① ()高二英語上冊第5單元知識點:The British Isles
本文導航 1、首頁2、同步練習題
學習是一個邊學新知識邊鞏固的過程，對學知識一定要多加計劃，這樣才能進步。因此，為大家整理了 高二英語上冊第5單元知識點 ，供大家參考。
(人教版)高二英語上冊第5單元知識點：The British Isles
【The British Isles知識點】
1. Name five important cities in the United Kingdom. 說出聯合王國(即英國)中五座重要城市的名字。(p.33 Warming Up Ex.2)
name動詞，意為「說出……的名稱(名字);給……取名，命名;任命，提名;決定，說定」等。如：① Can you name all the plants and trees in this garden? 你能叫得出這個花園的所有花草樹木
的名稱嗎?
② The couple named the child Dick. 這對夫婦給孩子取名迪克。
③ Mr. Michael has been named as the new manager. 邁克爾先生被任命為新的經理。
④ Please name the day for our wedding. 請(你)決定我們婚禮的日子。
【拓展】name構成的短語：worth (worthy of) the name名副其實的;in the name of憑……的權威;以……的.名義;call sb. names辱罵某人;name... after ... 以……名字命名;name sb. for提名某人擔任(某職務);know sb. by name僅僅知道某人的名字(沒有見過面)
2. The conversation workshop is taught on Wednesday afternoon. 談話技巧研討會的上課時間是星期三的下午。(p.33 Listening Ex.1 No. 1)
1) 上句中workshop的詞義並非「車間;工廠;作坊;工作室」之意，而是「研習會，專題學術討論會」的意思。
2) 介詞on表示時間的用法：
(1) 用在「日期 (date)，幾號」和「星期幾」之前。
如： on July 1st (= on the first of July)在7月l號(那一天);
on Wednesday在星期三;
on Sundays每逢星期天
(2) 用在「特定」的早、晚、日間、上午、下午等之間。
如： on the morning/afternoon/night of Oct. 1st 在10月1日的上午/下午/晚上;
on a cold night in January在一月的一個寒冷的夜晚;
on the eve of the war在戰爭前夕;
on New Year's Day在新年(那天)
(3) 用在某些動名詞之前，作「在……之時」講。
如：① They greeted us on our arrival. 他們在我們到達時迎接了我們。
② I'll show you the book on my return. 我一回來就讓你看一下這本書。
③He got married immediately on his graation. 他一畢業就結了婚。
(4) 用在某些動名詞之前，作「一……就……」講。
如：① On arriving at my destination, I went to see my friend. 一到目的地，我便去看我的朋友。② On leaving school, he went into business. 一畢業，他便經起商來。
③ On hearing the good news, he jumped with joy. 一聽到這個好消息，他高興地跳了起來。
(5) 和occasion/opportunity等詞連用，表示「在某一特殊的時機或場合」。
如：① I send you my best wishes on this happy occasion. 值此佳期，我奉上對你最美好的祝願。 ② I will have a word with him on the first opportunity. 一有機會，我要跟他聊聊。
3. What are the opening hours of the language lab? 語言實驗室的開門時間是幾點到幾點? (p.34 Listening Ex.3 No. 3)
上句中opening是形容詞，意為「第一次的，開頭的，開始的，開幕的」。另外，opening亦可用作名詞，意為「開放，開始，口子，通路」等。
如： ① His opening remarks are very attractive. 他的開場白很有吸引力。
②The opening hours of the banks there are different. 那兒的銀行的開門營業時間不一樣。
③ This is the opening of the new play. 這是這部新戲的首場演出。
④ He attended the opening of the new museum. 他出席了新博物館的開幕典禮。
⑤ He put a gate across the opening in the fence. 他在圍牆的開口處安了一個門。
4. Try to reach agreement on main points.盡量在主要觀點上達成一致。(p.34 Speaking)
上句中的agreement意為「同意，一致，協議」。常構成如下片語：
(1) in agreement on/upon/about…在/關於…」意見一致;(語法)相一致，呼應
① We are in agreement on that point.關於那一點我們意見一致。
② They are still not in agreement about the plan. 他們在這個計劃上意見還是不一致。
③ The predicate should be in agreement with the subject in person and number. 謂語和主語應該在人稱和數方面保持一致。
(2) come to (arrive at, reach, make) an agreement with sb. 與某人達成協議。
① They have made an agreement about the plan. 他們在這個計劃上意見一致了
② An agreement should be reached immediately with the company on that point. 關於那一點應該與那家公司盡快達成協議。
5. Other people think geography is confusing and difficult to learn... 其他人認為地理課使人感到混亂無序，很難學…… (p.34 Speaking Ex. 2 第二行)
confusing (adj.)令人糊塗的，使人混亂的;confuse (vt.) 使混亂，使糊塗;confused (adj.) (某人)糊塗的，搞混亂的;confuse sb./sth. with sb. /sth. 把……和……弄混。
如：① That is exactly to confuse black with white. 那簡直是混淆黑白。
② We tried to confuse the enemy.我們試圖迷惑敵人。
③ They asked me so many questions that I got confused. 他們問了我許許多多的問題，把我弄糊塗了。
④ Don't confuse Austria with Australia.不要把奧地利與澳大利亞弄混淆了。
⑤ He was (became, got) confused with his mistake. 他因犯了錯誤而不知所措。
本文導航 1、首頁2、同步練習題
【同步練習題】
Ⅰ.單詞拼寫
1.Everyone should enjoy the right of access to the________(農村).
