
有時也可用with (without) +名詞(代詞賓格)+分詞形式
With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他點著燈睡著了。
⑨作獨立成分:
udging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor.
從外表看,他一定是個演員。
Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般說來,女孩子更細心。
(四)過去分詞:
過去分詞只有一種形式:規則動詞由動詞原形加詞尾-ed構成。不規則動詞的過去分詞沒有統一的規則要求,要一一記住。
過去分詞的句法功能:
1.過去分詞作定語:
Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我們班開展了一次有組織的旅行。
Those selected as committee members will attend the meeting. 當選為委員的人將出席這次會。
注意當過去分詞是單詞時,一般用於名詞前,如果是過去分詞短語,就放在名詞的後面。過去分詞做定語相當於一個被動語態的定語從句。
2.過去分詞作表語:
The window is broken. 窗戶破了。
They were frightened at the sad sight. 他們對眼前悲慘的景象感到很害怕。
注意:be + 過去分詞,如果表示狀態是系表結構,如果表示被動的動作是被動語態。區別:
The window is broken.(系表)
The window was broken by the boy.(被動)
有些過去分詞是不及物動詞構成的,不表示被動,只表示完成。如:
boiled water(開水) fallen leaves(落葉)
newly arrived goods(新到的貨) the risen sun(升起的太陽)
the changed world(變了的世界)
這類過去分詞有:gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。
3.過去分詞作賓語補足語:
I heard the song sung several times last week.
上周我聽見這首歌被唱了好幾次。
有時過去分詞做with短語中的賓語補足語:
With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了,他們出去玩去了。
4.過去分詞作狀語:
Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents.
受到鄰居們的表揚,他成為父母的驕傲。(表示原因)
Once seen, it can never be forgotten.
一旦它被看見,人們就忘不了。(表示時間)
Given more time, I'll be able to do it better.
如果給予更多的時間,我能做得更好。(表示條件)
Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.
雖然被告之有危險,他仍然冒生命危險去救那個孩子。(表示讓步)
Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave. 心中充滿了希望與恐懼,他走進山洞。
[編輯本段]典型習題
1.The Olympic Games, ______ in 776 B.C,did』t include women players until 1919.
A.first playing B.to be first played C.first played D.to be first playing
析:根據題干,必須選表示被動的選項,故排除A、D;因B選項表「將要被舉行」意,不合題干之用,只有C選項(相當於which was first played)才合用。
2.European football is played in 80 countries, ______ it the most popular sport in the world.
A.making B.makes C.made D.to make
析:B、C是謂語動詞,在此不可用。D項to make或表目的,或表「將要使得」,這都不合題干情景。只有A.making,可作狀語,表結果。再舉一現在分詞作結果狀語例:
The bus was held up by the snowstorm,causing the delay.公共汽車被大風雪所阻,因而耽誤了。
3.Little Jim should love ______ to the theatre this evening.
A.to be taken B.to take C.being taken D.taking
析:根據this evening,應選表示將來義的選項,C、D應排除。Take後無賓語,必然要用被動式,故答案為A。
4.John was made ______ the truck for a week as a punishment.
A.to wash B.washing C.wash D.to be washing
析:根據be made to do sth.句式,可定答案為A。
5.The patient was warned ______ oily food after the operation.
A.to eat not B.eating not C.not to eat D.not eating
析:根據warn sb.(not)to do sth.句式,可排除B、D兩項;又根據非謂語動詞的否定式not總是在首位的規律,又可排除A,而定C。
6.——I usually go there by train. ——Why not ______ by boat for a change?
A.to try going B.trying to go C.to try and go D.try going
析:此題可根據why not後直接跟原形動詞規律而一舉確定正確答案為D。若將B項改為try to go,則要根據其與try going意義之別來確定答案。依據題干對話內容,乙方是建議甲方嘗試乘船變變花樣,所以答案仍為D。
7.______ a reply,he decided to write again.
A.Not receiving B.Receiving not C.Not having received D.Having not received
析:非謂語動詞的否定式not應置於首位,B、D皆為錯誤形式。A項不能表達先於decided的動作,只有選C項才表沒收到信在先,決定再寫信在後,所以C為正確答案。
8.Charles Babbage is generally considered ______ the first computer.
A.to invent B.inventing C.to have invented D.having mvented
析:consider表「考慮」意時,其後動詞用doing形式,此處不表「考慮」,而表「認為」,這時consider後作賓語補足語或主語補足語多為to do,to have done,to be等形式。據此可排除B、D兩個選項。又因A表「要發明」意,不合題用,只有C表「發明了」意,才合題用,故選C。
9.Most of the artists ______ to the party were from South Africa.
A.invited B.to invite C.being invited D.had been invited
析:「被邀請參加晚會」,應選表被動意的選項,B不可用。D項少引導詞who,也應排除。又因短暫動詞的現在分詞被動式不可作定語,C也應排除,只有A.invited(=who were invited)才是正確答案。
10.The murderer was brought in,with his hands ______ behind his back.
A.being tied B.having tied C.to be tired D.tied
析:B表主動意,應排除。C表「將要被捆綁」,A表「正在被捆綁」都不合題意,只有D項填入空白才能表達「雙手被反綁著」這一意思,符合題干情景。再看一類似例句: He came in,(with)his head held high.他昂首走了進來。
2. 高中英語牛津版的所有語法
中學英語語法精典總結
1.賓語從句:1.主句若是一般現在時,從句根據實際情況用適當時態。He says (that) he will have a walk soon.
The teacher asks who is the cleverest in the school.
I want to know who came here late this morning.
2.主句若是一般過去時,從句也要用過去時。
He wondered if I would come. She told me that her son had got well.
She said that she liked watching TV. We thought Jim was wrong.
3.無論主句是何時態,從句若表客觀真理,要用一般現在時。
Mr. Li said the moon is smaller than the earth.
4賓語從句無論有何引導詞,都要用陳述句語序。
Could you tell me when you will get back to Wuhan?(不是will you)
Do you know which sweater she is wearing? (不是is she)
2.狀語從句:1主句若是一般將來時、祈使句或含不表過去的情態動詞等,則if(如果), unless(除非),when(當…的時候), as soon as(一…就…),before, after, until, till, as(當…的時候)所引導的狀語從句用一般現在時。
You may take a rest when you finish doing your work.
I will call you up if I leave for Shanghai next week.
Wait for your brother at the bus station until he arrives.
2而主句若是一般過去時,從句也要用過去時,如:
I would give the money to the charity if I had a million dollars.
When he got to the park, his classmates had left.
My son ran towards me as soon as he saw me on the street.
