Ⅰ 大學英語知識點
四級必考詞
1 accelerate vt. (使)加速，增速 【例】accelerate the rate of economic growth 加速經濟增長 【派】acceleration n. 加速 accelerating a.加速的 2 account n. 賬戶、考慮 【考】take sth. into account 把…考慮在內 3 accustom vt.使習慣 【考】be accustomed to 4 adapt vi. 適應 【考】adapt to…適應 5 adjust vi.適應 【考】adjust to...適應…
6 advocate vt. 宣揚
7 affluent a.富裕的 【派】affluence n.富裕 8 annoy vt.使煩惱, 使惱怒 【派】annoying a. 令人惱人的; annoyance n. 煩惱;?annoyed a.頗為生氣的
9 ascribe vt.把…歸咎於 【考】ascribe..to 歸因於 10 assess vt.評估 【派】assessment n. 評估
11 assign vt.指派，選派；分配，布置（作業） 【派】assignment 作業
12 assume vt.假象、假定
13 attain vt.獲得 【考】attain one's ideal 達到理想
14 attribute vt. 把…歸因於 【考】attribute sth.? to 把...歸咎於 15 attribute vt.歸咎於 【考】be attributed to? attribute sth. to …
16 automatically ad. 自動地
17 boost vt.提高，推動，使增長 n. 推動，增長 【例】boost the economy 推動經濟
Ⅱ 大學英語語言學的考試重點
articulatory phonetics(發音語音學)--the study of the proction of speach sounds.
acoustic phonetics:(聲學語言學) --the study of physical properties of speech sounds.
Allophones(音位變體)--the different phones which cab represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of taht phoneme.
consonant(輔音):a major category of sound segments proced by a closure in the vocal tract,or by a narrowing which is so marked that air can not escape without procting audible friction.
compositionality(綜合性原則):the meaning of a sentence should be viewed from both the grammatical structure and the word meaning.In other words,the meaning of a sentence depend on the meanings of the constituent words and the way they are combined.
cooperative principle(合作原則):1,Maxim of Quantity.2,maxim of Quality.3,Maxim of relatiob.4,Maxim of manner.
Constatives(敘事句):a constative sentence is a description of what the speaker is doing at the time of speaking.It can be said to be ture or false.
Endocentric(向心結構):is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents,i,e,a word or a group of words,which serves as a definable centre or head.
Exocentric(離心結構)：it refers to a group of syntactionally related words where none of the words is functionally equivalent to the group as a whole,that is,there is no definable "center" or "head" inside the group
illocutionary act(行事行為):when we speak we not only proce some units of language with certain meanings,but also make clear our purpose in procing them,the way we intend them to be understood,or they also have certain forces.The act performed is known as a...
linguistics(語言學):is the the scientific study of language
Language:is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
locutionary act(發話行為):when we speak we move our vocal organs and proce a number of sounds organzined in a certain way and with a certain meaning.The act performed in this sense is called a ...
morpheme(語素):is the smallest unit of language in terms of the relationship between expression and content,a unit that can not be divided into fuither,smaller,units without destorying or drastically altering the meaning whether it is lexical or grammatical.
Morphology(形態學):is a branch of linguistics which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.
Phonetics(語音學):phonetics studies how speech sounds are proced,transmitted and perceived.
Pragmatics(語用論):is the study of these relations between language and context that are grammaticalized,or encoded in the structure of a language.
perlocutionary act(取效行為):whether or not the effects are intended by the speaker,they can be regarded as parts of the act that the speaker performed.this act is called....
performatives(施為句):some sentence is the doing of an action.They can not be said to be true or false.these sentences are called....
phoneme(音位):is a phonological unit which is the smallest unit of sound in a language which can distinguish two words.
phonology(音系學):is the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of languages.It aims to discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in languages and to explain the variations that occur.
sapir-whorf hypotheses(沃爾夫假設):our language helps mould our way of thinking and,consequently,different languages may probably express speakers` unique ways of understanding the world.
