1. 要人教版初三英語的知識點總結 有15個單元 本人沒拿筆記本 幫幫忙
Unit1：by 的用法 by+v-ing
Unit2：used to be 是重點 意思是 「過去常常」
Unit3：被動語態 sb should be allowed to do sth 「某人應該被允許做某事
Unit4：虛擬語氣 If i were …，i would …
Unit5：sth belong to sb 某物屬於某人
Unit6：定語從句
Unit7：知識點多 忘了 ⊙﹏⊙
Unit8：put off+v-ing , work as, sw+adj
Unit9：被動語態 本單元重點單詞：invent，be invented ，inventor
Unit10：過去完成時 標志性詞語：by the time,realize
Unit11：賓語從句，注意從句的語序 和先行詞
Unit12：be supposed to 句型
Unit13:make sb do sth ,make sb adj
Unit14：現在完成時：have done結構
Unit15：各個單元都有一些 單詞表裡單詞的句型
ps:每個單元的標題很重要
過去常常做某事 used to do sth 習慣做某事 be used to doing sth 激光唱機 a CD player 輸入 put into 全神貫注於……中 put one』s heart into 想出、提供 come up with 拾起某物 pick up sth 向某人借某物 borrow sth from sb 把某物借給某人 lend sb sth/lend sth to sb 帶給某人知識 give sb knowledge 在校園內的室外 outside in the schoolyard 忘記要做某事 forget to do sth 忘記曾經做過的事 forget doing sth 第二天 the next day 上一周 last week 幾天以後 several days later 遲早 sooner or later 更糟糕的是 what be worse 為……而付款 pay for… 所借的書 borrowed books 在國外 be abroad 整理床鋪 make the bed 把某物歸還給某人 return sth to sb 從某人處得到某物get sth from sb 順手拿走、偷走 walk away with 鼓勵某人做某事 encourage ab to do sth Unit 2 水上運動 water sports 一天三次 three times a day 嘗試 have a try / want a go 遍及全世界 all over the world 許許多多、大量 a large number of 一年到頭，終年 all the year round 不管 no matter 放棄做某事 give up doing sth 放棄工作 give up one』s job 以沖浪為生 live to surf 看起來令人興奮 look exciting 因……而著名 be famous for 在A和B之間 between A and B 例如 for example 從那時起 ever since 打零工 a part-time assistant 休息一晚 have a night off 使某人舒暢（開心）make sb fit 樂趣無窮 such great fun 動身去某地 leave for sw. 一等獎 first prize 沖浪競賽 a surfing competition 奧林匹克運動會 Olympic Games 出差,因公 on business 時光飛逝，光陰似箭，日月如梭 (How) time flies! 迄今為止 so far 到某處旅遊 travel to sw. 試著做某事 trying doing sth 盡力做某事 try to do sth 一個十二歲的男孩 a 12-year-old boy / a boy of 12 實現 come true 走進、踏入 step into 減速 slow down 又過了兩個小時 another two hours 高度贊揚 speak highly of 因……感到自豪 be proud of doing sth / be proud to do sth 是…..的驕傲 be the pride of sb Unit 3 造紙廠 a paper factory 找出、查明 find out 傾倒, 倒入 pour… into 污水、廢水 waste water 害怕某事（物） be afraid of sth 害怕做某事 be afraid of doing sth 傳到某人耳中 come to one』s ears 將某物投入 throw sth in 將某物投入某處 throw sth into sw. 幫助做某事 help (to) do sth 保持城市整潔 keep the city clean 保護環境 protect the environment 綠化中國 Greener China 亂丟某物 litter / throw sth about 以……為根據 base on /be based on 在公共場所吐痰 spit in a public place 為干某事而做出(巨大)貢獻 make a (great) contribution to doing sth 砍伐 cut down 收垃圾的車 a truck collecting rubbish Unit 4 盡快 as soon/quickly as possible; as soon /quickly as one can 現在 right now 乘飛機旅行 travel by plane/ air 匆匆行程 a rushed trip 火車旅途 a train ride 打的前往 take a taxi to 卧鋪車箱 a sleeping car 四處走走 walk around 感到疲憊 feel tired 打牌 play cards 一直不斷干某事 keep doing sth 不斷老是做某事 keep on doing sth 為某人提供某物 offer sb sth 練習干某事 practise doing sth 很快睡熟了 fall fast asleep 持久 last long 持續一段時間 last for some time 旅行 go on a trip/ have a trip / be on a trip 拍照 take photos / pictures 趕快 hurry up 在某人一生中 in one』s life 留言 leave a message 沖洗, 顯影 come out Unit 5 過來、加油 come on 開家庭會議 have a family meeting 談論 talk about 去度假 go for a holiday / go on holiday 決定干某事 decide to do sth 潛水 scuba diving 在網際網路上 on the Internet 上網查尋 search the Internet 雙擊左鍵 double left click 網際網路圖標 the Internet icon 鍵入網址 type in the Website 按回車鍵 press the enter button 花市 a flower market 馴鹿公園 a deer park 單程 one-way trip 往返雙程 round trip 珊瑚礁 coral reefs 快速列車 a fast train 向前走 walk along 照直走 go straight along 請稍等 just / wait a minute Unit 6 報警 call the police 出事故 have an accident 去沖浪 go surfing 騎馬 ride a horse 拜訪某人 visit sb 允許某人做某事 allow sb to do sth 使它成為可能 make it possible 水下呼吸器 the scuba machine 對……感興趣 be interested in 攝像 make videos 製作電視節目 make a TV show 對……感到驚訝 be amazed /surprised at 保護環境 save /protect the environment 保持某物清潔 keep sth clean 清理、打掃 clean up 鼓勵某人干某事 encourage sb to do sth 參加……活動 take part in sth /doing sth 長達…… as long as… 在世界上 on earth / in the world 以……為生、為主食 feed on… 在沙灘上 on the beaches 警告某人做某事 warn sb to do sth 去看望、拜訪某人go to visit sb 走出 get out of 就這么定了。 That』s a deal. Unit 7 能 be able to 持續做…… keep doing sth 讓某人持續做某事 keep sb doing sth 操作、從事、致力於…… work on sth 改變世界 change the world 試驗新的想法（創新）try out new ideas 在校上學 be in school 與……無/有關 have nothing / something to do with… 對……感興趣 be interested in 在12歲時 at the age of 12 鐵軌 railway tracks 沖過去 rush out 把孩子抱到安全地帶carry the boy to safety 如此……以致…… so… that… 對……評價高，看重 think a lot of 考慮、關心 think of 開發 open up 關小 turn dow ...
2. 人教版初中英語九年級語法知識點
UNIT 1：介詞by的常見用法
V-ING形式
UNIT 2：used to的用法
UNIT 3：含有情態動詞的被動句式
UNIT 4：虛擬語氣
UNIT 5：情態動詞表推測
UNIT 6：關系代詞的用法
UNIT 7：would like的用法
UNIT 8：短語動詞
UNIT 9：被動語態
UNIT 10：過去完成時
UNIT 11：賓語從句
UNIT 12：be supposed to的用法
UNIT 13：make的用法
UNIT 14：現在完成時
UNIT 15：時態復習
3. 人教新目標九年級英語1至15單元知識點誰能告訴我
How do you study for a test?
[教學目標]1.談論如何學習英語。(talk about how to study English)
2.學慣用 「動詞+ by + doing」表示 「方式、方法。」(by doing)
3.復習現在完成時。(have/has + done)
4.復習提建議的方法。(What about…? Why don't you…?)
5.學習一些重點片語。(key phrases)
[單元內容概述] 一.單詞。
1.名詞類:pronunciation,voice,skill,grammar,comma,challenge,sentence,learner,speaker,solution,secret,
term, service, status, symbol, expert, tune,
2.動詞類:memorize, frustrate, add, pronounce, complete, ring, impress,
3.形容詞類:specific,frustrating,excited,spoken,native,mobile,ashamed,old-fashioned,outdated,
fashionable, latest, embarrassed, main
這些詞都是四會詞彙,所謂四會詞彙就是:一會讀音、二會拼寫、三會意思、四會用法。
e.g. excitedget excited adout對…感到很興奮
4.副詞類:aloud, differently, quickly, slowly, fast, actually, easily,
[重點片語](Key Phrases)二.片語
1.not at all 一點也不 2.end up(doing) sth 結束做某事
3.make mistakes 犯錯 4.later on 後來
5.be afraid to do 害怕做某事 6.laugh at 嘲笑(某人)
7.take notes 作筆記 8.enjoy doing sth 喜歡做某事
9.make up 組成 10.mobile phone行動電話,手機
11.on one's way to在某人去某地的路上 12. be shamed of因…感到慚愧
13.behind the times過時的,老式的14. turn off 關掉(電視、收音機、電燈等)
15.worst of all最糟糕的是 16.fit in with sb 與某人相處融洽
17.native speaker 說本族語的人 18.begin with 以…開頭
19.the best way to do…做某事最好的辦法 20.write down 寫下,記下
21.once more又一次,再一次 22. first of all 首先
23.give up 放棄 24.think about 考慮
25.at the time 當時 26.make sb do sth 使某人做某事
27.send fast / short messages 發快/簡訊 28.status symbol 身份的象徵
29.spend … on sth在…花費(時間,金錢) 30.if… or not 是否
31. be with sb 與某人在一起 32.get excited about 對…感到激動
三.句型
1.How do you study for tests? Well, I study (by working) with my classmates.