3.定語從句:關系代詞who只指人,which只指物。that既可指人又可指物。whose 後必須跟有名詞,既指人,也可指物。關系詞作主語時,不可省略,作賓語時可省略。whom只指人,只作賓語。關系副詞where指「在那裡」,when指「在那時」。
She is a girl who/that is beauty l and kind-hearted.
She is a girl (who/whom/that) I know very well.
That boy whose hair is very long is my brother. (所屬)
The girl who is tall is my sister. / I own a bike whose price is high.
I bought a watch (which/that) I paid 100 yuan for. (指物)
I prefer a place which/that is clean and quiet.
I prefer a place where I can live a quiet life. (在這兒)
I shall never forget the day when a boy helped me find my dog.
4.wish和hope:1wish可接to do sth. /sb to do sth. /that從句.
I wish to spend my summer holiday in Qing.
I wish youto join my party this Sunday.
I wish (that) I could be a scientist.
2hope接to do sth. 或that從句. 但不接sb to do sth.
I hope to receive a letter from you some day.
I hope (that) everything goes well. /I hope you will get well soon.
5.thanks for和thanks to: Thanks for your helping me with the work.
(表達對對方為自己做了某事的感謝,後無補充的結果。)
Thanks to your suggestion, I didn』t make such mistakes.
(表達感謝由於某方所做的有利的事,出現了後面的結果。)
6.感官動詞用法之一:see, hear, listen to, watch, notice, feel等詞,後接賓語,再接動詞原形/ 動詞ing, 分別表示全過程和正在進行。句中有頻率詞時,以上的詞也常跟動詞原形。
I heard someone knocking at the door when I fell asleep. (正進行)
I heard someone knock at the door three times. (聽的是全過程)
I often watch my classmates play volleyball after school. (頻率詞)
若以上詞用於被動語態,後面原有動詞原形改為帶to不定式:
We saw him go into the restaurant with his wife. →
He was seen to go into the restaurant with his wife.
7.感官動詞用法之二:look, sound, smell, taste, feel可當系動詞,後接形容詞。He looks . It sounds good. The flowers smell beauty l. The sweets taste sweet. The silk feels soft. I felt tired.
這些動詞不用於被動語態。The sweets are tasted sweet.是錯誤的。
注意:如果加介詞like, 則後不可接形容詞,而接名詞或代詞:
He looks like his mother. That sounds like a good idea.
It smells like a flower. It tastes like salt.
8.find和think部分用法: + 賓語 + 賓語補足語。(代替賓從)
賓補有以下情況:1.名詞短語,John found his son a clever boy.
2.形容詞短語,Mrs. Smith thinks her husband kind of lazy.
3.有時賓補後可接帶to不定式,I found it hard to fool the girl.
9.would like/want/feel like: 1 would like,和want類似:◇都可接名詞短語:I would like/ want another three desks. ◇都可接帶to 不定式:I would like/ want to go out for a walk. ◇都可接sb,然後再跟帶to 不定式: I would like you to give me a hand.
2 feel like: ◇後也可接名詞短語:Do you feel like some tea?
◇後若接動詞,須用動詞ing形式:Do you feel like having a walk? I don』t feel like drinking tea.
【feel like常用於疑問句或否定句中。】
10.詞序易錯的短語:1 形容詞修飾不定代詞或不定副詞,形容詞在後面。Is there anything delicious in the fridge?
Nothing serious. There is something wrong with the computer.
I want to go somewhere warm.
2 else修飾疑問詞和不定代詞、不定副詞,也放在後面。
What else can you see in the picture? Who else is in the room?
Do you have anything else to say? Where else can you see it?
3 enough修飾形容詞和副詞,enough 放在後面。
This sweater is cheap enough. Nemo is old enough to work.
He ran fast enough to catch up with the dog.
11.對「評價」、「天氣」的提問之區別:1What do you think of …?=
How do you like …? 「你對…怎麼看?」(How…?句中有like,是動詞。) 2What』s the weather like in…? = How is the weather in…?「…的天氣什麼樣?」(What…?句中有like,是介詞「像」。)
12.take, cost, pay, spend區別:
1 It + take + sb + some time + to do sth.
It took us half an hour to cut down the tree.
2 物+cost+sb+錢: The bag cost me thirty yuan. (cost, cost, cost)
若cost後無sb, 則譯作「價錢是」:The bag costs 30 Yuan.
3 人+ pay +sb + 錢+ for sth: I paid the seller 200 Yuan for the bike. (pay, paid, paid). (pay後所加內容可視具體情況取捨。)
4 人 + spend + 時間/ 錢 + on sth / (in) doing sth.
The girl spent two hours (in) searching the Internet.
The girl always spends much money on her clothes.
spend 有時可指「度過」:spend holiday/ weekends/ winter
13.雙賓結構:pass/ give/ teach/ offer/ lend/ send/ sell/ call/ show/buy/
ask/ tell/ build等可加雙賓結構。即後接sb + sth.
其中pass, give, offer, lend, send, sell, show等可接sth + to sb.
buy, build等可接sth + for sb.
另外,若sth是代詞時,不用雙賓結構。Please pass it to me.
14.部分詞作連詞與介詞:(連詞接句子,介詞接名詞或代詞)
Keep care l when you are listening to the teacher. (連詞)
Keep care l when listening to the teacher. (介詞)
類似的,while, than, before, after, as, since, until等。
如:I』ll wait until I hear from her. (連詞)
I』ll wait until next Friday. (介詞)
15.動詞ed與動詞ing作形容詞用法之一: 1. 動詞ed作形容詞:表示被動或已發生,常作定語。The boy named Peter is my friend.
那個叫做彼得的男孩是我的朋友。劃線部分起修飾作用,下同。
He』s eating fried chicken. 他在吃炸雞。There is no time left.
I have read a novel writtenby Lu Xun.我讀了一部魯迅寫的小說。
He lives in a house builttwenty years ago.
2. 動詞ing作形容詞:表示正進行或功能,常作定語。
the ing boy, a running bus, the rising sun, a bus running on the road, the boy ing in the corner (正進行)
a sitting room, the sleeping car, the bathing suit (功能)
16.動詞ed與動詞ing作形容詞用法之二:和心理感受有關,但ed修飾人,ing常修飾物。I felt surprised at his words.
How exciting the film is! / I want to go to a place which is relaxing.
3. 求、牛津英語1A到6B所有語法知識點匯總.急、謝謝
時態講解
一、一般現在時主要用於:
1 、表示經常性或習慣性動作。 e.g. It seldom snows here.