2.The________(可能性) of breaking the world record never occurred to him.
3.There will be a________(婚禮) in the village church on Saturday，
4.She________(安排) all her business affairs before going on holiday.
5.The climate here is always hot, summer and winter________(類似的).
6.F________the letter in two before putting it in the envelope.
7.I had a q________with my flatmate about who should do the housework.
8.We've got to fit five people p________all their luggage in the car.
9.The scenery over there was beautiful beyond d________.
10.Each of his rooms was comfortably f________before moving in.
答案：1.countryside 2.possibility 3.wedding 4.arranged
5.alike 6.Fold 7.quarrel 8.plus 9.description 10.furnished
Ⅱ.用所給詞的適當形式填空
be able to, take the place of, be familiar with，be close to, pick up, of one's own, prefer to, on one's way to, break down, divide....into
1. White lines________the playing area ________sections.
2. By now you will________the one-way system in the centre of town.
3. Nothing in the world could________the family he had lost.
4. When we gave her the bad news, she________and cried.
5.Her career only began to________when she was in her forties.
6. I'd like to have a place________after living together with my friend.
7. I________wear clothes made of natural fibers ratherthan wearfashionable ones.
8. We'll have to stop for fuel________the airport.
9. The children________each other in age though they differ in height.
10. It's so wonderful to________see the sea from my window.
答案：1.divide; into 2.be familiar with 3.take the place of
4.broke down 5.pick up 6.of my own 7.prefer to 8.on our way to 9.are close to 10.be able to
想要更好的學習首先要做的就是理解運用課本中的知識，因此為同學們整理了 高二英語上冊第5單元知識點 ，希望大家可以更快更好的提高成績，相關內容請看【 高二英語知識點 】欄目!
② 高二英語選修七第三單元知識點
相對於高一，高二課程的難度提高了不少，知識容量大增。只有扎實掌握這部分知識才能較為輕松地完成高三總復習。這就對同學們高二期間的 英語學習 提出了更高要求。以下是我給大家整理的 高二英語 選修七第三單元知識點，希望大家能夠喜歡!
高二英語選修七第三單元知識點1
Ⅰ.Hot words and hot phrases常用詞與常用片語
1.Medical studies show that AIDS virus cannot be transmitted via the following routes：cups，glasses，toilet seats，swimming pools，mosquitoes，other insects or blood donation.(P.49)
2.AIDS is a disease that breaks down the body's immune system and leaves a person defenceless against infections and illness.(P.51)
3.People get AIDS after having been infected with the HIV virus.(P.51)
4.People transmit HIV by having unprotected sex，by receiving infected blood transfusions or，as in Xiaohua's case，through birth.(P.51)
5.Xiaohua's mother contracted the HIV virus when she was 28，and she died of AIDS only three years after Xiaohua was born.(P.51)
6.The disease is spreading faster in Africa and parts of Asia，mainly because of a lack of proper health care，prevention and ecation.(P.51)
7.The drugs that are available are much too expensive and difficult to find.(P.51)
8....but she does not let that knowledge discourage her.(P.51)
9.She also goes to visit other AIDS patients in hospitals across the country to support them and cheer them up.(P.51)
10.The disease is not the only thing that AIDS patients have to suffer from.(P.52)
11....that can persuade hospitals and companies to allocate more funds for AIDS research and ecation.(P.52)
12.Xiaohua has learnt to live with HIV and the fact she will eventually get AIDS.(P.52)
13.Two years ago，Dr Richards had asked me a great many questions and had taken samples of my blood.(P.55)
14.Mum held my hand and I saw that she was weeping.(P.55)
15.Cancer is a disease that begins in cells.(P.55)
16.In my body，the proction of cells is disrupted.(P.55)
17.Doctors do know that cancer is not caused by injury and is not contagious—it does not spread from one person to another.(P.55)
18.The cancer in my body has been defeated for the moment.(P.55)
19.Living with cancer has made me realize how precious life is and how important it is for us to take every chance to live life to the fullest.(P.55)
20.Every day is a new opportunity and I have learnt to appreciate every minute of each day.