2.(Have) you ever (studied) with a group? Yes, I have. I'(ve learned) a lot that way.
3.I don't have a partner to practice English with. May be you (should join) an English club.
4.(What about) reading aloud to practice pronunciation?
5.(Why don't) you join an English language club?
後面的3、4、5句都是表示提建議的方法。
[重、難點講解]一.重點詞彙
1.voice n.說話聲;聲音(the sound that are made when people speak or sing)
e.g. He spoke in a quite (loud / angry / kind) voice. 他悄聲/大聲/生氣/友好地講話。
The little girl has a very sweet voice.那個小女孩聲音甜美。
We could hear the children's voice in the garden.我們能夠聽見花園里孩子們的說話聲。
He's got a good voice; he sings well.他嗓音好,歌唱得好。
◆注意:voice ;sound 與 noise 的區別:
(1)sound「聲音; 響聲」指各種各樣的聲響。(可數名詞)例如:
While I worked in my room, I heard a strange sound in my house.
當我在房間里工作的時候,我聽見房間里有一種奇怪的聲音。
When she woke, her ear caught the sound of knocking.她醒來時聽到了敲門聲。
There was a sound on footsteps on the staircase outside.外面樓道上有腳步聲。
(2) noise 聲音(可數,不可數)Don't make so much noise! 別吵!
The noise of traffic kept him awake.車輛的嘈雜聲使我怎麼也睡不著。
We could not hear them because of the noise from the factory.
因為工廠的噪音,我們聽不見他們在說什麼。
voice人說話聲;聲音sound聲音; 響聲,各種各樣的聲響。(可數名詞)
noise聲音(尤指噪音)(可數,不可數)
2.frustrate v.使失望;使沮喪;使厭煩
e.g. He hoped to set a new record, but(was frustrated)by bad weather.
他本希望能創造新記錄,但因天氣惡劣而未果。
The bad weather (frustrated) all our hopes of going out.
惡劣的天氣使我們外出的希望落空。
Marry (was frustrated by) the failure of the English examination.
英語考試未及格使瑪麗很失望。
frustrate使失望;使沮喪;使厭煩frustrated、frustrating是相應的形容詞。
●frustrating adj 令人沮喪的;令人失望的(通常修飾事物)
All this is rather(frustrating).所有的這一切都很令人失望。
I found it(frustrating)that I can't speak other language.我不會說別的語言,感到惘然若失。
●frustrated a.感到灰心的,感到沮喪的 (通常修飾人)
e.g. I felt frustrated at that time. 那時我覺得很沮喪。
frustrated感到灰心的,感到沮喪的(通常修飾人)
frustrating令人沮喪的;令人失望的(通常修飾事物)
◆類似的還有:
interesting令人感興趣的 interested 感興趣的
disappointing令人失望的 disappointed 感到失望的
boring 無聊的 bored 感到無聊的
exciting令人興奮的 excited 感到興奮的
worrying 令人擔心的 worried擔心的;著急的
surprising 令人吃驚的 surprised驚奇的;驚訝的;詫異的
mbarrassing 令人困窘的 embarrassed窘的;尷尬的;局促不安的
3.impress v.使感動;給…深刻印象;使印象深刻
e.g. The visit to Shanghai(impressed)me a lot.上海之行給我留下了深刻印象。
My father impressed on me the(importance)of hard work.我父親使我銘記勤勉的重要。
4.by 的用法◆by是介詞,表示通過…方法或途徑的意思,譯成「靠,通過」,後面可加名詞或名詞短語。
e.g.The house was destroyed(by fire).房屋被火燒毀了。
travel(by air /land/sea).航空(陸路,航海)旅行
go(by train /boat/ bus)乘火車(船,公共汽車)去
shake sb.(by the hand)和某人握手
I study English(by watching English movies).我通過看英文電影學英語。
by後面加名詞如:by fire、by air、by sea、by train、by bus或名詞短語by the hand或動名詞by watching
◆另外,by作為介詞的意義有很多,我們也已經學過一些用法,總結如下:
(1)在…旁邊,靠近 e.g.There is a power station by the river.河邊有一個電廠。
(2)沿著,經由 e.g. come by the highway 由公路來
(3)由於 e.g. by mistake 由於差錯
(4)被,由 e.g. some articles written by Lu Xun. 一些由魯迅寫的文章
(5)表示面積 e.g. a room 5m by 4m一間長五米、寬四米的房間
(6) 逐批 e.g. one by one 一個接一個
5.end up (doing sth) 終止(做某事),結束(做某事)
end up後面接動名詞短語,相當於finish doing sth
finish doing sth表示結束做某事,事情已完成
e.g. When we practice speaking English,we often end up speaking in Chinese.
◆要注意它與stop doing sth 的區別:
stop doing sth指停止做某事,有可能是暫時的,不久還會繼續下去。
e.g.We had to stop singing because somebody knocked at the door因為有人敲門,我們不得不停止唱歌。
◆另外,end up with…以…而告終,後面加名詞或動名詞
e.g. The party ended up with her singing. 晚會以她的歌唱而告終。
6.fit in(with).(和…)相處融洽; 使適應;(與…)一致
e.g.The picture doesn't(fit)in here. 那幅畫不適合掛這兒。
He doesn't(fit in)with their other friends.他和其他的朋友相處得不好。
We must(fit in)our plan with yours.我們必須使我們的計劃和你們的一致。
Your ideas(fit in with)mine.你的想法和我的一致。
The house(fits in)beautifully(with)its surroundings.這房子和周圍的環境十分諧調。
7.get excited 變得興奮
get是系動詞,get+ adj./過去分詞, 有「(逐漸)變得…」的含義
e.g. get mad 生氣get annoyed生氣; 惱火
get lost 迷路get interested變得感興趣
get worried 擔心get married結婚
這些都是get加上形容詞或加上過去分詞,以過去分詞形式的形容詞。
get tired變得疲勞get old變老
get clear 變得清晰了get amazed 變得異常驚訝
The long journey got the children all tired.長途旅行使得孩子們疲憊不堪
注意get加上adj或以過去分詞出現的形容詞的含義。
二.重點句型1.He thinks(studying grammar)is a great way to learn a language.
他認為學習語法是一種學習語言的極好的方法。
studying grammar在這個句子當中是充當is a great way to learn a language的邏輯主語。
動名詞即動詞V-ing形式,相當於名詞。在句子中可做主語,賓語,表語等。
(e.g.)I think that(doing lots of listening practice)is one of the secrets of learning.
doing lots of listening practice 是動名詞短語,作從句中的主語。
listening做定語,修飾 practice
在賓語從句中doing lots of listening practice是主語,listening修飾 practice。
(2)I am enjoying(learning English).(動名詞短語做賓語)
(3)(Seeing)is(believing).眼見為實。(seeing做主語,believing做表語)
2.I don't have a partner to(practice)English(with).我沒有一個可以一起操練英語的搭檔。
◆在英語中,很多介詞放在句末時,都不可以省略,否則,句子結構不完整。又如:
I don't have a partner to practice English(with)這個with不能省,則句子結構不完整。
e.g.I don't have a friend to talk(with).句中with不能省。
I don't have a friend to tal kwith.我沒有朋友可以聊天，可以交談。
I want to find a room to live(in).我想找間房子住。這里的in不能省掉。
This is just the book I'm looking(for).這正是我找的那書本。
同樣的for不能省掉。
所以大家要注意介詞是不能隨便省略的。
二.語法1.如何提建議◆提建議的有以下種種:
(What about)listening to cassettes?(What about…?)
You(should)read English aloud. (You should…)
Listening(can)help you. (can…)
(Why don't you)join an English language club to practice speaking.(Why don't you…?)
(Would you mind)remembering new words by flashcards?( Would you mind…?)
(Please try to)talk with your friends in English as much as possible.(Please try to…)
(Why not)go out with English-speaking friends. (Why not …)
(You'd better)practice English every day.(You'd better…)
常見的提建議的方法有:What about do sth?、Why not do sth、Why don't you do sth?、
You'd better do sth、Would you mind do sth?
2.By + V-ing 表示「方式、方法」
eg.He makes a living by fishing.他靠打魚為生。
I improved my English by listening to pop songs.我通過聽流行歌曲而提高我們的英語。
◆主意下面表示學習英語方法的目標句型:—How do you study English?
—I study English by listening cassettes.
by studying with a group.by watching English programs on TV.
by enjoying English songs.by taking part in English classes after school.
by getting an English tutor.by reading English magazines and newspaper.
by surfing the Internet.by making flashcards.
by reading the textbook.by asking the teacher for help.
by making vocabulary lists.by taking notes carefully.
by having the English class carefully.by finishing my homework seriously.
Unit 1 I used to beafraid of the dark.
【教學目標】(Talk aboutwhat youused to be likeandhow we've changed)
·談論自己的過去及現在的變化
(Practise using thetarget language.)·練習使用本單元的目標英語
(Review the PastTense)·復習一般過去時
In this unit we willtalk about what weused to be like.Everyone has a lot ofold stories.