2 、表示現在的特徵或狀態。 e.g. He is always ready to help others.
3 、普遍真理。 e.g. Action speaks louder than words.
4 、劇情圖片介紹,背景說明,動作解說。 e.g. (Tom enters the room and sits at the table)
Doctor : What's your trouble, young man?
Tom : I've caught a cold, doctor.
5 、時間、條件、讓步、方式狀語從句表將要發生的動作時。
e.g. Tomorrow we shall go for an outing unless it rains.
與這種時態連用的時間狀語常有: always, often, never, seldom, usually, once, a week, now 等。
二、一般過去時主要用於:
1 、表示過去某個時間發生的動作或情況(包括習慣性的動作或狀態)
e.g. When did you read the novel? She often came to help us in those days.
2 、談到過去的情況時 e.g. I didn't know you were so busy.
3 、談到已死人的情況時 e.g. Lei Feng was a great communist fighter.
與這個時態連用的時間狀語常有:
yesterday, last night, the other day, two months ago, in 1985, then, just now, when, after, as soon as 引導的時間狀語從句,表示主句動作開始的時間。
三、現在完成時主要用於:
1 、表示到現在為止這一時期中發生的動作或情況,即多次動作的總和。
e.g. We have learnt four English songs this month. How many times have you read the novel?
For many days we haven't seen each other.
2 、表示對現在有影響的某一已發生的動作。
e.g. The delegation has left 代表團已經走了(說明現在不在這里) Look, what you have done. 看你乾的事。
與這一時態連用的時間狀語有: already, yet, just, ever, never, by now, so far, recently, by the end of this month, since, for 短語,連詞 since 引導的時間狀語從句。
一般過去時與現在完成時的區別:
一般過去時:重在說明動作在過去發生時的具體情況(時間、地點、方式、對象、細節等)。
現在完成時:只提起已發生的動作(事實)及其影響,不說明動作發生時的具體情況。
cf. Have you had your lunch? What did you have for lunch?
I have ever been to the Great Wall, and I went there last summer with my father.
註:現在完成時表達的動作常具有反復性,故下面一句是錯的:
Have you seen the six thirty's news program? 應改為: Did you see the six thirty's news program?
四、現在完成進行時主要用於:表示過去開始的某一動作一直持續到現在,以至延伸到將來,它強調動作延續時間之長久。e.g. I've been writing an article. 我一直在寫一篇文章。(還在寫)
cf. I've written an article. 我寫了一篇文章。(已寫完)
It has been raining these days. 這些天一直在下雨。
五、過去完成時
1 、過去完成時是一個相對時態,表示過去的過去,只有在兩個過去發生的動作相比較時才可顯示出來。
e.g. As soon as we got to the station, the train had left.
註:主從句表達的動作緊接時,即兩動作發生的時間沒有明顯時間上的懸殊或空檔時,主從句都可用一般過去時。 e.g. Where did your brother study before he joined the army?
2 、過去完成時可表示截止過去某一時間動作的總或動作的結束。
e.g. By the end of last month. We had reviewed four books By eight o'clock, he had finished his homework.
與這個時態連用的時間狀語常有: by 1985, by eight o'clock, by then, by the end of last month, by the time when, when, as soon as, before 等連詞引導的時間狀語從句,表示主句動作結束的時間。
(六)現在進行時主要用於:
1 、表示現在或現階段正在進行的動作。 e.g. Listen, someone is crying. What are you doing these days?
2 、代替一般現在時,表示經常性動作或狀態,而含有某種感情色彩。
e.g. How are you feeling today? 你今天感覺怎樣?(顯得親切)
He is doing well in his lessons. 他的功課很好。(贊揚)
You are always boasting. 你老愛吹牛。(厭煩)
3 、動詞 go, come, leave, arrive 等表將要發生的動作時。 e.g. They are leaving for Shanghai.
與這種時態連用的時間狀語常有: now, these days, recently, this week 等。
七、過去進行時主要用於: 表示過去某個時刻或階段正在進行的動作。
e.g. At that time she was working in a PLA unit. 那時她在解放軍某部工作。
What were you doing this time yesterday?
與這個時態連用的時間狀語常用: at nine o'clock, this time last night, these days, at that time 等。
用 when 引導的時間狀語從句表示主句的動作正在進行的時間。
e.g. When he came in, I was reading a newspaper.
註:
1 、 while 引導時間狀語從句敘述過去的動作時,從句常用過去進行時。
e.g. I read a magazine while I was waiting for the bus.
2 、 when 用作並列連詞,意為「這時」,連接兩分句時,第一句多用過去進行時。
e.g. I was reading a newspaper when he came in.
一般過去時與過去進行時的區別:
一般過去時:強調過去某一時間開始或完成的動作。
過去進行時:強調過去某一時間正在進行的動作。
試區別下面兩句:
We were building a reservoir last winter. 去年冬天我們在修建一座水庫。(可能尚未建成)
We built a reservoir last winter. 去年冬天我們修建了一座水庫。(已經建成)
八、一般將來時主要用於: 表示將要發生的動作或情況
e.g. Tom will have a bike of his own.
與這個時態連用的時間狀語常用: tonight, tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next week, in three hours, two days later 等。
一般將來時態與其它結構表將來情況的區別:
一般將來時態 :主要從時間的角度表將要發生的動作或情況。
be going to 結構 :①表(主觀上)打算或准備做某事時。 ②表有發生某事的預兆時。
e.g. They are going to have a competition with us in studies. It is going to rain.
據以上區別,故下面一句是錯的:
I am going to be eighteen years old next year. 應改為: I shall be eighteen years old next year.
be about to do sth 結構 :意為「剛要做某事」、「馬上要做某事」強調時間之緊迫性。
e.g. We are about to discuss this problem. 我們將馬上討論這個問題。
be to do sth 結構: 表示按計劃、安排、規定將實施某事或表示註定會發生某事。
e.g. When is the train to leave. All these things are to be answered for.
及物動詞與不及物動詞
英語中按動詞後可否直接跟賓語,可把動詞分成及物動詞與和及物動詞。
1.及物動詞: 字典里詞後標有vt. 的就是及物動詞。及物動詞後必須跟有動作的對象(即賓語),可直接跟賓語。see 看見 (vt.) +賓語 I can see a boy.
2.不及物動詞:字典里詞後標有vi. 的就是不及物動詞。不及物動詞後不能直接跟有動作的對象(即賓語)。若要跟賓語,必須先在其後添加上某個介詞,如to,of ,at後方可跟上賓語。
具體每個動詞後究竟加什麼介詞就得背動詞短語了,如listen to,look at…..