Ⅱ.Language points and grammar focus語言點和語法重點
A.Language points語言點
1.HIV/AIDS is incurable...(P.49)
AIDS is a disease that...leaves a person defenceless against infections and illness.(P.51)
本單元中由前綴或後綴派生出的 反義詞 的小結
2.People get AIDS after having been infected with the HIV virus.(P.51)
完成時的動名詞的被動式的內涵及用法
3.As with most diseases and disasters，the young suffer the most.
「定冠詞 + 形容詞/過去分詞」表示「一類人」的用法的小結
4.I had been feeling sick for a long time and my mum had taken me to hospital to have me examined.(P.55)
1)過去完成進行時的內涵及用法
2)「to have + 賓語 + 過去分詞」的兩個內涵及用法
5.The treatment was successful and I was able to go home after exactly fourteen months，two days and six hours in hospital.(P.55)
was/were able to do與could do在內涵上的區別及各自的用法
6.I have been living with cancer for two years and...(P.55)
現在完成進行時的內涵及用法
Ⅲ.Skills of the four essential abilities：listening，speaking，reading and writing聽、說、讀、寫四項基本能力的學習技巧
1.Listening：Master the main idea of a long dialogue through the inner connections among the questions so as to have better understanding of the questioned details
從各設問間的內在聯系把握較長對話的中心思想，更好理解各檢測點的細節
2.Speaking：Talk about deadly diseases and attitudes towards AIDS，cancer，etc.
關於那些致命疾病及對待艾滋病、癌症等的態度的談論
3.Reading：Make full use of informational words and phrases
充分利用信息詞
4.Writing：How to write a personal narrative
如何寫一篇個人經歷過的敘述性 故事
高二英語選修七第三單元知識點2
一、不定式做主語：
1、不定式做主語一般表示具體的某次動作。===動名詞doing 表示習慣的，經常的動作。
e.g: To finish the building in a month is difficult.
To do such things is foolish.
To see is to believe. (對等)
注: 1). 不定式作主語時,謂語用單數
2). 當主語較長，謂語較短時，常用it做形式主語，而將不定式放到謂語的後面。
it做形式主語，不定式放在謂語動詞之後常用於下列結構中：
(1)It is/was +adj.+of sb. to do…
(2) It is +adj.+for sb.+to do…
It is easy / difficult / hard / foolish / unwise / right / wrong / unnecessary
(3) it is +a +名詞+ to do...
It is a pity / a pleasure / a pleasant thing / one』s ty / an honor / a shame / a crime / no easy job… to do
It takes (sb.) some time / courage / patience …to do…
It requires courage / patience / hard work… to do…
_注意: probable 和 possible 均可作表語，但possible可以用不定式作真實主語， 而probable不能用不定式作真實主語。
It is probable for him to come to the meeting.(錯)
It is possible for him to come to the meeting.
It is possible / probable that he will come to the meeting.
二、不定式做表語
主語是以aim ty hope idea intention plan job suggestion wish purpose task 等為中心詞的名詞片語 或以 what 引導的名詞性從句表示，後面的不定式說明其內容, 不定式作表語常表示將來或現在的動作或狀態。
eg :My idea is to climb the mountain from the north.
Your mistake was not to write that letter.
What I would suggest is to start work at once.
三、動詞不定式作賓語
以不定式結構為賓語的動詞有：
ask, agree, care, choose, demand, decide, expect, fail, help, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish等只能用動詞不定式作賓語
口訣(接不定式作賓語的動詞)
想要學習 早打算( want learn plan)
快准備 有希望( prepare hope wish expect)
同意否 供選擇(agree offer choose)
決定了 已答應(decide be determined promise)
盡力去 著手做(manage undertake)
別拒絕 別假裝(refuse pretend)
失敗不是屬於你(fail)
e.g.Tom refused to lend me his pen.