Every day we aregrowing up.And a lot of changeshave happened to us.
Therefore sometimeswe'd like to talkabout our past.
Through learning thisunit, we can talkmore about ourselvesin a proper way.
【單元內容概述】一、單詞1.名詞類:dark,spider,insect,mark,emotive,expression,code,kiss.
2.動詞類:sure,terrify,seek,type,seal,indicate,comprehend,consist,describe.
3.形容詞類:dark,on,bored,secret,4.副詞類:right,mostly,sideways.
二、片語和短語(Key Phrases) 1.used to過去常常
2.be terrified of害怕…;恐懼…3.in the past fewyears在近幾年
4.be made up of由…組成 5.sound like聽起來像
6.go right home立刻回家7.can't stop doingsth.禁不住做某事
8.instead of代替,而不是9.make faces做鬼臉
10.consist of由…組成11.come from 來自於…
12.stand for代表,代替13.face to face面對面
14.such as例如15.worry about擔心
16.on the swim team在游泳隊17.play the piano彈鋼
18.chat with和…聊天19.miss the old days懷念舊日子
20.these days最近21.take sb…to do sth花費某人(多長時間)做某事
三、交際用語1.A:Mario used to beshort.(used to…)B:Yes,he did.Now he's tall!
2.Girl:Hey,Steve!Overhere!Don't youremember me?Boy:Oh,wow!You're Paula,aren't you?
(反意疑問句)Girl:That's right.Boy:But you used tobe really quiet,didn't you?
(反意疑問句)Girl:Yeah.I wasn'tvery outgoing.
Boy:No,you weren't.But you were alwaysfriendly.Wait a minute!
Did you us to playthe piano?Girl:Yes,I did.But now I'm moreinterested in sports.
I play soccer andI'm on the swimmingteam.Boy:Wow!People surechange.
3.A:I used to eatcandy all the time,Did you?(簡略式疑問句)
B:Yes,I did.I used tochew gum a lot.A:Did you?B:Yes,I did.
4.A:Did you used to be afraid of the darkB:Yes,I did.
A:Are you stillafraid of the dark?B:No,I'm not.How about you?
A:Me?Oh,yes!I'm terrified ofthe dark.B:So,what do you doabout it?
A:I go to sleep withmy bedroom light on.(with+O+OC)
【重、難點講解】一、重點詞彙
1.mostly adv.大多數地,大部分,主要的(=almost all,generally 幾乎全部,大多)
e.g.I spend my freetime mostly watchingTV.我閑暇時大多在看電視.
There are only 7girls in our PE class,so the class ismostly boys.
在我們體育班僅有7個女孩,因此這個班大多數是男生。
2.right adv.立即;馬上(=right away;at once)
right 在本單元用作副詞,修飾動詞。例如:Come right in.快進來。
I'll be right there.我馬上到那裡。He would come rightback.他會立即回來。
I'll come right down.我馬上下來。I'll go right aftersupper.我吃完晚飯就馬上走。
·注意:right用作副詞時還有其他的含義。例如:You didn't spell theword right.(對,正確地)
This telephonedoesn't work right.(合適地,順利地)
Go right on and youwill see the housein the corner.(一直地,直接地)
The bullet(子彈)went right throughhis arm.(完全地,徹底地)
3.used to 過去常常;以前常常(僅用於過去式)
「used to+ 動詞原形」這一結構表示過去的習慣(過去經常反復發生的動作)或狀態(現在已不復存在),
只有一種形式,即過去式,用於所有人稱。否定形式為used not to.疑問式為Used you to…?Used he to…?等
例如:①I used to walkalong the road aftersupper.我過去常常在晚飯後沿這條馬路散步。
②He used not to likePeking opera,but nowhe's very found of it他過去不喜歡京劇,但現在非常喜歡。
·注意:used to的讀音,讀作/'ju:stu/,而不讀/'ju:zdtu/。
現在大多數人在口語中或不太正式的書面語中對否定式和疑問式常使用與do連用的形式。
例如:①I didn't usedto like skating,butnow I like it verymuch.
我過去不喜歡滑冰,但現在很喜歡。
②Did you use to livein Shanghai? 你過去住在上海嗎?
③There used to be achurch here,didn'tthere?以前這里有一座教堂,是不是?
·另外,含有used to的句子的反意疑問句一般不用usedn't+主語(見上面例③)。
又如:He used to livein Shanghai,didn't he? Yes, he did./No, he didn't.
4.be terrified of害怕(=be afraid of)be terrified of後面通常接名詞或動名詞。
例如:①I'm terrifiedofthe dark.(名詞)
②The old lady wasterrified ofcrossing such a busystreet.(動名詞)
二、重點句型1.I go to sleep withmy bedroom light on.
·with+O+OC即with後接賓語和賓語補足語,其中賓語補足語補充說明賓語的狀況。
OC可以是形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、過去分詞、現在分詞、不定式等。
①with+O+adj.eg.I like to sleepwith windows open.(形容詞)
②with+O+adv.eg.Anderson waslying on the bedwith all his clotheson.(副詞)
③with+O+介詞短語eg.We sat on the dryglass with our backto the wall.
He was asleep withhis head on his arms.The teacher came inwith a book in hishand.
He said goodbye withtears in his eyes.Mr Brown is talkingwith Bob with hishands in his pocket.
④with+O+過去分詞eg.All the afternoonhe worked with thedoor locked.
You cannot go out toplay with the workunfinished.
⑤with+O+現在分詞eg.I won't be ableto go on holiday withmy mother being ill.
⑥with+O+不定式So in the afternoon,with nothing to do,I went on a round ofthe bookshops.
With five minutes togo before the lasttrain left,we arrivedat St.Pancras.
I can't go out withall these dishes towash
2.Before I startedhigh school, I usedto spend a lot oftime playing gameswith my friends,…
spend是動詞,意思是「花費(錢,時間)」,或「度過」
下面是常用的兩種結構:·sb.spend time(money)on sth.·sb.spend time(money)in doing sth.
e.g.①Every day Ispend two hours onhomework.
②Mary spent a lot ofmoney on her new car.③He will spend hisholidays traveling.
④He spent ninetyminutes in workingout the mathsproblems.
·注意上面①、④兩個例句均可以用It takessb. some timeto do sth.結構來改寫:
①It takes me twohours to do homework.every day.
④It took him ninetyminutes to work outthe maths problems
3.E-mail English isa new kind of Englishthat many people useto save time.
E-mail英語是一種新興的英語,許多人用來節省時間。
that many people useto save time是定語從句,用來修飾先行詞newkind of English
·注意:use to 與usedto的區別,二者後面都加動詞原形,但意義大不相同。use to用來做某事
e.g.Many students usethe dictionary tolook up new words.許多學生用字典查找生詞。
used to 過去常常e.g. She used to beafraid of dogs whenshe was young.她小的時候很怕狗。
save time節省時間save space節省空間save money攢錢
4.The first kind ismade up of the firstletters of otherwords.
These are calledacronyms.第一種是由單詞的首字母組成,被稱為首字母組合詞。
·在這兩個句子中,be made up of和arecalled都涉及到一個重要的語法現象——被動語態。
被動語態的結構:be+動詞的過去分詞。在英語中,有主動和被動兩種語態。
主動語態表示主語是動作的執行者,被動語態表示主語是動作的承受者。試對比:
He wrote the letter.他寫了信。說明:「寫信」的動作由主語「他」發出的為主動語態。
The letter waswritten by him.那封信是他寫的。
說明:主語「信」是動作「寫」的承受者,是被動語態。
e.g.His bike has beenstolen.他的自行車被偷走了。
English is spoken allover the world.全世界都說英語。
·說明:關於被動語態的詳細內容,將在第三單元講解。
·be made up of=consist of二者可以互換。
例如:This is mad upof/consists of threedifferent parts.這是由三部分組成的。
Society is made up of/consists of peoplewith widely differingabilities.
社會是有各種個樣不同能力的人組成。
5.Other acronyms areF2F which stands forface to face, CSL forcan't stop laughingand…
其他的首字母縮寫詞有F2F,代表face to face,CSL代表can't stoplaughing…
·which引導定語從句,修飾先行詞F2F·stand for表示「代表…」,
e.g.USA. stands forUnited States ofAmerica.Our flag stand forour country.
6.For example,8 sounds like –eat in great,so to save time,people write gr8.
比如,8聽起來象great中-eat的發音,因此為了節省時間,人們就寫成了gr8(來代表great).
to save time為了節省時間,動詞不定式做目的狀語
7.It's not justbecause they can'tcomprehend what itmeans.
這不僅僅是因為他們不明白(簡訊)的含義。
what it means是賓語從句,做動詞comprehend的賓語,意為「簡訊的意思是什麼」
·what 經常用來引導賓語從句、表語從句、或主語從句。
例如:I don't carewhat she thinks.Let me see whatyou've chosen.
He began to thinkwhat about just whathe would do.Remember what we arehere for.
This is what I'mgoing to do.