3. 賓語(動作的對象):是名詞或代詞,或相當於名詞的詞或短語(如動名詞)。其它詞不看作動作的對象呢。
4.舉例:「看」
(1)see 看見 (vt.) +賓語 I can see a boy.
(2)look 看 (vi.) x賓語(即不能直接加賓語). Look! She is singing.
Look carefully! (注意:carefully 是副詞,不是名詞,故不作賓語喲)
(3)look at 看…….+賓語 Look at me carefully! (me是代詞,作賓語了)
連系動詞
連系動詞本身有一定的詞義,但不能獨立作謂語,必須與表語一起構成謂語。
表語通常由名詞、形容詞,或相當於名詞或形容詞的詞或短語等充當,說明主語是什麼或怎麼樣。
一、 連系動詞的類型有:
1. "存在"類:表示存在或具有某種特徵或狀態.這類連系動詞強調"存在"。常見的有:be(是),look(看起來),feel(摸上去),seem(似乎是),appear(似乎、顯得),prove(證明是),smell(聞起來),taste(嘗起來),sound(聽起來)等。例如:
The story sounds true.
Those oranges taste good.
2. "持續"類:表示某種情況或狀態的持續。這類連系動詞強調"持續"。常見的有:remain(依然),keep(保持),stay(保持),continue(繼續、仍舊),stand(處於某狀況或情形)等。例如:
Why don't you put the meat in the fridge? It will stay fresh for several days.
It's already ten in the morning. The store remains closed. What's the matter?
3. "變化"類:表示由一種情況或狀態變化成另一種情況或狀態。這類連系動詞強調"變化"後的情況或狀態.常見的有:become(變成), turn(變成), grow(變得), go(變得)等。例如:
Put the fish in the fridge, or it will go bad in hot weather.
二、注意事項
1. 有些連系動詞通常不用於被動語態和進行時態中。如:feel, taste等詞。例如:
-Do you like the material?
-Yes, it feels very soft.
2. 一般情況下,連系動詞主要跟形容詞或分詞作表語。例如:
Be careful when you cross this very busy street. If not, you may get run over by a car.
3. 能跟名詞作表語的連系動詞常見的有:be, become, appear, seem, prove, remain和turn等.注意:turn後跟(表示主語身份的)名詞作表語時,不加冠詞。例如:
Twenty years later, he turned teacher.
The population growth in China remains a problem.
4. 連系動詞也可跟不定式(to do / to be),常見的有:appear, seem, remain, prove, look等。例如:
Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains to be seen whether they will enjoy it.
On the long journey, Peter proved to be a most interesting guide. We all had a wonderful time.
終止性動詞與延續性動詞
終止性動詞指不會持續一段時間的動作,即動作在瞬間或短時間內完成。 例如:get arrive 這類動詞不與一段時間連用
終止性動詞:表示不能延續的動作,即動作發生後立即結束。如:begin,arrive, borrow, ...終止性動詞的肯定式是不能持續的,所以不能和表示一段時間的狀語連用,而終止性的否定式就可以和表一段時間的狀語.
一、延續性動詞和終止性動詞的概念
英語中,動詞按其動作發生的方式、動作發生過程的長短,可分為延續性動詞和終止性動詞。
延續性動詞表示能夠延續的動作,這種動作可以延續下去或產生持久影響。如:learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay等。
終止性動詞也稱非延續性動詞、瞬間動詞或短暫性動詞,表示不能延續的動作,這種動作發生後立即結束。如open, close, finish, begin, come, go, arrive, reach, get to, leave, move, borrow,buy等。
二、延續性動詞的用法特徵
1.延續性動詞可以用於現在完成時,其完成時態可與表示"段時間"的狀語連用。表示"段時間"的短語有:for two years, ring the past three years, since last year, how long等。如:I have learned English since I came here.自從我來到這兒就學英語了。
2.延續性動詞不能與表示短暫時間的"點時間"狀語連用。如:It raind at eight yesterday morning.(誤) rain為延續性動詞,而at eight表示"點時間",前後顯然矛盾。如果用延續性動詞表示一瞬間的動作,可以藉助come, begin, get等終止性動詞來表示。上句可改為:It began to rain at eight yesterday morning.(正)又如:
-When did you get to know Jack?
-Two years ago.
-Then you've known each other for more than two years.
-That's right.
三、終止性動詞的用法特徵
1.終止性動詞可用來表示某一動作完成,因此可用於現在完成時。如:
The train has arrived.火車到了。
Have you joined the computer group?你加入電腦小組了嗎?
2.終止性動詞表示的動作極其短暫,不能持續。因此,不可與表示一段時間的狀語連用(只限肯定式)。如:
(1)他死了三年了。
誤:He has died for three years.
正:He has been dead for three years.
正:He died three years ago.
正:It is three years since he died.
正:Three years has passed since he died.
(2)他來這兒五天了。
誤:He has come here for five days.
正:He has been here for five days.
正:He came here five days ago.
正:It is five days since he came here.
正:Five days has passed since he came here.
(1)、(2)句中的die、come為終止性動詞,不能與表示"段時間"的狀語連用。那麼,應如何正確表達呢?可以採用下面的四種方法:
(1)將句中終止性動詞轉換為相應的延續性動詞,如上面兩例中的第一種正確表達方式。下面列舉幾例:leave→be away, borrow→keep, buy→have, begin/start→be on, die→be dead, move to→live in, finish→be over, join→be in/be a member of, open sth.→keep sth. open, fall ill→be ill, get up→be up, catch a cold→have a cold。
(2)將句中表示"段時間"的狀語改為表示過去確定時間的狀語,如下面兩例中的第二種正確表達方式。
(3)用句型"It is+段時間+since..."表達原意,如上面兩例中的第三種正確表達方式。
(4)用句型"時間+has passed+since..."表達原意,如上面兩例中的第四種正確表達方式。
3.終止性動詞可用於現在完成時否定式中,成為可以延續的狀態,因而可與表示一段時間的狀語連用。如:
He hasn't left here since 1986.
I haven't heard from my father for two weeks.
4.終止性動詞的否定式與until/till連用,構成"not+終止性動詞+until/till ..."的句型,意為"直到……才……"。如:
You can't leave here until I arrive.直到我到了,你才能離開這里。
I will not go to bed until I finish drawing the picture tonight.今天晚上直到我畫完畫,我才上床睡覺。
5.終止性動詞可以用於when引導的時間狀語從句中,但不可以用於while引導的時間狀語從句中。when表示的時間是"點時間"(從句謂語動詞用終止性動詞),也可以是"段時間"(從句謂語動詞用延續性動詞)。而while表示的是一個較長的時間或過程,從句謂語動詞用延續性動詞。如:
When we reached London, it was twelve o'clock. (reach為終止性動詞)
Please look after my daughter while/when we are away. (be away為延續性動詞短語)
6.終止性動詞完成時不可與how long連用(只限於肯定式)。如:
誤:How long have you come here?