Semantics(語義學):is the study of meaning,or more specifically,the study of linguistic units,words and sentences in particular.
sense relations(涵義關系):the sense of a word may be seen as network of its sense relation with others.
Syntax(句法):is the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents are combined to form sentences in a language,or the study of the interrelationships between elements in sentence structure.
syntax relations(句法關系):syntax relations can be analysed into three kinds: positional relations,relations of substitutability.and relations if co-occurrence
suprasegmentals(超音段特徵):units which extend over more than one sound in an utterance.The principal suprasegmentals are syllable,stress,tone and intonation.
theory of conversational implicature(會話含義論):in real communication,the intention of the speaker is often not the literal meaning of what he or she says.the real intention implied in the words is called....
vowel(母音):a major category of sound segments proced without abstruction of the vocal tract so that air eascapes in a relatively unimpeded way through the mouth or the nose.
這個是定義考察
下面的是大題
Design features of language(語言的結構特徵)
arbitrariness,ality,creativity,displacement,cultural transmission
functions of language 語言的功能
informative,interpersonal function,performative,emotive function,phatic communication,recreational function,metalingual function
Important distinctions in linguistics語言學重要差別
1,descriptive and prescriptive描寫和規定
區別:the distinction lies in prescribing how things ought to be and describing how things are.
1：the linguistic study aims to describe and analyse the language people actually use.
2: the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for correct and standard "behavior" in using language.
2,synchronic and diachronic(共時和歷時)
1:said of an approach that studies language at a theoretical point in time.
2:said of the study of development of language and languages over time.
3,language and parol(語言和言語)
1,the language system shared by a "speech community".
2,the concrete utterances of a speaker.
4,competence and performance（語言能力和應用）
1,unconscious knowledge of the system of grammatical rules in a language
2,the language actually used by people in speaking and writing.
語音學三領域:
articulatory phonetics(發音語音學
acoustic phonetics:(聲學語言學)
perceptual or auditory phonetics:感知語音學和聽覺語言學
theory of the illocutionary Act行事行為論:locutionary act發話行為,illocutionary act行事行為,
兩種句子:performatives and constatives(施為句和敘事句)
cooperative principle合作原則:1,Maxim of Quantity.2,maxim of Quality.3,Maxim of relatiob.4,Maxim of manner.
沃爾夫假設重要理論:on one hand,language may determine our thinking patterns.,on the other hand,similarity between languages is relative.For two different speech communities,the greater there structure differentiation is,the more diverse their conceptualization of the word will be.
上個學期用過的 不知道你們老師是這么畫的重點 湊合看看吧。。。
Ⅲ 大學英語語法必考知識點
大學英語語法必考知識點
導語：語法包含詞的構詞、構形的規則和組詞成句的規則。下面是我整理的大學英語語法必考知識點，歡迎參考!
1. 語態和時態
—Do you see those people on the little sandy island?
—Yes, they _______ handkerchiefs for the last half hour. I wonder why.
A. were waving B. waved C. had waved D. have been waving
【正確答案】D
【高考考點】考查動詞時態。現在完成進行時：表示一個從過去某一時刻開始的動作，一直延續到說話時還在進行或剛結束，句中常出現用for, since, how long等引導的時間狀語。e.g. His telephone has been ringing for a long time.e.g. It has been raining since last Sunday. e.g. How long have you been wearing glasses?