We hope to get there before dark.
The girl decided to do it herself.
_注意:某些及物動詞可用-ing也可用動詞不定式作賓語但意義不同的有
stop go on remember forget
regret try mean can』t help
be used to
高二英語選修七第三單元知識點3
1. slide on a banana skin在香蕉皮上滑倒
2. bump into someone else撞到別人
3. round a corner在拐角處
4. fall down掉下
5. be cruel to …對…殘忍
6. at times有時,常常
7. be content with對…滿意
8. badly off(worse off) 貧困
9. astonish us with the deep feelings
用深厚的感情打動…
10. be born in poverty出生貧寒
11. become famous for變的有名
12. a particular from of acting一種特殊表演方式
13. his entertaining silent movies他滑稽無聲電影
14. be well-known throughout the world舉世聞名
15. wear worn-out shoes穿著破鞋子
16. carry a walking stick拿著手杖
17. a social failure一個社會生活中的失敗分子
18. overcome difficulties克服困難
19. be unkind to sb對…不好
20. a boiled shoe煮熟的鞋子
21. the problem facing sb面對某人的問題
22. thousands of成千上萬
23. rush there in search of沖向…尋找…
24. fortunate enough足夠幸運
25. pick up拾起…/接某人
26. be caught in a snowstorm遭遇到暴風雪
be caught on被…鉤住
27. on the edge of a mountain在大山邊緣
28. pick out挑出
29. cut off切斷,隔絕…
30. as if似乎,好象
31. eat every mouthful with great enjoyment
每口都吃得津津有味
32. star in主演…
33. his lifetime outstanding work
他終生傑出的工作
34. be buried in被埋葬在…
35. knock into撞到…
36. think it funny to…覺得滑稽…
37. play on words說俏皮話
38. treat it as a question把…當作一個問題
39. an answer to the question問題的答案
40. go camping去露營
41. in a mountainous area在山區
42. in the open air在戶外
43. look up at the stars抬頭看著星星
44. how vast the sky is 天空多麼廣闊
45. try a third time又試了一次
46. pay special attention to特別注意…
47. bring out the humorous meaning
指出/闡明幽默的意思
48. turn into變成…
49. improve your English vocabulary
擴大英語詞彙量
50. a sense of success成功感,成就感
高二英語選修七第三單元知識點相關 文章 ：
★ 高中英語選修七英語知識點總結
★ 高中英語選修七的知識點
★ 高中英語選修7知識點總結
★ 高中英語選修七的知識點總結
★ 英語高中選修七知識點
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★ 人教版高三上冊英語選修七Unit3練習試題(2)
③ 求高二上學期，語法內容。
高二上學期英語語法總結
Grammar focus語法重點
1．The simple passive form of the infinitives．
不定式被動態的一般形式的內涵及用法。
2．Four functions of the infinitives used as subject，attribute，object and adverbial．用作主語、定語、賓語和狀語的不定式的四種功能的用法。
本單元的語法項目是不定式的被動式，具體講解如下：
①當不定式的邏輯主語是不定式所表示動作的承受者時，不定式一般用被動形式。不定式被動形式在句中可作主語、表語、狀語、補語等。如：
To be obeyed was natural to her．她生性讓別人聽命於她。(作主語)
The problem remained to be solved．這個問題還有待解決。(作表語)
It needs not to be said that they are very happy together．
不必說他們在一起非常幸福。(作賓語)
There were plans to be made at once．要立即制定計劃。(作定語)
He has returned only to be sent away again．
他回來以後又被打發走了。(作狀語)
The captain ordered the flag to be hoisted．
船長命令升旗。(作賓語補足語)
The book is intended to be read and not to be torn．
這書是供人閱讀的而不是供人撕毀的。(作主語補足語)
②在某些句子中，不定式雖表被動，但仍用主動形式。如：
What is to pay？要付多少錢？
The reason is not far to seek．道理很淺顯。
He gave me some books to read．他給了我一些書讀。
We found the report easy to understand．我們發現這些報告很容易懂。
不定式作主語、定語、賓語和狀語的功能和用法講解如下：