正:How long have you been here?
正:When did you come here?
終止性動詞不用於進行時態,若是進行時態形式應譯成將來時態的意思。
終止性動詞和延續性動詞辨析 王嵩
英語動詞可以分為延續性動詞和終止性動詞。這兩種動詞在每年中考英語試題中出現率較高,筆者將其歸納分類,供同學們學習時參考。一、延續性動詞 延續性動詞表示的動作不但可以延續,而且可以產生持久的影響。常見的這類動詞有:be,have,keep,know,learn,lie,live,read,sing,sleep,stand,stay,wait,walk,watch等。延續性動詞的用法很廣,但常見於現在完成時中的句子中,且常與for,how,long,since等引導的表示一段時間的狀語或狀語從句連用。例如:1.I have learned more than 1,000 Chinese words since I came to China.自從來到中國,我已經學會了l,000多個漢字。2.We have lived in Linqing since we came here.自從來到這兒,我們就一直住在臨清。3.I have kept the picture for about three years.這張畫我保存了大約三年。 二、終止性動詞 終止性動詞又稱為瞬間動詞或非延續性動詞,它表示的動作不能延續,也就是說動作一旦發生就立即結束,並產生某種結果。常見的這類動詞有:accept,arrive,become,begin,borrow,break,buy,catch,close,come,die,end,fall,finish,get,give,go,join,leave,put,reach,receive,shut,start,stop等。終止性動詞用在現在完成時要注意下面三點: (一)終止性動詞可直接用來表示某一動作的完成。例如:1.They have reached Shanghai.他們已經到達了上海。2.Has he gone to London? 他已經到倫敦去了嗎? (二)終止性動詞表示的動作極其短暫,不能持續,所以,在現在完成時中一般不能和以since,for等引導的表示一段時間的狀語連用。例如:1.那老人已經死了一周了。The old man has died for a week.(誤)2.他三天前就已經來這兒了。He has come here since three days ago.(誤)在以上兩句中,die和come都是終止性動詞,可用於現在完成時,但不能與以since或for引導的表示一段時間的狀語連用。那麼,上面兩個句子應該怎樣譯成英語呢?請看下面四種譯法:1.把終止性動詞改為延續性的動詞。例如:①The old man has been dead for a week.②He has been here since three days ago.2.把原句中的一段時間改為表示「過去」的時間,時態由現在完成時改變成一般過去時。例如:①The old man died a week ago.②He came here three days ago.3.用「It is+時間+since…」句式。例如:①It is/has been a week since the old man died.②It has been/is three days since he came here.4.用「多長時間+has passed+since…」句式。例如:①A week has passed since the old men died.②Three days had passed since he came here. (三)有關特殊終止性動詞的用法。1.在while(表示一段時間)引導的從句里,謂語動詞不能使用終止性動詞,但可以把while改成when,這樣,從句里的謂語動詞就可以使用終止性動詞了。因為when既可以表示時間的「點」,又可以表示時間的「段」。例如:While he got to America.he found his English Was very poor.(誤)When he got t0 America.he found his English was very poor.(正)2.終止性動詞的否定式與until連用時,意為「直到……才/不到什麼時間不……」等。例如:Don』t get off until the bus stops.車未停穩,切勿下車。3.終止性動詞不可以與how long引導的句式連用。例如:How long have you borrowed the magazine?(誤)When did you borrow the magazine?(正)How long have you kept the magazine?(正)
終止性動詞與延緩性動詞的用法區別
上海市中國中學 黃文英
英語中的動詞,是學習中的重點,又是難點。英語中的動詞有多種分類法。根據其有無含義,動詞可分為實義動詞和助動詞;根據動詞所表示的是動作還是狀態,可以分為行為動詞和狀態動詞;根據動詞所表示的動作能否延緩,分為延續性動詞和終止性動詞。
可以表示持續的行為或狀態的動詞,叫做「延續性動詞」,也叫「持續性動詞」,如:be, keep, have, like, study, live, etc.
有的表示短暫、瞬間性的動詞,叫做「終止性動詞」,也可叫「短暫性動詞」,或「瞬間性動詞」,如die, join, leave, become, return, reach, etc.
終止性動詞構成的現在完成時,不可以用表示一段時間的狀語(如:since 和for引導的短語)來修飾,終止性動詞構成的現在完成時,只表示動作發生的因果關系,不能表示動作的延續,因此不能用表示一段時間的狀語來修飾。
如可以說:The Red Cross has already started for the earthquake-stricken area.
但不可說:The Red Cross has already started for the earthquake-stricken area for three days.
因為start是終止性動詞, 它所表示的動作短促, 當紅十字會出發時,start這個動作便結束了, 不可能延續兩天。
在十多年的教學生涯中,發現學生對於如何解決這對矛盾不知所措,下面我來歸納一下解決這對矛盾的四種方法。
用ago時間狀語短語來代替since或for引導的時間狀語:
eg. Mr. Richard has returned from America for two years. (wrong)
Mr. Richard has returned from America since two years ago. (wrong)
應改為: He returned from America two years ago.
2.用It is… since…復合句代替簡單句
eg. It has been/is two years since Mr. Richard returned from America.
注意:以上兩種辦法適用於所有終止性動詞。
3.用相應的形容詞和副詞代替終止性動詞。
eg. Mr. Richard has been back from America for two years.
4.用延緩性動詞代替終止性動詞。
eg. He has gone to the Internet for six hours. (wrong)
應改為:He has been on the Internet for six hours.
但須注意:終止性動詞的否定式可以和since 或for 引導的時間狀語連用。因為終止性動詞的否定表示的是一種可以延續的狀態。
eg. I have heard from my friend in Africa for half a year. (wrong)
I haven』t heard from my friend in Africa for half a year.. (right)
此外,終止性動詞與延緩性動詞在翻譯上也不同,很易混淆。下面我再就終止性動詞與延緩性動詞的含義問題做一歸納:
1. 在連詞since引導的時間狀語從句中, 用終止性動詞的過去時或用延緩性動詞過去時,其含義是大不相同的。
A. since所引導的時間狀語從句中,如果句子謂語是終止性動詞的過去時, 則從句表示的時間是從「那一時刻開始」。
eg. He has studied very hard since he came to our school.