【題干句意】“你有沒有看見那些在小島上的人?”“是的，我看見了。他們在過去的半小時里一直在揮手帕，我不知道為什麼。”
【詳細解析】這個揮手帕的動作是在半小時前開始的，然後一直在揮，一直揮到了說話的這個時候，所以我們用的是一個現在完成進行時，強調一個動作的持續。我們再來看一下其他幾個時態：
A選項是were waving——過去進行時，它指的是：①過去某一時刻正在進行;②過去某一階段正在進行;B.waved——過去時，過去某時間發生的且已完成的動作，所以我們知道A和B這兩個時態都是和過去有關，而和現在是沒有一點關系的，所以A和B這兩個答案錯了。
C. had waved——過去完成時：過去某一時刻或某一動作前完成的動作或狀態，那麼它所表達的時候是在過去的過去，例如：e.g. By the end of last year, we had built 5 new schools.到去年年底為止，我們已經建造了5所學校。首先，過去的時間是去年年底;而句子表達的意思是在去年年底之前，所以我們用過去完成時——had build.和現在是更加沒有聯系了，所以這個答案也是不正確的。
題干中的時間狀語是“for the last half hour”，注意這個last不是指“最後的”，而是指“剛才的——在剛才的半個小時里”，那麼往往呢句中出現last,或者是last half hour、recent這種詞的話，我們一般都會選擇現在完成進行時，因為它指的是“剛才”，那麼肯定指“從剛才到現在”。所以本題答案是D.
2. 名詞性從句
The information could be helpful to ____will take over the job.
A. those B. who C. whoever D. anyone
【正確答案】C
【高考考點】考查名詞性從句，顧名思義就是名詞，它可充當主語、表語、賓語和同位語，所以相應的名詞性從句也分為有主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句和同位語從句。此題考的就是介詞to後的賓語從句。
【題干句意】“這個消息可能會對任何將接管這個工作的人有所幫助。”whoever = anyone who“任何怎麼怎麼樣的人”所以這個答案是正確的。我們再來看其他幾個答案為什麼不對呢?高考英語語法必考點
【詳細解析】A選項是those，如果those填在這里的話就會變成缺少關系代詞who，如選those，那those will take over the job“那些人將會取代這個工作”，它就變成了一個獨立的句子，而不是一個從句，更加就不是一個賓語從句了，所以從原則上說它是錯誤的，那麼怎樣改才是正確的呢?很簡單，只要在這個those的後面加一個關系代詞who，把它變成一個定語從句——those who will take over the job，“那些將要接管這個工作的人”，那麼這樣就可以了。
B選項是who在名詞性從句中表示疑問，e.g. Who will take over the job has not been decided yet. D選項是anyone，錯誤的原因也是缺少關系代詞who.
比較those who和anyone who，前者是“那些……的人”，後者表示“任何……的人”。區別就是在於those who是一個復數的概念，“那些人”，後面的謂語動詞要用復數;而anyone who是表示任何一個人，後面要用單數的謂語動詞。
3. 虛擬語氣和情態動詞
—David, we went to Lake Geneva for the weekend.
—That _______ a very nice change. I wish I had gone there.
A. must be B. must have been C. could be D. could have been
【正確答案】B
【高考考點】考查情態動詞。
首先A和B裡面都有must，must表推測，它表示“肯定…”，這個語氣是非常確定的，百分之百的;那麼當must表推測的時候呢，它還可以表示不同的時間，例如：
第一，must be表示的是“現在的狀態”，He must be a teacher. 他肯定是一個老師。
第二，must be doing表示“現在進行的動作”，They must be having a meeting in the office.他們現在肯定正在辦公室里開會。
第三，must have done表示“過去發生的事情”，You must have met him yesterday.你昨天肯定見過他了。讓我們看一下將“must have been”填到題干裡面是否正確?句意：“David,我們周末去了日內瓦湖。”“哦，那肯定是一個非常好的改變，我希望我也去那裡了。”這里是表示一個肯定的推測;又因為是上個周末的事情，說明這件事情已經發生了，我們所以用B. must have been,而不是A。
【詳細解析】C選項是could輕微的懷疑或委婉的陳述看法，“可能”e.g. His story could be true, but I hardly think it is.他所說的這個故事可能是真的，但是我基本上不相信。
D選項是could have done虛擬語氣，某事過去有可能發生而實際沒有，“本來可以”，表示惋惜、遺憾e.g. The accident could have been prevented.這個車禍原本是可以避免的。e.g. You could have done better, but you didn't try your best.你原本是可以做的更好的，但是你並沒有盡自己最大的努力。
4. 代詞
Knowledge begins to increase as soon as one indivial communicates his ideas to _______ by means of speech.