太多了 放不下了
4. 初三人教版英語各單元知識點
Unit1：by 的用法 by+v-ing
Unit2：used to be 是重點 意思是 「過去常常」
Unit3：被動語態 sb should be allowed to do sth 「某人應該被允許做某事
Unit4：虛擬語氣 If i were …，i would …
Unit5：sth belong to sb 某物屬於某人
Unit6：定語從句
Unit7：知識點多 忘了 ⊙﹏⊙
Unit8：put off+v-ing , work as, sw+adj
Unit9：被動語態 本單元重點單詞：invent，be invented ，inventor
Unit10：過去完成時 標志性詞語：by the time,realize
Unit11：賓語從句，注意從句的語序 和先行詞
Unit12：be supposed to 句型
Unit13:make sb do sth ,make sb adj
Unit14：現在完成時：have done結構
Unit15：各個單元都有一些 單詞表裡單詞的句型
ps:每個單元的標題很重要
5. 九年級人教版英語第5單元、第八單元知識點整理（要全面一點的）
Unit 8一、短語
1. clean up 清掃
2.give out 分發，發放
3.cheer up=make…happier 使...高興，使...振作
4.after school study program 課外學習班
5.come up with=think up 提出，想出
6.put off(doing sth) 推遲(做某事)
7.write down 寫下，記下
8.put up 張貼
9.hand out 分發，發放 = give out
10.call sb up 給某人打電話 = ring sb up = give sb a call/ring = call/ telephone sb = make a telephone call with sb
11.ser up=establish 建立
12.be home to sb 是某人的家園
13.volunteer one』s time to do sth 自願花時間干...
14.put…to use… 把...投入使用 15.elementary school 小學
16.plan to do sth 計劃干...打算干= plan on doing sth
17.coach a football team for kids 訓練少年足球隊
18.start a Chinese History club 開辦一個中國史俱樂部
19.run out of 用完，耗盡
20.take after 在性格或長相方面與父母相象
21.fix up 修理
22.give away 捐贈
23.be similar to 與...相似
24.ask for 索要
ask sb for sth 向某人要某物
25.a call-in center for parents 家長熱線
26.hang out 閑盪
27.put up signs asking for singing jobs 張貼尋求唱歌工作的廣告
28.run out of money for singing lessons 學唱歌的錢用完了
29.disabled people 殘疾人
30.for sure 確實如此，毫無疑問
31.fill…with... 用...填充...
be filled with = be full of 被裝滿了...
32.help...out 幫助...做事，解決難題（擺脫困境）
33.a specially trained dog 一隻經過特殊訓練的狗
34.train sb to do sth 訓練某人干... 35.fetch my book 去把我的書拿來
36.part of speech 詞性
二、重點知識
1．You could give out food at a food bank. (P60)你可以在食品供應站分發食品。
give out在這里是「分發」，「散發」的意思。
Our English teacher gave out the examination papers when the bell rang.
我們的英語老師在鈴響的時候分發試卷。
◎另外一個意思為「用完」，「消耗盡」。
After a week their food supplies gave out. 一周之後，他們的食物供應用完了。
◎還有一個意思為「發出」，「送出」。
The sun gives out a lot of heat. 太陽能發出熱量。
2．He looks sad. Let』s cheer him up.(P61)他看上去很傷心。我們去幫他振作起來吧。
cheer up sb或cheer sb up意為「（使某人）高興起來，振作起來」。如果是代詞做賓語，則將代詞放在中間。
Cheer up! The news isn』t too bad. 不要發愁啦，這消息不錯嘛！
He took her to the ballet to cheer her up.
他為了使她高興起來，便帶她去看芭蕾舞。
3．This volunteer work takes each of them several hours a week, so it is a major commitment. (P62)這份義工每周花了他們每個人好幾個小時的時間，所以這是一個重大的貢獻。
(1)each of them是指「他們中的每一個」。如果做主語，則謂語動詞用第三人稱單數形式。
知識拓展
each與every的用法
◎each指一個整體中的每一個，強調個體；every著重於全體的總和，強調整體。試比較：
Each has a different book. （強調各有不同。）
Here every child at the age of six can go to school. （側重整體，無一例外。）
◎each可作形容詞及代詞，而every只能作形容詞，但可與-one，-body，-thing等構成復合代詞。
◎each用在代詞或復數名詞前要用介詞of連接，如each of them, each of the boys; every不能直接跟of連接，如不可以說every of them，而要說every one of them或each of them。
◎every還可以表示「每隔」，後接基數詞加名詞，如every four weeks, every three months等，此種結構中的every不能用each代替。
She had a rest every fives minutes. 她每隔5分鍾就休息一會兒。
魔力糾錯
①街道兩旁有許多商店。
誤：There are many shops on every side of the street.
正：There are many shops on each side of the street.
魔力解析
each可以用來指兩個或兩個以上的人或物，但是every卻總是指三個或三個以上的人或物，不能指兩者。
4.Not only do I feel good about helping other people, but I get to spend time doing what I love to do. (P62)我不僅對幫助別人感到很滿足，而且我還漸漸地花時間做自己喜愛做的事情。
(1)not only ... but also (also可省略)是「不但……而且……」的意思，當置於句首時，not only後面從句的主謂要倒裝，但but （also）後面的主謂不用倒裝。
Not only has he been to Canada, but (also) he knows some Canadians.
他不僅去過加拿大，而且還認識許多加拿大人。
Not only did he teach at school, but (also) he wrote novels.
他不僅在學校里教書，而且還寫小說。
Not only…but (also)… 接兩主語時，謂語動詞隨後面的主語人稱和數的變化 也就是就近原則 如：
①Not only Lily but (also) you like cat. 不僅莉莉而且你也喜歡貓。
②Not only you but (also) Lily likes cat. 不僅你而且莉莉喜歡貓。
常見的就近原則的結構有：
Neither… nor…即不…也不… (兩者都不)
Neither you nor I like him. 我和你都不喜歡他。
Either… or… 不是…就是… (兩者中的一個)
hand in「面交」，「上交」。
The students are handing their papers in.學生們在交試卷。
10. The strategies that he came up with worked out fine. (P64)他想到的那些辦法獲得了成功。
(1)這是一個由that引導的定語從句，先行詞是前面的strategies。動詞短語worked out在這里作主語the strategies的謂語，意為「產生結果，發展為，結果是……」，後面不可接賓語，主語也不用「人」來充當。
I wonder how their ideas worked out in practice.
我很想知道他們的想法在實踐中取得了什麼結果。
We didn』t plan it like that but it worked out very well.
我們原不是那樣計劃的，但結果卻很好。
知識拓展
work out的其它用法
It was the best solution that he was able to work out at this time.
這是他這時能想出的最好的解決辦法了。（想出）
I can』t work out the meaning of this poem. 我理解不了這首詩的意思。（理解）
Have you worked out this math problem? 你已經算出這道數學問題了嗎？(算出)
短語鏈語
◎work on意為「從事」。
Professor Green is working on a new book. 格林教授正在寫一本新書。
He is working on a maths problem. 他正在算一道數學難題。
◎work on後面無賓語時，表示繼續工作。
It』s very late, but they were still working on.
時間很晚了，但他們仍然在繼續工作。
(2)fine在這里是副詞，可與well替換，意思是「好，順利」。
The machine works fine. 這台機器運行很好。
Sam is doing fine in his new business.
薩姆在他的新業務中一切進展順利。
11.Who has filled my life with pleasure. (P66)……使我生活充滿快樂的人。
(1)本句中的fill...with...表示一個動作，意為「用……裝滿……」，其主語通常是人。
He filled the bag with books. 他在書包里裝滿了書。
Please fill the bottle with milk. 請將瓶子裝滿牛奶。
知識拓展
be filled with表示一個狀態，意為「裝滿了……」，相當於be full of，其主語通常是人或物。
The room was filled with smoke. 房間里濃煙彌漫。
Her eyes were filled with tears. 她眼睛裡充滿了淚水。
(2)pleasure意為「高興，快樂」，是不可數名詞；表示「樂趣，高興的事」時是可數名詞。
Reading gives me great pleasure. 讀書給了我很多快樂。
It is one of my greatest pleasures. 它是我最大樂趣之一。
◎在口語中It』s pleasure. 是回答感謝的客套語。
—Thank you for your help. 感謝你的幫助。
—It』s a pleasure. 不用謝。
特別提示
◎pleased是形容詞，意為「自己感到高興的，欣喜的，滿意的」，指以任何方式表現出來或未表現出來的滿足與快樂，在句中常用作表語，其主語為人。
The two friends were very pleased to see each other again.
這兩個朋友非常高興再次見面。
I was pleased that the manager had decided not to be angry with me.
使我高興的是經理已經不再生我的氣了。
◎pleasant也是形容詞，表示「使人感到愉快／滿意」，一般用作定語，如主語是物，也可以用作表語。
It』s pleasant weather today. 今天的天氣令人愉快。
It』s very pleasant to sit down after standing for hours.