由於不定式有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特點，所以它在句中可做主語、表語、賓語、定語、同位語、狀語、補語等。但由於時間關系，今天我只把不定式作主語、定語、賓語和狀語的用法講解一下。
1)作主語。如：
To see is to believe．眼見為實。
To serve the people is our ty．為人民服務是我們的職責。
在日常英語中，常用it作為語法上的主語，即形式主語，而將真正的主語放在後面。
It is our ty to serve the people．為人民服務是我們的職責。
2)作賓語。如：
I couldn't afford to buy a new car．我買不起汽車。
Have you decided to marry him？你決定嫁給他嗎？
有些動詞常常跟不定式作賓語，它們是：want，wish，hate，prefer，hope，continue，manage，try，ask，offer，start，forget，remember，begin，decide，agree，choose，learn，pretend，promise，mean，expect，desire等。
另外，在一些復合賓語中，常用it代表不定式作為形式賓語，而將真正的賓語不定式放在後面。如：
I thought it right to do this test．我認為做這項實驗是對的。
3)作定語。通常都置於被修飾名詞或代詞之後。如：
This is the best way to solve this problem．
這是解決這個問題的最好辦法。
I have a lot of work to do．我有許多工作要做。
如果不定式和它所修飾的詞有邏輯上的動賓關系，且這個不定式是不及物動詞，則它後面需有必要的介詞。如：
He is a good comrade to work with．他是一個很好共事的同志。
There is nothing to think about．沒什麼值得考慮的。
4)作狀語，表示目的、結果、原因等。如：
He went home to see his parents．他回家看望父母。(表目的)
I turned the radio down so as not to disturb you．
我把收音機音量調小，以免打擾你。(表目的)
The problem is too hard to understand．
這問題太難了，理解不了。(表結果)
What have I done to make you unhappy？
我做了什麼事使你不高興？(表結果)
I'm glad to hear the news．聽了這消息，我很高興。(表原因)
I was surprised to see him there．
我真想不到會在那裡見到他。(表原因)
Grammar focus語法重點
The past participle used as attribute and predicative
用作定語和表語的過去分詞
本單元的語法項目是過去分詞作定語、表語。它們的用法講解如下：
1)過去分詞作定語。如果是及物動詞的過去分詞作定語，過去分詞與被修飾詞有邏輯上的被動關系，且表完成的狀態；如果是不及物動詞的過去分詞作定語，過去分詞與被修飾詞在邏輯上沒有主被動關系之說，所以不及物動詞的過去分詞只表完成的狀態。但有些表示思想感情的過去分詞如astonished，disappointed，excited，frightened，interested，pleased，surprised，tired，worried等既不表主動，又不表完成。此外，作定語的過去分詞如果是單詞，一般放在被修飾詞的前面；作定語的過去分詞如果是動詞短語，一般放在被修飾詞的後面。如：
We need more qualified teachers．我們需要更多的合格老師。
He stepped carelessly on some broken glass．
他不小心踩到了碎玻璃上了。
The letter written by my brother is on the desk．
我兄弟寫的信在桌子上。
The TV set made in China are good quality．
中國製造的電視機質量很好。
You can drink boiled water，not boiling water．
你可以喝白開水，但不可以喝沸騰的水。
From his disappointed look，I knew he didn't pass the examination．
從他的失望表情看，我知道他沒通過考試。
2)作表語，過去分詞作表語，多表示主語的狀態。如：
This machine part is broken．這個機器零件壞了。
He looked very excited．他看起來很激動。
有些過去分詞實際上已被看成形容詞了，常見的有：delighted，disappointed，discouraged，drunk，amused，astonished，hurt，interested，crowded，tired，satisfied，pleased，surprised，worried，excited，married，puzzled，upset等。
Grammar focus語法重點
The Past Participle used as Object Complement
用作賓補的過去分詞
本單元的語法項目是過去分詞作賓補，你能把它的用法講解一下嗎？
師：過去分詞作賓補，與前面的賓語有邏輯上的被動關系且表動作的完成。
1)作表感覺或心理狀態的動詞的賓補，它們是：see，hear，watch，feel，find，think等
We hear the music played by the band．我們聽了樂隊演奏這首樂曲。
I found her greatly changed．我發現她變化很大。
Everybody thought the battle lost．人人都認為這場戰役輸掉了。
2)作使役動詞的賓補，它們是：make，keep，leave，have，get，help等
When you speak，you have to make yourself understood．
說話時要讓人聽懂。