A. other B. another C. the other D. an other
【正確答案】B
【高考考點】考查代詞
【詳細解析】other用作代詞時，意為“另一個”、“別人”，不單獨使用：the other, others, the others.
1. the other ① 兩者中的另一個，與one連用(就兩者)，one hand / the other hand ② 用作定語 + [pl.]，另一方中的“全部其餘的” I like this book, and I like the other books too. 我喜歡這本書，我也喜歡其他所有的書。
2. others是other的.[pl.]，泛指“別的人或物”(但不含全部) 。e.g. Some are carrying water; others are watering the trees. 一些人在提水，另外一些人在澆樹。(others指的“其他人”不是剩下的全部，而是“一部分”)
3. the others是the other的復數形式，特指“全部其餘的人或物”。e.g. I have ten pencils. Two of them are red, and the others are blue.我有10支鉛筆，其中的兩支是紅色的，其餘的(8隻)是藍色的。
4. another用作代詞時，常與one組合構成one …another，“另一個人”、“另一回事”，指同一組內的兩個個體。e.g. One person may like fishing, while another may prefer hunting.一個人可能是喜歡釣魚，而另一個可能喜歡打獵。(世界上不可能有2個人，所以它指的是沒有一個特指的，“其他一個人”)
【題干句意】知識是開始增加的，當一個個人把他的想法通過語言表達給另一個人的時候。這里指的是另一個人，並沒有一個特指的范圍說是誰，是哪裡的另外一個人，所以用one …another。D選項沒有這種用法。
5. 非謂語動詞
Almost every one of the graates wants to deliver the keynote speech at the graation ceremony. For the speaker, _______is an honour.
A. invited B. being invited C. be invited D. inviting
【正確答案】B
【高考考點】考查非謂語
【詳細解析】遇到動詞要考慮四點：① 先判斷是謂語還是非謂語;② 主語;③ 主語和非謂語動詞的主/被動關系;④ 非謂語動詞與謂語動詞的時間關系e.g. Being exposedto the sun for too much time will do harm to one's skin.在太陽下暴露太久對皮膚有害。 e.g. The girl's being ecated in a good environment is what her parents have expected.這個女孩在一個良好的環境中受到教育是她父母所期望的。
A選項 invited是過去分詞不能充當主語。C選項be invited不是非謂語形式。非謂語要麼是to do不定式，要麼是動名詞ing，要麼是現在分詞ing,或者是過去分詞ed. D選項語態錯誤，應該用被動。
;Ⅳ 專升本考試：大學英語語法復習重點
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一. 虛擬語氣
1.She would have come if we invited her.
這是與過去事實相反的虛擬假設，從句應該用過去完成時。所以在 we 後加 had.
2.My suggestion is that we would send a few people to help them.
suggestion 的表語從句也應用虛擬語氣，必須用should加動詞原形，should可以省略。此處去掉would 或把would 改為should。
3.The secretary wishes that she has time to type the letter now.
wish 後的時態應該把真實時態往後推一個時態，所以把has改為had。
4.It』s time that we go to bed.
句式為It』s time sb did sth 所以把 go 改為 went。
5.I would rather you have another try tomorrow.
片語為would rather sb did sth. 所以把have改為had。
二. there be句式
6.There are a bag and several books on the table.
There be 句式遵循謂語動詞就近原則，a bag為單數，所以把are改為is。
7.There were several people stood at the back of the room.
There be句式的謂語動詞為be動詞，句中其他的動詞應為非謂語動詞。所以把stood改為standing.
三. 修飾語在句中的位置不當
8.We almost have written twenty compositions this term.
像almost這樣的副詞在句中放在助動詞、be動詞之後，實意動詞之前。因此把almost放在have後面。
9.The girl has beautiful, silky hair who lives high in the mountains.
定語從句應緊跟先行詞，所以改為：The girl, who lives high in the mountains, has beautiful, silky hair.
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