站了幾小時後坐下來很舒服。
◎please是動詞，表示「（使）高興，滿意，愉快」。
Does the cloth please you? 這布料合你的意嗎？
12. Because I can』t use my arms or legs well, normal things like answering the telephone, opening and shutting doors, or carrying things have always been difficult for me. (P66)因為我不能靈活地使用我的手和腳，像接電話、開關門、拿東西這樣的事情對於我來說都很難。
(1)本句中的shut意為「關」，在許多情況下可以與close互換，只是後者語氣較弱，如close the door關門（也可能指半開半閉），shut the door關門（指把門關緊）。
That shop shuts at eight pm. 那家商店八點鍾關門。
He closed his speech with a funny joke. 他用一個有趣的笑話結束了演說。
◎當表示「關閉公路，鐵路或交通工具」或作「結束」講時，只用close。
They have closed the road for thick fog. 由於大霧，那條公路被關閉。
特別提示
turn off用來表示「關閉」有開關的東西，如收音機、電視、煤氣、水龍頭等。
Please turn off the light when you leave the lab.
在你離開實驗室前關掉燈。
Make sure the gas is turned off before you go to bed.
確保上床前把煤氣關掉。
(2)本句中的carry意為「搬運，攜帶」，不表示帶到什麼地方，而攜帶的方式可以是提、扛、背、抱、抬等。
She carried a baby in her arms. 她懷里抱了一個孩子。
He was carrying a wooden box on his shoulder.他扛著一個木箱。
特別提示
在後面「Lucky! Fetch my book.」一句中出現的fetch相當於go and bring back，意為「取來，接來」，表示一往一返。
Let』s fetch some water. 咱們去打點水來。
People had to walk many kilometers in order to fetch wood.
為了取木料，人們不得不走許多公里路。
6. 人教版初三英語上冊語法重點，主要是時態。。
Unit1
By是個很常用的介詞（有時也用作副詞），在初中英語中的用法有以下幾種： 1.意為「在……旁」、「靠近」。如： Some are singing and dancing under a big tree . Some are drawing by the lake. 有的在大樹下唱歌跳舞，有的在湖邊畫畫兒。 2.意為「不遲於」、「到……時為止」。如： Your son will be all right by supper time. 你的兒子在晚飯前會好的。 How many English songs had you learned by the end of last term? 到上個學期末你們已經學了多少首英語歌曲？ 3.表示方法、手段，可譯作「靠」、「用」、「憑借」、「通過」、「乘坐」等。如： The monkey was hanging from the tree by his tail and laughing.
猴子用尾巴吊在樹上哈哈大笑。 The boy』s father was so thankful that he taught Edison how to send messages by railway telegraph.
孩子的父親是那麼的感激，於是他教愛迪生怎樣通過鐵路電報來傳達信息。 4.表示「逐個」、「逐批」的意思。如： One by one they went past the table in the dark.
他們一個一個得在黑暗中經過這張桌子。5.表示「根據」、「按照」的意思。如：What time is it by your watch? 你的表幾點了? 6.和take , hold等動詞連用，說明接觸身體的某一部分。如： I took him by the hand. 我拉住了它的手。 7.用於被動句中，表示行為主體，常譯作「被」、「由」等。如： English is spoken by many people. 英語被許多人所說。（即「許多人講英語。」） 8.組成其它短語。 1) by the way : 意為「順便說」、「順便問一下」，常做插入語。如： By the way , where』s Li Ping , do you know?
順便問一下，李平在哪兒。你知道嗎？ 2) by oneself : 意為「單獨」、「自行」。如： I can』t leave her by herself. 我不能把她單獨留下。 3) by and by : 意為「不久以後」、「不一會兒」。如： But by and by , more and more people began to study English. 但是不久以後，越來越多的人開始學英語了。
二、動名詞的構成動詞後加動名詞doing，相當於名詞，在句子中可以做主語、賓語、表語定語等。1）★作主語（這種用法常考）
Fighting broke out between the South and the North.南方與北方開戰了。2）作賓語Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please?
請問你介意調小一點收音機的音量嗎？3）作表語Babysister』s job is washing，cooking and taking care of the children。保姆的工作是洗衣服，作飯和照看孩子。
Unit2
used to 的用法：（1）肯定句：used這個詞沒有人稱的變化，to後面接動詞原形。
否定句是didn』t use to….
When I was a child, I didn』t use to like apples.當我還是孩子的時候我不喜歡蘋果.
疑問形式是Did you use to…?Where did you use to live before you came here?當你來這兒之前你住哪兒？
（2）含有used to 的句子的反意疑問句不要usedn』t + 主語，而用didn』t ＋ 主語。He used to smoke, didn』t he? 他過去常常吸煙，是嗎？Yes, he did./ No, he didn』t. 是的，他吸。/ 不，他不吸。
（3）used to 表示過去的習慣動作， 而不是現在的。I am used to the weather here. 我已經習慣於這里的天氣了。He is used to hard work. 他習慣於艱苦的工作。
（4）used to 可以和be, have 以及其他狀態動詞連用，描寫過去的狀態。 I used to be a waiter, but now I』m a taxi-driver.我過去是一個服務員，但現在我是計程車司機。
★ 本單元的許多運用used to 的句子屬於描述過去的狀態。Mario used to be short.馬力奧過去總是很矮。Amy used to be outgoing.愛米過去性格外向。Tina used to have long and straight hair.蒂娜過去有一頭直的長頭發。He used to wear black shoes. 他過去常穿黑鞋。
Unit3
本單元重點講到了被動語態的用法英語動詞的被動語態由助動詞be加及物動詞的過去分詞構成。助動詞be有時態，人稱和數的變化，其變化規則與連系動詞be完全一樣。
一、被動語態的句式變化： 以一般現在時和動詞invite為例，列表說明被動語態的句式變化：
二、各種時態的被動語態結構總結如下： 被動語態的時態是由be的時態決定的，be是什麼時態，全句就是什麼時態，be動詞後面的過去分詞不變。一般現在時的被動語態為：主＋am / is / are （not）＋過去分詞一般過去時的被動語態為：主＋was / were ＋過去分詞
例如：我們學過的was / were born 生於，就是一個被動語態.born是個過去分詞（bear）－When were you born ? －I was born in 1989. 現在進行時被動語態的構成為: 主語＋is / am / are + being ＋過去分詞
現在完成時被動語態的構成為: 主語＋have / has ＋been ＋過去分詞
情態動詞的被動語態: 情態動詞＋be＋過去分詞
一般將來時的被動語態: 主語＋will ＋be ＋過去分詞
過去將來時的被動語態: 主語＋would / should + be ＋過去分詞
過去進行時的被動語態: 主語＋was / were + being ＋過去分詞
過去完成時的被動語態: 主語＋had + been +過去分詞
三、被動語態的用法：（1）不知道或沒有必要說明動作的執行者是誰，不用by＋動作執行者短語 Football is played widely all over the world. 全世界都廣泛地踢足球。
（2）強調動作的承受者，這時應用by短語。The bank was robbed yesterday afternoon. 昨天下午這家銀行遭到搶劫。
（3）作客觀說明時，常採用一種被動語態句型It is reported that about twenty children have died of flu in the USA.
據報道美國大約二十名兒童死於流感。
四、主動語態的句子變為被動語態的方法是：（1）把原句中的賓語變為主語（2）動詞改為被動形式，即be+過去分詞（3）原來的主語，如果需要的話，放在by後面，如果沒必要，可省略。請看下錶:
主動語態 被動語態
They make trains in Zhuzhou． They use this key for locking the classroom door．Many people speak English．He wrote a letter．They are building a road． Trains are made in Zhuzhou．This key is used for locking the classroom door(by them)．English is spoken by many people．A letter was written by him．A road is being built (by them)．
Unit4
虛擬語氣：如果我們所說的不是事實，也不是要求、命令、勸告等，而只是一種假設、願望、建議或是一種實現不了的空想就用虛擬語氣
注意：條件句分兩種，真實條件句和虛擬條件句。只有在虛擬（非真實）條件句中，才用虛擬語氣，而在真實條件句中，要用陳述語氣。
請比較：
（1）If it is sunny tomorrow , we』ll go to the zoo.
如果明天天氣好，我們將會去公園。在這句話中，明天天氣好是完全有可能實現的，並非虛擬、幻想，因此是真實條件句。在本句中，適用「主將從現。」
（2）If I were you , I would go at once.
（如果我是你的話，我立刻就走。）在這句話中，條件句，「如果我是你」，但事實上，我不可能成為你，這只是假設的情況，沒有實現的可能。當條件實現的可能性很小，甚至可以說沒有時，就需要用虛擬語氣來表示，動詞發生了變化。
也就是說虛擬語氣表示和現實的事實相反時，從句用一般過時。
主句用 「should/would/could/ might +動詞原形。
1.If I had time, I would go for a walk.
2.If I were invited, I would go to the dinner party.
3.If I won a million dollars in the lottery, I would put it in the bank.
知識點2. He doesn』t know if he should bring a present.
此處if表示「是否」，引導賓語從句。Should此處表示「應該」。不是虛擬語氣。
E.g.1. I don』t know if I should go to the party.
2.If I have enough money, I will go to Hainan .
知識點3.If I were you , I』d wear a shirt and tie.
if 引導的條件狀語從句表示與現在事實相反的虛擬語氣時，be動詞只能用were，而不能用was。
E.g. If he were here, he would not agree with you .
知識點4. I don』t have a present. What if everyone else brings a present?
What if… 「如果……怎麼辦？」相當於 what would happen if…
E.g. What shall I do if it snows?