Please keep us informed of the latest development．
請隨時向我們通報事態的最新發展。
I must get my bike repaired．我必須請人修自行車。
3)作表希望或要求的動詞的賓補，它們是：want，like，wish，prefer，need，declare，report，order，acknowledge等。這種用法與不定式的被動形式作賓補基本相同。
I don't want any of you(to be)involved in the scandal．
我不要你們任何人牽涉到丑聞中去。
The viewers wish the serial film(to be)continued．
觀眾們希望這部系列片繼續下去。
She needs the work(to be)done before tomorrow．
他要此項工程明天以前完成。
Grammar focus語法重點
The Past Participle used as Adverbial
用作狀語的過去分詞
本單元課文中出現了許多過去分詞作狀語的句子，您能把這一語法現象講解一下嗎？
師：無論過去分詞作狀語還是現在分詞作狀語，分詞的邏輯主語都要和主句的主語一致。過去分詞與主句的主語應是被動關系。過去分詞作狀語，表示時間、原因、讓步或伴隨等，這種過去分詞通常相當於狀語從句。下面我將舉例說明。
1)表時間
(When the metal is)Heated，the metal expands．加熱後，這種金屬會膨脹。(The couple took good care of the baby while(the couple was)occupied by their work．這對夫婦一邊工作，一邊很好地照顧這個嬰兒。
像第二句那樣當強調實踐概念時，過去分詞之前可用連詞when，while。
2)表原因
(As he was)Greatly surprised，he couldn't say a word．
他大吃一驚，一時說不出話來。
(Because she was)Scolded by the teacher，the girl felt unfair．
那姑娘因受老師責備，而憤憤不平。
3)表讓步
Even if(I were)invited，I wouldn't go．即使受邀請，我也不願去。
Though(they were)defeated again and again，they went on fighting．盡管一再遭受挫敗，他們仍然繼續戰斗。
4)表伴隨
He stared at me(he was)astonished．他兩眼瞪著我，驚恐萬狀。
Einstein walked along the street，(he was)lost in thought．愛因斯坦漫步街頭，沉浸在思索中。
Grammar focus語法重點
Noun Clauses introced by relating pronoun「that」
由關系代詞「that」引導的名詞性從句
本單元的語法項目是關聯詞「that」引導的名詞性從句，你能把它的內涵及用法講解一下嗎？
that引導名詞性從句時，本身沒有什麼意思，它只起一個連接作用。①that引導主語從句時，一般不可省略，且可把that所引導的主語從句放在後面，前面用it代替that從句；當然，當主句用了被動語態或是一般疑問句時多用it作形式主語；如主句是感嘆句時，必須用it作形式主語，把that從句放在後面。②引導及物動詞的賓語從句時，在不引起歧義的情況下，that可以省略；that很少引導介詞的賓語從句(中學階段常見的能引導that從句的介詞有：except、but、in等)，如介詞引導that從句作賓語，常常在其後加it，在加that從句作賓語。③that從句作表語從句，一般不可省略。④that從句作同位語從句，一般不可省略。請看下列例句：
That we shall be late is certain．=It is certain that we shall be late．
我們要晚了，這是確定無疑的。
It is said that he's got married．聽說他結婚了。
How strange it is that the children are so quiet！
真奇怪孩子們如此安靜。
He told me(that)he would come to Gu'an the next day．
他告訴我第二天他來固安。
He did come here in that he had another thing to do．
他沒來是因為他有其他事要做。
You can depend on it that he is a millionaire．
你就放心吧，他是百萬富翁。
The fact is that he doesn't understand English at all．
事實上他根本不懂英語。
I know the fact that the doesn't understand English at all．
我知道他根本不懂英語(那個事實)。
如何區別 where 引導的定語從句與狀語從句
1．where 引導定語從句時，where 是關系副詞，在從句中作地點狀語，其前面有表示地點的先行詞，where 引導的從句修飾先行詞。例如：
The bookshop where I bought this book is not far from here．
我買這本書的那個書店離這里不遠。
This is the house where I lived two years ago．
這就是我兩年前住的那所房子。
We will start at the point where we left off．
我們將從上次停下來的地方開始。
2．where 引導狀語從句時，where 是從屬連詞，where 引導的從句修飾主句的謂語動詞，where 前面沒有表示地點的先行詞。例如：
Wuhan lies where the Changjiang River and the Han Jiang River meet．
武漢位於長江和漢江的匯合處。
Mark a mark where you have any doubts or questions．在有疑問的地方做一個記號。