自從他來校以來,一貫努力學習。
B. 在since所引導的時間狀語從句中,其謂語是延緩性動詞的過去時,那麼從句所表示的時間是從延緩性動詞所表示的動作結束時算起。
eg. I haven』t heard any noise since I slept.
自從我醒後,沒聽見任何聲音。
介詞for引導的時間狀語,在翻譯時有兩種不同的情況:
A.介詞for引導的時間狀語和延緩性動詞的現在完成時的否定式連用時,有兩種不同的含義。
eg. He has not lived there for six months.
他不住在那兒已六個月了。(或: 他住在那兒還不到六個月。)
B.介詞for引導的時間狀語和終止性動詞的現在完成時的否定式連用,只有一種含義。
eg. Mary has not left here for six months.
瑪麗已六個月沒有離開過這兒了。
句中含有till 或until 引導的短語或從句,從句中的謂語動詞可以是延續性的,也可以是終止性的,但要注意兩種情況:
如果主句中動詞是延續性的動詞,動詞肯定或否定都可以,只是含義不同。
eg. He listened to the radio until his father came back.
他聽無線電一直到他父親回來為止。
eg. He didn』t listen to the radio until his father came back..
直到他父親回來,他才聽無線電。
如果主句中的謂語動詞是終止性動詞,則只能用否定式。
eg. Mr. Smith didn』t marry until he was forty- five. (right)
史密斯先生到四十五歲才結婚。
Mr. Smith married until he was forty-five. (wrong)
4. 牛津高中英語的知識點整理
去書店裡買一本吧,這種高中語法書書店裡成堆。
5. 上海版牛津英語6A知識點匯總
上海牛津英語6A知識點總結 Topics 話題 Key points 主要知識點 Additional points 拓展知識點 Lesson 1 Family& Relatives 1. 單詞,片語,句型和課文講解 2. 介紹家人 3. wh-questions 4. 頻度副詞的運用 1. 怎樣用英語表達祝願 2. Phonetics Unit 1 (國際音標) Lesson 2 Friends 1. 單詞,片語及課文講解 2. 介紹朋友 3. 環保知識介紹 4. have been to 5. already, just, yet 1. have been to & have gone to 2. phonetics Unit 2 Lesson 3 Test for Unit 1 & Unit 2 1. listening 2. vocabulary & grammar 3. reading 4. writing Lesson 4 Spending a day out 1. 單詞,片語及課文講解 2. 旅行 3. 怎樣表達建議 1. how to express direction(方向) 2. phonetics Unit 3 Lesson 5 What would you like to be 1.單詞,片語及課文講解 2. 職業表達及描述 3. 討論職業 phonetics Unit 4 Lesson 6 Test for Unit 3 & Unit 4 1.listening 2.vocabulary & grammar 3.reading 4.writing Lesson 7 Open day 1. 單詞,片語及課文講解 2. 一般將來時 3. first, next, then, finally 1.一般過去時 2. ordinal numbers (序數詞) 3. in, at, on表示地點 Lesson 8 Going to school 1. 單詞,片語及課文講解 2. 交通工具的表達 3. how+ adj 1. 怎樣表達時間 2. spend,cost, take,pay 3. phonetics Unit 5 Lesson 9 Test for Unit 5 & Unit 6& Mid-exam 1.listening 2.vocabulary & grammar 3.reading 4.writing Lesson 10 Rules around us 1.單詞,片語及課文講解 2.各種符號的意思 3. Don』t + verb 4. must 1. some, any, much, many, a lot of… 2. phonetics Unit 6
6. 高考英語必背知識點有哪些
一、謂語動詞和非謂語動詞
從是否能充當句子中的謂語來看,動詞有謂語動詞和非謂語動詞兩大類。
1、謂語動詞
有人稱和數的變化。如:Heisa tractor driver.他是一個拖拉機手。
2、非謂語動詞
非謂語動詞有動詞不定式、動名詞和分詞三種,在句子里都不能單獨作謂語,沒有人稱和數的變化。如:I am pleasedto meet you.我很高興與你相識。(動詞不定式)
二、實義動詞、連系動詞、情態動詞和助動詞
從其含義來分,動詞有實義動詞(notional verb),連系動詞(link verb),情態動詞(modal verb)和助動詞(auxiliary verb)四類。
1、實義動詞
實義動詞有完全的詞義,並能獨立作謂語動詞。
如:The sunshonebrightly this morning.
今天早晨陽光燦爛。
2、連系動詞
連系動詞在句中作謂語動詞,後面跟表語。英語連系動詞有be(是),seem(似乎),look(看來),keep(保持),become(變成),get(變得),grow(變得),feel(感到),turn(變得,變成),appear(顯得),remain(仍舊是)等。
如:Itisnever too late to mend.
改過不嫌晚。
3、情態動詞
情態動詞有can (能),may (可以,也許),must(必須)等,表示能力、義務、必要、猜測等說話人的語氣或情態。情態動詞只能和主要動詞一起構成謂語動詞。
4、助動詞
助動詞有shall,will,have,be,should,wonld, do等。它們只能和主要動詞一起構成各種時態、語態、語氣等動詞形式,以及否定和疑問等結構中的謂語動詞。
三、及物動詞和不及物動詞
從是否能直接跟賓語來分,實義動詞又有及物動詞和不及物動詞兩類。
1、及物動詞
後面必須跟賓語意義才完整的實義動詞,叫做及物動詞(transitive verb)。
如:Ibelievethat the committee willconsiderour suggestion.
我相信委員會將會考慮我們的建議。
2、不及物動詞
本身意義完整後面不須跟賓語的實義動詞,叫做不及物動詞(intransitive verb)。
如:Ithappenedin June 1932.