知識點5.Well, dogs can be a lot of trouble.
Trouble 麻煩事 ,名詞
常用搭配 ：get (sb)into trouble get out of trouble what』s the trouble
「if」引導的條件句。
Unit5
It must be--- (肯定是,100%)
It might/could be… (有可能,20-80%)
It can』t be… (肯定不是,0%)
程度 肯定句 否定句 疑問句
must ★ ★ ★ ★ √
may ★ ★ ★ √ √
might
/could ★ ★ √
√
√
√
can』t
can ★ √
√
1. --- Whose book is this?
--- It must be Mary』s. (肯定; 一定)
It must belong to Mary.
2. --- Whose French book is this?
--- It could be Ali』s. She studies French. (可能)
3. The hair band might belong to Linda.
might be Linda』s. (可能)
4. The T-shirt can』t be John』s. (不可能)
It』s much too small for him.
練習：1. --- Whose pen is this?
--- It ____ Liu Mei because I saw her use it the other day.
A. can』t be B. might be C. must belong to
2. That』s a piece of good news. They ___ glad to hear that.
A. can be B. might be C. must be D. can』t be
3. Mary ______ be in Paris. I saw her in town only a few minutes ago.
A. mustn』t B. shouldn』t C. can』t D. may not
Unit6
定語從句
1. who 指人,作主語或賓語 (作賓語可省略）
The man who I talked with is our teacher.
A person who steals things is called a thief.
2. whom指人,作賓語 (作賓語可省略,如介詞提前則不能省)
The man (whom/who) I nodded to is Mr. Li.
The man to whom I nodded is Professor Li.
3. which 指物，作主語或賓語 (作賓語可省略, 如介詞提前則不能省)
These are the trees which were planted last year.
This recorder （which） he is using is made in Japan.
Is this the library (which) you borrow books from?
Is this the library from which you borrow books?
4. that 指人/物，作主語或賓語 (作賓語可省略）
A plane is a machine. It can fly.→A plane is a machine that can fly.
He is the man. I told you about him. →He is the man (that) I told you about.
The scientist is very famous in the world. We met her yesterday.
↓
The scientist Ø we met yesterday is very famous in the world.
who
whom
that
The dress is new. She is wearing it.
↓
The dress that she is wearing is new.
which
Ø
(3) He is the kind person. I have ever worked with him.
↓
He is the kind person that I have ever worked with.
who
whom
Ø
This is the best film. I have ever seen this film.
↓
This is the best film that I have ever seen.
Ø
在選擇引導定語從句的關系代詞時，有如下要點：
1 由於關系代詞在主句與從句間既起到聯系作用，又在從句中充當一個成分，因此， 要正確判斷關系代詞在從句中的功能，如作主語還是賓語等。
2 當先行詞指人時，關系代詞可用who（做主語，賓語），that（做主語，賓語），whom（作賓語），whose（作定語）
3 當先行詞指物時，關系代詞可用that（做主語，賓語），which（做主語，賓語）
4 再定語從句中，作賓語的關系代詞長可省略，但在介詞後面的關系代詞不能省略。指人時，介詞後只用whom，指物時，介詞後只用which。
5 在非限制性定語從句中，指人時，只用who，指物時，只用which。
1．定語從句中that與who、which的區別
2．定語從句中關系詞的省略
典型例題
1. The first job ________I found was to be a cleaner.
A. where B. why C. which D. that
解析：指事物的先行詞前有序數詞修飾時，只能用關系代詞that。故本題的正確答案是D。
2. I don』t think history is as interesting as English.（改為同義詞）
I think history is ___________ interesting _________ English.
解析：答案是：less; than。意思是「我認為歷史不如英語有趣」。
3. The woman who is wearing the hat is my mother.（改為同義句）
The woman ________ the hat is my mother.
解析：讀題後可知：上句含義是「戴帽子的那個婦女旭我的媽媽」，對應下句，可知空格處應填「戴」，故正確答案是in。
選擇填空
1. The poor boy ________ lost both his parents last year is called Mike．
A．which B．what C．who D．／
2. The bridge ________ has been there for nearly fifty years still looks nice．
A．which B．what C．／ D．who
3. I』m one of the students _______well in English in my class．
A．who does B．who do C．which does D．who did
4. Is this factory ________ some foreign friends visited last Friday?
A．that B．where C．which D．the one
5. All______ they have done is good for us．
A．what B．which C．why D．that
Unit7
表達意願的幾個基本句子
a. _______ _______ _________ go to France some day.
b. _______ _______ _________ go to France some day.
c. _______ _______ _________ go to France some day.
d. _______ _______ _________ go to France some day.
答案：a. I hope to b. I』d like to c. I』d love to d. I want to
She would like to go to New York. （對劃線部分提問）
答案：Where would she like to go?
注意：where在本句中為副詞，go後面不能再加to，而Which city would she like to go to? 中which為代詞。
九年級英語復習---語法講解(Units8-15)
Unit8
1、短語動詞小結
常見短語動詞結構有下面幾種：
1.動詞+副詞 如：give up 放棄 turn off 關掉 stay up 熬夜
這種結構有時相當於及物動詞，如果其賓語是代詞，就必須放在動詞和副詞之間，如果是名詞，則既可插在動詞和副詞之間，也可放 在短語動詞後。
2. 動詞+介詞 如：listen of 聽 look at 看 belong to 屬於
這種結構相當於及物動詞，後面跟賓語。
3. 動詞+副詞+介詞 如：come up with 提出，想出 run out of 用完，耗盡
4. 動詞+名詞(介詞) 如：take part in參加 catch hold of 抓住
2、倒裝句
not only … but (also) … 不但… 而且… 用來連接兩個並列的成分
(1)引導以 not only …but (also)… 開頭的句子往往引起部分倒裝。
因此 ⑴Not only do I feel good but (also)…. 是倒裝句。也是說得要
把前面的句子中的助動詞或者是情態動詞放在主語的前面。如：
①Not only can I do it but (also) I can do best. 我不僅能做到而且做得最好。
⑵Not only…but (also)… 接兩主語時，謂語動詞隨後面的主語人稱和數的變化 也就是就近原則 如：
①Not only Lily but (also) you like cat. 不僅莉莉而且你也喜歡貓。
②Not only you but (also) Lily likes cat. 不僅你而且莉莉喜歡貓。
常見的就近原則的結構有：
Neither… nor…即不…也不… (兩者都不)
Neither you nor I like him. 我和你都不喜歡他。
Either… or… 不是…就是… (兩者中的一個)
Either Lily or you are a student.
Not only …but (also)…
There be
7. 初三人教版英語7--10筆記整理
Unit7一、知識點：1．Would like sth 想要某東西to do sth想要干…sb to do sth 想要××干2．through 穿過 含有「in」的意思 across 橫過 含有「on」的意思3、expect to do sth / sb to do sth / that 從句（不用虛擬語氣） Wish to do sth / sb to do sth / that 從句（用虛擬語氣） Hope to do / that 從句(不用虛擬語氣) (沒有hope sb to do sth結構)4． light a.可數名詞，燈 b. 不可數名詞，光線、日光 c.形容詞，輕的，明亮的，淺色的d.及物動詞 點燃 照亮 （過去式，過去分詞lit，lit 或lighted ，lighted）5.Some day=someday 只指將來某一天one day 既可指將來某一天，也可指過去某一天。6.Plan 計劃打算(1) plan to do sth We are planning to visit London this summer /Do plan to stay late?(2) 跟名詞或者代詞 Have you planned your trip?We have been planning this visit for months.(3) plan for 為…做計劃He planned for a picnic if the next day were fine.(4) plan on 打算有（做某事）She had not planned on so many guests.They are planning on an/for an outing.7.I』d like to go somewhere relaxing.Somewhere 在本句中有雙重性,對go 來說是副詞，對relaxing 來說是不定代詞。8.Consider 考慮，認為後面只跟動詞，動詞用「ing」形式9.else 用在特殊疑問詞及不定代詞的後面，other 用在名詞前，兩者都是「別的，其他的」的意思10.in 在范圍之內的某方位。to范圍之外的某方位。on在兩地邊界接壤的某方位。11.mind介意 mind doing sth; mind one』s doing sth.12.any用在肯定句中，「任一」13.so that引的狀語從句，「以便，為了」，從句往往有can/may/will/could/might/would等情態動詞。So …that…如此…以至於that …引導結果狀語從句。14.Continue to do sth 繼續干另外一件事。Continue doing sth 繼續干同一件事15.在英語中，有although 不能有but;有because 不能有so 16.強調句型：It is(was)…that (who ,whom)…(1) 強調句型可用來強調各種句子成分(2) 強調句中的連詞who,whom只用來指代人，that 即可以指代人也可以指代物被強調部分是時間，地點等仍用that (3)that,whom, who 後的句中的謂語與原句保持一致(4)強調句中只有it is ,it was 兩種時態形式，如：I am right ------It is I who(that) am right.又如：They will have a meeting tomorrow.It is they who(that) will have a meeting tomorrow.It′s a meeting that they will have tomorrow.It′s tomorrow that they will have a meeting.二 短語1.go on vacation 去度假 2.trek through the jungle 徒步穿越叢林3.some day 有朝一日 4.one of the liveliest cities 最有活力的城市之一5.be supposed to do sth. 應該干。 6.pack light clothes 穿薄衣服7.take a trip 去旅行8.provide sb with sth = provide sth for sb 為了某人提供某物9.be away 離開，遠離 10.the answer to the question 問題的答案11.according to 根據。按照。 12.work as tour guides 做導游的工作13.dream of 夢想，想到 14.less realistic dreams 不現實的夢想15.be willing to do sth. 願意干。16.achieve one』s dreams 實現夢想17.sail across the pacific 橫渡太平洋18.hold on to 保持，不要放棄（賣掉）19.take it easy 從容 輕松 不緊張 20.Niagara Falls 尼亞加拉大瀑布21.Eiffel Tower 艾菲爾鐵塔 22.Notre Dame Cathedral 巴黎聖母院23.this time of year 一年中的這個時候24.in general 通常 ,大體上, 一般而言三 句子1.where would you like to go on vacation?I』d like to trek through the jungle. 2.l like places where the weather is always warm.3.I like to go somewhere relaxing 我喜歡去休閑的地方4.For your next vacation, why not consider visiting Paris? 你下次度假為什麼不考慮去巴黎？5.Traveling around Paris by taxi can cost a lot of money.乘坐計程車游覽巴黎要花費很多錢6.So unless you speak French yourself, it』s best to travel with someone who can translate things for you.因此，除非你自己會講法語，否則最好與一個能為你翻譯的人一起去。7. We』d like to be away for three weeks.我們大約要去三個星期.8.The person has a lot of money to spend on the vacation. 度假中這個人有很多錢可以花.9.I hope you can provide me with some information about the kinds of vacations that your firm can offer 我希望能給我提供一些貴公司能經營的旅遊項目的信息.10.Could you please give me some suggestions for vacation spots?你能給我一些有關度假地的建議嗎？11.You need to pack some warm clothes if you go there. 你如果去那裡，需要帶一些暖和的衣服。12.I』d love to sail across the Pacific.我想橫渡太平洋。
8. 人教版初三上學期英語書時態知識點
Ⅰ. 初中英語八種時態歸納復習
時態是英語學習中一個至關重要的內容，廣大初中學生在實際運用時，往往對時態總是倍感棘手，下面我們就歸納復習一下這幾種時態。
一、一般現在時：
概念：經常、反復發生的動作或行為及現在的某種狀況。
時間狀語：
always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week, on Sundays, etc.