I found my books where I had left them．我在我原來放書的地方找到了我的書。
有時，where 引導的地點狀語從句兼有抽象條件含義，可放在主句的前面，而 where 引導的定語從句則不能。例如：
Where there is a will，there is a way．(諺語)有志者事竟成。
Where there is water，there is life．有水的地方就有生命。
3．在有些情況下，where 引導的定語從句可轉換為 where 引導的地點狀語從句。例如：
A tall building was put up at the place where there used to be a desert．( = A tall building was put up where there used to be a desert．)在以前曾是沙漠的地方蓋起了一幢高樓。
Bamboo grows best in places where it is warm and where it rains often．( = Bamboo grows best where it is warm and where it rains often．溫暖而多雨的地方最適合於竹子生長。
Grammar focus語法重點
Noun Clauses Introced by Question Words
由疑問詞引導的名詞性從句
[講解]由疑問詞引導的名詞性從句多作主語從句、賓語從句或表語從句，偶爾也作同位語從句。在作上述從句時，其句型結構應該採用以下兩種：
1．疑問詞 + 主語 + 謂語動詞 + 其他
2．本身是主語的疑問詞 + 謂語動詞 + 其他
不管採用哪種句型，其詞序總是正裝的，即主語必須置於謂語動詞前面。
[例句]
1)What you need is more practice．(主語從句)
2)What is hard is to do good all one's life and never do anything bad．(主語從句)
3)I can't imagine when we will be able to travel in space．(動詞賓語從句)
4)This reminded me of what he had once told us．(介詞賓語從句)
5)The problem is whether robots will be smarter than humans．(表語從句)
6)Scientists have not found answers to the question why there is no life on Mars．(同位語從句)
Grammar focus語法重點
虛擬語氣
語氣是一種動詞形式，表示說話人對某一行為或事情的看法和態度。英語中共有三種語氣：陳述語氣、祈使語氣、虛擬語氣。本單元所講的是虛擬語氣。
虛擬語氣是一種特殊的動詞形式，用來表示說話人所說的話不是一個事實，而只是一種願望、假設、懷疑、建議、猜測、可能或純粹的空想等。
本單元要學習關於虛擬語氣的以下三個用法：
1．虛擬語氣在一般現在時的條件句和主句中的謂語動詞的形式如下：
從 句 主 句
過去式(be用were) would + 動詞原形
[例句]
1)If I knew German，I would read Das Capital in the original．
要是我懂德文，我就讀《資本論》的原文。
2)If he were here now，everything would be all right．
要是他現在在這兒，一切就都沒問題了。
3)How nice it would be if I could stay a bit longer！
2．虛擬語氣在wish後的賓語從句中的應用。
如果該賓語從句表示一般現在時，其動詞一律用其過去式形式，be用were；如果該從句表示一般過去時，其動詞形式要用：had + 過去分詞；如果該從句表示現在進行時，其動詞形式要用were／was + 現在分詞；如果該從句表示一般將來時，其動詞形式要用：would／could + 動詞原形。
[例句]
1)I wish I were／was as strong as you．
2)I wish I remembered his phone number．
3)I wish I had not forgotten his address the other day．
4)How I wish it weren't／wasn't raining now！
5)I wish he would try again．
3．虛擬語氣在含有as if引導的從句中的動詞形式與wish後的賓語從句中的動詞形式相同。
1)He acts as if he were／was an expert．
2)It seems as if it were／was spring．
3)They are talking as if they had been friends for years．
Grammar focus語法重點
Subjunctive Mood in the Past Tense and the Future Tense
一般過去時與一般將來時中的虛擬語氣
[ ]表示過去情況的虛擬條件句的主句與從句中謂語動詞的主要形式如下：
從 句 主 句
had + 過去分詞 would have + 過去分詞
[例句]
1．If we had left a little earlier，we would have caught the train．
2．If I hadn't taken your advice，I would have made a bad mistake．
3．You wouldn't have caught cold if you had put on more clothes．
[ ]表示將來情況的虛擬條件句的主句與從句中的謂語動詞的主要形式如下：
從 句 主 句
were to／should + 動詞原形 would + 動詞原形
[例句]
1．If I were to study at Harvard University next year，I would major in biology．