這件事發生於一九三;年六月。
3、兼作及物動詞和不及物動詞
英語里有不少實義動詞可以兼作及物動詞和不及物動詞。這樣的動詞又有兩種不同的情況:
a) 兼作及物動詞和不及物動詞時,意義不變。試比較:
Shall I begin at once?我可以立刻開始嗎?(begin作不及物動詞)
She began working as a librarian after she left school.她畢業後當圖書館管理員。(began作及物動詞)
b) 兼作及物動詞和不及物動詞時,有時意義不盡相同。
如:Wash your hands before meals.飯前要洗手。
四、情態動詞
在行為動詞、連系動詞以外,還有兩類動詞,其中之一就是情態動詞。從字面上看,我們就知道這是表示「感情與態度」的動詞。
比如:Icando it without much difficulty. (能夠,表示自信)
事實上,情態動詞的英文說法modal verb,還是值得推敲的。modal,來自於名詞mode,和modality(模式,方式)緊密相關,包括likelihood可能性, ability 能力, permission 許可與obligation責任這四種模式。
情態動詞自身所具備的意義一般來說也是不完整的,不過和需要涉及其他事物的及物動詞不同,情態動詞不涉及其他事物,需要的是其他動詞,即行為動詞和連系動詞,來配合使用。
一般來說情態動詞是不能用作行為動詞的,但也有例外,比如need,既可以用作情態動詞,也可以是行為動詞,看它的後面跟的是什麼。
五、助動詞
還有一類動詞,也是意義上不完整、需要配合行為動詞、連系動詞使用的,那就是助動詞。顧名思義,助動詞就是用來幫助主要動詞構成謂語的。
主要包括進行時態的be(is / am / are / was / were)、一般時態的do / does / did,將來時態的will / shall / would / should和完成時態的have / has / had。這種動詞的英文名稱叫auxiliary verb,簡寫是v. aux.。
7. 誰能告訴我牛津英語7B中一些重要知識點啊,謝謝啊
牛津英語7B雙基知識框架
Mole 1 Garden City and its neighbours
Unit 1 writing a travel guide
1. tour旅行;旅遊→tourist 遊客;旅遊者
2. technology 科技;工程技術→technologist 技術員
3. 比較have been to, have been in與have gone to的區別:
have been to是指曾經去過某個地方,但現在已經回來了;
have been in是指已經在某地呆了一段時間,但還還在那裡,還沒有回來;
have gone to去了某地,但還沒有回來。
4. decided to do sth. 決定做某事;
decided not to do sth. 決定不做某事
decision→名詞,決定 make a decision
5. take part in與join的區別:
take part in=join in參加某項活動 take part in the contest
join 參加某個組織 join the League
補充:enter for 報名參加 enter for the high jump
attend 意為「出席」 attend the meeting
6. make some suggestions=give some suggestion 給出一些建議
7. 方位詞:east west north south northwest northeast southwest southeast
8. 例:It』s in the south of shanghai.
當用in作介詞時表示「在……內部」
用on表示接壤
用to表示不接壤
9. view 景色;風景→viewer電視觀眾
10. paradise 天堂=heaven天堂?hell地獄
11. therefore是副詞so是連詞
12. surprising adj.→surprise v.→surprised adj.
13. it is +形容詞+(for sb.)to do sth.
14. take sb.to some place 將某人帶到某地
15. floating adj.不固定的;浮動的→float v.漂浮
Unit 2 Going to see a film
1. action n. 動作→act v.行動
active adj. 積極的,活躍的 take an active part in
actor n.男演員 actress n. 女演員
2. robber 盜賊→rob搶劫→robbery 搶劫案
3. hate to do sth.=hate doing sth.
hate=dislike
4. princess公主?prince王子
5. take a look=have a look
6. So do I/Neither do I
【注意】這里人稱並不僅限於I
7. 比較in space和in the space
In space指「在宇宙中;在太空中」in the space指「在……空間里」
8. laughter n.笑;笑聲→laugh v.大笑;發笑
9. miss除了有「錯過」的意思外還有「想念;思念」的意思
10. pay for = spend on 為……付錢
11. 比較spend, cost, take, pay和pay for
a) spend的主語必須是「人」,賓語可以是錢、精力、時間等,其後用on+名詞或用in(可省略)+動名詞形式,不可接不定式
b) cost的主語必須是「物」或「事」,表示「費用;耗費」,後接life, money, health, time等
c) take表示「花費」時,其主語一般是「一件事」,有時主語也可以是「人」,它說明完成某事「花費了……」
d) pay的基本意思是「支付」,作為及物動詞,賓語可以是「人」或「錢」
e) pay for的賓語為「物」或「事」,for常常表示支付的原因
12. route路線→與route搭配的形容詞多用long或short, 而不用far或close.
Unit 3 A visit to Garden City
1. 比較since和for
since只用於時間前,意指「從那時起到所指的時刻」。它常常和現在完成時連用。
for用來表示一段時間;for+一段時間也可以與現在完成時連用,表示動作延續到說話的那一刻
2. machine n.機器;機器裝置→machinery n.(集合名詞)機器;機械→mechanic n.機工
3. 【正】I have been in the club for three years
【誤】I have joined the club for years
4. keep+名詞+形容詞,表示「使……保持某種狀態」
5. 反義疑問句地結構:陳述句+逗號+助動詞/be動詞/情態動詞(肯定或否定)+主語
6. 在反義疑問句中含有little, few, never, hardly, seldom等表示否定意義
7. waiter服務員→waitress女服務員→wait等候
8. train訓練→trainer教練員→trainee受訓練的人
9. full adj. 滿的,常用於be full of 結構中
fill v. 裝滿,填滿。常用於 be filled with sth.的結構中
10. have a good time=enjoy oneself過得愉快
11. ring小環→wedding ring結婚戒指→ear ring耳環
12. headmaster校長→headmistress女校長=principal校長
13. charge主管→be in charge of負責, 掌管
Unit4 Let』s go shopping
1. anything用於表示「某事;某物」,多用於否定句、疑問句及條件句中代替
比較all right, that』s all right和that』s right
all right用於表示贊同別人的建議或者回應別人的問題
that』s all right當別人表示對你感謝或抱歉時用
that』s right表示「那是對的;那是正確的」
2. let sb. do sth. 讓某人做某事
make sb. do sth.
注意:ask sb. to do sth,
tell sb. to do sth.
want sb. to do sth.
3. buy sb. sth.=buy sth. for sb.給某人買某物
give sb. sth.=give sth. to sb.
4. fashion n.時尚→fashionable adj.時髦的;流行的
5. super超級的(沒有比較級和最高級)
6. don』t need to=needn』t to不用;不必
7. spot斑點→spotless純潔的
8. sweater毛線衫→sweat汗;汗水
9. one只能代替單數名詞;ones只能代替復數名詞
10. excuse原諒→excuse me勞駕
11. loose寬松的?tight緊身的
12. 小號的(S)small;中號的(M)medium;大號的(L)large
13. try on試穿 代詞放在中間
14. in my size我的尺寸
Unit5 What can we learn from others?