基本結構：①be動詞；②行為動詞
否定形式：①am/is/are+not;②此時態的謂語動詞若為行為動詞，則在其前加don't,如主語為第三人稱單數，則用doesn't，同時還原行為動詞。
一般疑問句：①把be動詞放於句首；②用助動詞do提問，如主語為第三人稱單數，則用does，同時，還原行為動詞。
二、一般過去時：
概念：過去某個時間里發生的動作或狀態；過去習慣性、經常性的動作、行為。
時間狀語：ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week(year, night, month…), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc.
基本結構：①be動詞；②行為動詞
否定形式：①was/were+not;②在行為動詞前加didn't，同時還原行為動詞。
一般疑問句：①was或were放於句首；②用助動詞do的過去式did 提問，同時還原行為動詞。
三、現在進行時：
概念：表示現階段或說話時正在進行的動作及行為。
時間狀語：now, at this time, these days, etc.
基本結構：am/is/are+doing
否定形式：am/is/are+not+doing.
一般疑問句：把be動詞放於句首。
四、過去進行時：
概念：表示過去某段時間或某一時刻正在發生或進行的行為或動作。
時間狀語：at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引導的謂語動詞是一般過去時的時間狀語等。
基本結構：was/were+doing
否定形式：was/were + not + doing.
一般疑問句：把was或were放於句首。
五、現在完成時：
概念：過去發生或已經完成的動作對現在造成的影響或結果，或從過去已經開始，持續到現在的動作或狀態。
時間狀語：recently, lately, since…for…,in the past few years, etc.
基本結構：have/has + done
否定形式：have/has + not +done.
一般疑問句：have或has。
六、過去完成時：
概念：以過去某個時間為標准，在此以前發生的動作或行為，或在過去某動作之前完成的行為，即「過去的過去」。
時間狀語：before, by the end of last year(term, month…),etc.
基本結構：had + done.
否定形式：had + not + done.
一般疑問句：had放於句首。
七、一般將來時：
概念：表示將要發生的動作或存在的狀態及打算、計劃或准備做某事。
時間狀語：tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…),soon, in a few minutes, by…,the day after tomorrow, etc.
基本結構：①am/is/are/going to + do；②will/shall + do.
否定形式：①was/were + not; ②在行為動詞前加didn't，同時還原行為動詞。
一般疑問句：①be放於句首；②will/shall提到句首。
八、過去將來時：
概念：立足於過去某一時刻，從過去看將來，常用於賓語從句中。
時間狀語：the next day(morning, year…),the following month(week…),etc.
基本結構：①was/were/going to + do；②would/should + do.
否定形式：①was/were/not + going to + do;②would/should + not + do.
一般疑問句：①was或were放於句首；②would/should 提到句首。
Ⅱ. 幾種常見時態的相互轉換
英語中的幾種時態在一定情況下可以互相轉換，以下是幾種常見的轉換形式：
一、一般過去時與現在完成時的轉換
在現在完成時中，延續性動詞能與表示一段時間的狀語連用，瞬間動詞卻不能。但是，可用別的表達方式：①瞬間動詞用於「一段時間 + ago」的一般過去時的句型中；②瞬間動詞可改成與之相對應的延續性動詞及短語，與一段時間連用；③瞬間動詞用於「It is + 一段時間 + since + 一般過去時」的句型中，表示「自從……以來有……時間」的意思，主句一般用it is來代替It has been;④瞬間動詞用於「Some time has passed since + 一般過去時」的句型中。請看：
A. He joined the League two years ago.
B. He has been in the League for two years.
C. It is two years since he joined the League.
D. Two years has passed since he joined the League.
二、一般現在時與現在進行時的轉換
在一般現在時中，at加上名詞表示「處於某種狀態」，如at work（在工作）, at school（上學、上課）等。此短語可與進行時態轉換。請看：
Peter is at work, but Mike is at play.
Peter is working, but Mike is playing.
三、現在進行時與一般將來時的轉換
在現在進行時態中go, come, leave, start, arrive等動詞常與表示將來的時間狀語連用表示將要發生的動作。如：I am coming, Mum! 意為「我就來，媽媽！」請看：
The train is leaving soon.
The train will leave soon.
四、「be going to+動詞原形」與「will(shall)+動詞原形」結構的轉換
「be going to+動詞原形」、表示打算、計劃要做的事；將來時「will(shall)+動詞原形」結構在書面語中，當主語為第一人稱時，常用助動詞shall。在口語中，所有人稱都可以用will。請看：
We are going to visit the Great Wall next Sunday.
We shall visit the Great Wall next Sunday.
Ⅲ. 中考動詞時態考點分析
一、 根據時間狀語確定時態的原則
1. Hurry up! The play for ten minutes. (2002遼寧)
A. has begun B. had begun C. has been on D. began
[析] 1. C。since後接時間的起點，for後接時間段，主句動詞用現在完成時，應注意瞬間動詞與延續性動詞的使用。
二、 在復合句根據時態呼應確定時態的原則
2. Do you know if back next week? If he back, please let me know. (2002黑龍江 )
A. he comes; will come B. will he come; comes
C. he will come; comes D. will he come; will come
[析] 2. C。if既可引導賓語從句，也可引導狀語從句。充當賓語從句的連接詞時，相當於whether，詞義是「是否」。充當狀語從句的連接詞時，詞義是「如果」。從時態看，if引導賓語從句時謂語動詞的時態應根據主句的時態作相應的變化；引導表示將來動作或狀態的條件句時，若主句用一般將來時，則從句通常用一般現在時表示將來。
三、 根據上下文已有時態信息點確定時態的原則
3. –When this kind of computer ?
--Last year. (2002天津)
A. did; use B. was; used C. is; used D. are; used
[析] 3. B。此例由下句的時間狀語推斷出一般過去時態，並且要考慮到被動語態。
四、 利用上下文語意確定時態的原則
4. –Hi! Lin Tao. I didn』t see you at the party.
--Oh, I ready for the maths exam. (2002江西)
A. am getting B. was getting C. got D. have got
[析] 4. B。此例由didn』t, at the party推斷出應用過去進行時。
五、 時態中的「特殊」對策的原則
5. The teacher told us yesterday that December 25 Christmas Day. (2002遼寧)
A. is B. was C. has been D. will be
[析] 5. A。 有些動詞其動詞的時態是「違背常理」的。如賓語從句表示的是一個客觀事實或客觀真理時，其時態不受主句限制而用一般現在時表示。
1. 行為主體不明確，不必說出或者無法說出動作的執行者時。
Football is played all over the world.
2. 不易找到或根本就找不到動作的執行者時。
My bike was stolen.
3. 漢語含有「據說」、「有人說」等時。
It is said that another bridge has been built over the Changjiang River.