2．If he were to／should travel on Mars in the future，he would drive a space wagon all over it．
註：在虛擬條件中，有時可以把表示假設的從屬連詞if省掉不用，在此語境中，就把從句中的助動詞had，should或were移至其主語前，如：
1．Had we made enough preparations，we might have succeeded in doing the experiment．
2．Were they to act like that again，we would／should criticize them severely．
3．Should we fail again next time，we wouldn't lose courage．
Grammar focus語法重點
Inversion 倒裝
主語與謂語有兩種順序：一是主語在前，這和漢語是一致的，稱為自然語序或正裝語序。反之，如果謂語的全部或一部分置於主語之前，就是倒裝語序。
產出倒裝語序主要有兩個原因：語法結構的要求；第二種則是修辭上措辭和安排的需要。下面就是按兩種要求講授本單元有關倒裝語序的知識。
1．主謂倒裝
A)凡表方位、方向或時間的副詞或介詞片語處於句首時往往引起主謂倒裝。如：
1)There exist different opinions on this question．
關於這個問題存在著不同的意見。
2)Here comes the old lady．那位老太太來了。
3)Then came the hour we had been looking forward to．
我們期待的時刻到來了。
4)Up went the arrow into the air．
颼的一聲箭射上了天空。
5)Now comes your turn．現在輪到你了。
6)Through the air hurtled a jet-plane．
呼地一聲在天空中飛過一架噴氣式飛機。
B)否定詞置於句首，引起部分倒裝(助動詞或情態動詞移至主語前)，如：
1)Never before has our country been so prosperous．
我們的國家從來沒有這樣繁榮昌盛。
2)Hardly did I think it possible．我幾乎認為這是不可能的。
3)On no account should we follow blindly．我們決不應盲從。
C)「only + 狀語」置於句首引起部分倒裝，如：
1)Only after a bitter struggle was the aim achieved．
只有在艱苦鬥爭之後這一目標才得以實現。
2)Only in this way can we hope to improve the situation there．
只有用這種方式我們才有可能改善那裡的局勢。
D)省略了if的虛擬條件句中要用部分倒裝，如：
1)Should anyone phone me，tell him to call me again in two hours' time．
萬一有人給我打電話，叫他兩小時以後再給我打。
2)Had I been informed earlier，I might not have bought the air ticket．
要是早點通知我，我就可能不買那機票了。
2．表語倒裝
當表語置於句首，其系動詞也就隨之移至主語前形成完全倒裝，如：
1)Near the southern end of the village was a large apple orchard．
靠近村子南頭是一個很大的蘋果園。
2)Among its exhibits are computers and mobile phones made in China．
在展品中有中國製造的電腦和手機。
3)Their grandparents are very warm-hearted，as are their parents．
他們的祖父母是非常熱心的人，他們的父母也一樣。
Grammar focus語法重點
Ellipsis省略
在有些英語句子中，某些成分被省略掉了，這樣的句子稱為省略句(Elliptical Sentences)。一般說來在上下文已經交待清楚的情況下，可以省略那些已經提到的或不言而喻的部分。
省略是避免重復、突出重要內容和使上下文緊密連接的一種語言手段。
省略可出現於簡單句、並列復合句和主從復合句中。
一、常被省略的部分
1．省略主語
Beg your pardon？請再說一遍。(省略I)
2．省略謂語或謂語的一部分
He is a doctor and his wife a teacher．
他是醫生，他妻子是老師。(省略is)
I will do the best I can．我將盡力而為。(省略do)
3．省略表語
表語的省略指的是：在主系表句子中，回答其問句時省略表語。這種省略已成固定格式，如果不省略反而不成句子習慣。There be句型的回答以及其反意問句的後半部分也要用省略式。
—Are you hungry？你餓嗎？
—Yes，I am．(hungry)．我餓。
4．省略賓語
This is the book(that)you're looking for．
5．主語和謂語(系動詞)一起省略
—What would you like to eat？—你要吃什麼？
—(I would like)Rice and meat．—米飯和肉。
6．在if，when，though，as if等引導的從句中，如果其謂語動詞是be，可將主語一起省略。Don't speak while(you are)eating．吃飯時別說話。
7．一般疑問句的省略回答中動詞只用系動詞、情態動詞、助動詞
Can you swim？Yes，I can／No，I can't．
8．只保留一個主要句子成分，其餘全部省略。
What did you get？A book．(保留賓語)
Wait！(保留謂語)
9．the reason why，the time when等限定性定語從句中可省略關系副詞。
This is the place(where)we came last month．
這就是我們上個月來過的地方。
That was the reason(why)he had not arrived on time．
這就是他沒按時到達的原因。