1. fairy n.仙子→fairy adj.幻想中的
2. although雖然(有了although不能再用but)
3. gold金→golden金色的
4. comfortable舒服的→comfortably舒服地
uncomfortable 不舒服的
5. greedy貪婪的→greed貪婪→greedily貪婪地
6. happiness幸福
happy快樂的
happily快樂地
unhappy 不高興的
7. disappear消失?appear出現
dis-為否定前綴:honest-dishonest
常用否定前綴:unhappy, unhealthy, unlucky,uncomfortable
8. learn from向……學習
9. wish+ sb.+名詞 祝福某人怎麼樣
10. vote投票→vote for投票表決
11. pocket口袋→pocket money零花錢
12. give up放棄(代詞放在中間)
give up doing sth.=stop doing sth.
反義:keep doing sth.
Unit 6 Hard work for a better life
1. 主語從句:it是形式主語,無意義,指代真正的主語:不定式to do sth.
It is + 形容詞 + (for sb.) to do sth. 一般現在時,(對某人來說)做某事是….的
It will be + 形容詞 + (for sb.) to do sth. 一般將來時,(對某人來說)做某事將是…的
e.g. It is interesting for us to see them flying around the flowers.
It will be difficult for the grasshopper to find any food.
2. see sb. do sth.: 看見某人做了某事,表示動作的全過程。
see sb. doing sth.: 看見某人正在做某事,表示動作正在進行的瞬間。
3. feel + 形容詞:feel是系動詞,後面加形容詞作表語,形成系表結構。
e.g. He felt cold, hungry and disappointed.
類似的感官系動詞還有:look(看上去),sound(聽上去),smell(聞起來),taste(嘗起來)等。
4. 用現在進行時表示短期內將要發生的動作。
e.g. The holidays are coming.
5. nothing: 沒有什麼東西,只能指物,不可與of連用,謂語動詞用單數。
none: 一個也沒有,指人或物,可與of連用,謂語動詞單復數均可,常用來回答」how many」或」 how much」引導的問句。
no one = nobody:沒有人,不可與of連用,常用來回答who引導的問句。
Unit 7 In the future
1. enter: go into,不能與into連用。
2. in the future: 將來,用一般將來時,will + 動詞原形,won』t +動詞原形。
3. different + n.(復數)不同的
the same + n.(單數)相同的
be different from 與…不同
be the same as 與…相同
4. in ten years』 time: 在10年後,一般將來時
in +一段時間,用How soon提問:多久以後
5. there + be句型的一般將來時:There will be / There is going to be
6. can: 相當於be able to,表示能力時可以互換,但be able to 比can有更多的形式。
e.g. She can speak English. = She is able to speak English.
7. I think so. 表示贊成他人的看法
I don』t think so. 表示不贊成他人的看法
8. hope與wish的用法:
that 從句(一般將來時)
hope to do sth.
for sth.
that從句(虛擬語氣)
wish sb. to do sth.
for sth.
sb. sth. (表示祝願)
Unit 8 A more enjoyable school life
1. look for: 尋找,強調找的過程或動作。
find:發現,找到,指通過搜索後找到、發現藏匿或遺失的事物,強調找到的結果。
find out:查明,弄清楚,指經過調查之後發現某事。
2. would like sth. = want sth. 想要某物
would like to do sth. = want to do sth. 想要做某事
would like sb to do sth. = want sb. to do sth. 想要某人做某事
Would you like…? = Do you want…? 你想要…嗎?
3. much + [U] → more → most 多
many + [C] → more → most
little + [U] → less → least 少
few + [C] → fewer → fewest
4. It would be + adj. + to do sth. 與現狀相反,有假設的成分
e.g. It would be possible to have more books in our library.
5. 反身代詞的構成:
第一、二人稱:形容詞性物主代詞+self / selves
e.g. myself, yourself, ourselves, yourselves
第三人稱:賓格+self / selves
e.g. herself, himself, itself, themselves
Unit 9 The wind is blowing
1. between…and…:(兩者)在…和…之間
among: (三者或三者以上)在…之間
2. 形容詞的比較級和最高級:
(1) 形容詞比較級和最高級的構成。
規則
原級
比較級
最高級
一般單音節或部分雙音節形容詞在詞尾加-er, -est
small
smaller
smallest
以e結尾的單音節詞加-r, -st
large
larger
largest
以重讀閉音節結尾的單音節詞,雙寫詞尾的輔音字母,再加-er, -est
hot
hotter
hottest
以「輔音字母+y」結尾的雙音節詞,改y為i,再加-er, -est
easy
easier
easiest
其他雙音節詞和多音節詞,在前面加more, the most
interesting
more interesting
the most interesting
少數不規則變化:
good / well — better — best
many / much — more — most
bad — worse — worst
little — less — least
(2) 形容詞比較級和最高級的用法:
比較級用於兩者之間進行比較,強調「一方比另一方……」,可使用「形容詞比較級+than」結構。
e.g. John is taller than Mary.
最高級用於三者或三者以上比較,即「…be the + 形容詞最高級…」結構。
e.g. Tom is the tallest boy in our class.
(3) 形容詞比較級和最高級的常用修飾詞:
原級:very, quite, so, not so…as, as…as, a little
比較級:much, …than…, even, a lot, a little, a bit, far
最高級:the…, of…, in…
3. 形容詞的同級比較:A和B一樣…
肯定:as + 形容詞原級 + as
否定:not + as / so + 形容詞原級 + as
e.g. He is as tall as his brother. 他和他哥哥一樣高。
He is not as / so tall as his brother. 他沒有他哥哥高。
4. 形容詞比較級+and +形容詞比較級:越來越…
e.g. It became warmer and warmer.
如所用形容詞為多音節時,則用「more and more + 多音節形容詞原級」結構。
e.g. She is more and more beautiful.
5. 人稱代詞和物主代詞:
人稱
單復數
人稱代詞
物主代詞
主格
賓格
形容詞性
名詞性
第一人稱
單
I
me
my
mine
復
we
us
our
ours
第二人稱
單
you
you
your
yours
復
you
you
your
yours
第三人稱
單
he
she
it
him
her
it
his
her
its
his
hers
its
復
they
them
theirs
theirs
6. 比較rise和raise:
rise: 升起,不及物動詞,後面不能直接加名詞
raise: 舉起,及物動詞,後面直接加名詞
e.g. The sun rises in the east.
If you want to ask questions, please raise your hands when.
7. 英語中順序的表達方法(四步):First, Next, Then, Finally.
Unit 10 Water Festival
1. 表示禁止做某事的方式:
(1) No + n.(復數) / v.-ing!
e.g. No ball games!
No smoking!
(2) Don』t + v.
e.g. Don』t play ball games!
(3) You mustn』t + v.
e.g. You mustn』t play ball games.
2. Fishing is not allowed.
be not allowed 意為「不被允許」,是被動語態結構,用be + 動詞的過去分詞的結構來表達。