4. 漢語中含有「被」、「由」等詞時。
Wei Hua is asked to come by Lin Tao.
5. 漢語中沒有「被」、「由」等詞，而在原句中試加這類詞且句意通順時。
These songs are usually sung by boys.
6. 某些句子習慣上用被動語態。
He was born in October, 1988.
7. 表示禮貌時。
You are friendly invited to come to our English party at 8:00p.m. tomorrow.
（Note: 用於被動語態中的動詞是及物動詞，不及物動詞不能用被動語態。）
9. 九年級英語知識點
I like music that Ican dance to.
【教學目標】1.會表達自己的喜好(Learn to expresspreferences)
2.習使用定語從句(Practice using theAttributive Clause)
3.練習使用本單元的目標英語(Practice using thetarget language.
【單元內容概述】一.單詞。1.名詞類:
lyric(歌詞;抒情詞句);fisherman;entertainment;feature;wife;
photograph;photography;photographer;
exhibition;gallery(美術館;畫廊);show;display;
class(等級;類別);official;energy;Italian;Indian;weight;
figure(統計)數字;potato;chip;chocolate;sugar;coke;
2.動詞類:prefer;display;interest;suggest;
suit;expect;release;double;spoil(寵愛;溺愛)
3.形容詞類:gentle;known;honest;Italian;Indian;overweight;fresh
4.副詞類:roughly(粗略地;大體上)
二.片語和短語(Key Phrases)
Yellow River黃河remind …of…提醒;使……記起
on display/show展覽;陳列catch up趕上;跟上
sing along with和著……一起唱dance to伴著……跳舞
different kinds of不同種類的be sure to一定
[pic00000.bmp]她最珍愛的照片
[pic00001.bmp]在一個星期一的上午
prefer…to…喜歡……勝過……become overweight變得過重
10 percent百分之十release a healthsurvey發布一項健康調查
in different ways以不同的方式;在不同的方面
三.目標語言(Target Language)
1.—What kind ofmusic do you like?
【重、難點講解】一.重點詞彙
1.prefer v.(1)prefer=like sth.better,單獨使用時.其用法與like相同。例如:
I perfer walkingalone.我比較喜歡一個人溜達.(prefer doing)
She prefers to bealone.她寧願獨自一個人.(prefer to do)
I prefer my coffeeblack.我愛喝不加奶的咖啡.(prefer sth.)
prefer sb.to do sth.
Their father prefersthem to be homeearly.他們的父親希望他們早回家.
prefer sth.prefer doingprefer to doprefer sb.to do sth.
(2)prefer…to…(=choose sth.ratherthan sth else;
like sth.betterthan…)是一個固定短語,意為「寧願選擇……而不願選擇;跟……比起來更喜歡…….
例如:He prefers tea tocoffee.他喜歡茶勝過咖啡.(prefer sth.to sth.)
I prefer walking tocycling.我願意步行,不願意騎自行車.(prefer doingsth.to doing sth.)
(3)prefer to…ratherthan…寧願做……而不願做……
eg.I prefer to stay athome rather than goto the movie.
我寧願呆在家裡,也不願意去看那個電影.
eg.I prefer to stay athome rather than goto the movie.
The heroine preferredto die rahther thansurrender.女英雄寧死不屈.
2.interest v.引起……的關注;使……感興趣
interest v.(=cause one to givehis/her attentionto sth.)
提示:(1)interest還可以用作名詞,指「興趣;好奇心;關心」。
eg.Now,he's grown up
他已經長大了,對集郵不再感興趣了,完全失去興趣了。
(2)interestedadj.「(對某人或某事物)感興趣的;關心的」
interestingadj.「有趣的;引起興趣的」
I tried to tell himabout it,but he justwasn't interested.我想把這件事告訴他,可他簡直不感興趣。
[pic00013.bmp]
那位老人很有趣,並且對任何事情感興趣。
3.expect. 預計;預料;期待;盼望
expect. v.(thinkor believe thatsth.will happen orthat sb/sth willcome)
expect的常用搭配為:(1)expect sth(from sb.)
eg.This is the parcelwhich we have beenexpecting(from New York).
這是我們一直在期待底(從紐約來的)郵包。
I was expecting apresent from her,soI was disappointed Ididn't receive one.
我原來一直盼望著收到她送的禮物,所以因得不到而失望。
(2)expected to do sth.
eg.You can't expect tolearn a foreignlanguage in a week.
不要指望一個星期就能學會一門外語。
(3)expect sb.to dosth.
eg.We expected him toarrive yesterday.我們原以為他昨天能到。
I expect you to behere on time.我要求你准時到這兒。
You'll be expectedto work on Saturdays.你們星期六要上班。
(4)expect+that-clause
eg.I expect (that) Iwill be back onSunday.我預計星期日回來。
You would expectedthat there would bestrong disagreementabout this.
你可以料到此事會有嚴重分歧。
注意: expect還有「料想;認為;猜想」等含義,相當於think,suppose.
eg.「Who has eaten allthe cakes?」「Tom,Iexpect.(I expectthat it was Tom).」
「誰把蛋糕都吃光了?」「我想是湯姆[大概是湯姆]吧。
「Will you need help?」「I don't expect so.」「你需要幫忙嗎?」「我想不必了」
「Will he be late?」「 I expect so.」「他會遲到嗎?」 「我想會的。」
4.remind sb. of sth.(=cause sb.toremember sth)提醒;使……記起
He reminds me of hisbrother.我見到他便回想起了他的哥哥.
This song reminds meof France.我一聽到這首歌就想起了法國.
5.catch up趕上;跟上
catch sb.up或catchup with sb.趕上某人;達到與某人相同的境界.
catch sb.up或catchup with sb.=reach sbwho is ahead;reachthe same stage as sb.
eg.Go on in front.I'llsoon catch you up/catch up (with you).
你先走,我很快就會趕上你.
eg.Go on in front.I'llsoon catch you up/catch up (with you).
After missing a termthrough illness hehad to work hard tocatch up (withothers).
他因病一學期未上課,得努力趕上(其他同學).
After missing a termthrough illness hehad to work hard tocatch up (withothers).
6.It does have a fewgood features,though.但是,它的確有幾個好特點.
(1) 該句中,does是用來強調,表示 「真的;的確」.
除了does外,我們還可以根據時態和人稱的需要,用do和did來表示強調.又如:
He does study hard.(比He studies hard.要強烈.)
We did come hereyesterday.(比We came hereyesterday.要強烈)
They do give me alot of help.(比They give me alot of help.要強烈)
6.It does have a fewgood features,though.
(2)在口語中,though可以用作副詞,相當於however,放用在句末:
eg.I expect you areright—I'll ask him,though.我認為你說得對—我去問問他們也好.
She promised tophone.I heardnothing,though.他答應要打點話來.可我沒聽到回信兒.
二.重點語法 (一)疑問詞+不定式動詞」結構英語有個很有用的結構,就是:
疑問詞+不定式動詞(question word+to-infinitive)。
疑問詞是疑問代詞「who,whom,what,which,whose」和疑問副詞「when,where,how,why」。
此外,此外,連接詞「whether」也適用。
例句:I don't know what totry next.I'm not sure what toexpect.
「疑問詞+不定式動詞」結構有何功用呢?其主要功用有下列五種:
1.當主語,如:
When to hold themeeting has not yetbeen decided.Where to live is aproblem.
2.當賓語,如:
We must know what tosay at a meeting.
He could not tellwhom to trust.
Do you know how toplay bridge?
3.當補足語,如:
The problem is whereto find thefinancial aid.The question is whoto elect.
4.當名詞同位語,如:
Tom had no ideawhich book to readfirst.
Do you have a roughimpression how to doit?
5.當賓語補足語,如:
Jim is not surewhose to choose.
Mary and John arenot certain whetherto get married ornot.
適用於「疑問詞+不定式動詞」的動詞包括:
「know,see,decide,tell,ask,consider,discover,explain,forget,guess,hear,
imagine,inquire,learn,remember,think,wonder,understand」等。
值得特別注意的是:當這結構當賓語時,它的作用等於名詞從句,例如:
I could not decidewhich dictonary tobuy.
=I could notdecide whichdictionary I shouldbuy.
Jack did not knowwhere to find such agood teacher.
=Jack did not knowwhere he could findsuch a good teacher.
有些動詞,如「ask,show,tell,advise,inform,teach」等,
可以先有個賓語,然後才接著加上適當的「疑問詞+不定式動詞」 結構。例如:
The chief engineershowed them how torepair the machine.
Have you told himwhere to get theapplication form?
綜上所述,可見「疑問詞+不定式動詞」結構是個形象清新,
既容易用又不容易出錯的特別結構,可以多多運用。
(二)語從句(Attributive Clauses)
定語從句(AttributiveClauses)在句中做定語,修飾一個名詞或代詞,被修飾的名詞,片語或代詞叫先行詞。
定語從句通常出現在先行詞之後,由關系詞(關系代詞或關系副詞)引出。關系代詞有:
who,whom,whose,that,which等。關系副詞有:when,where,why等。
例如:I like music that Ican dance to.
I love singers whowrite their ownmusic.
關系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞,並在句中充當主語、賓語、定語等成分。
關系代詞在定語從句中作主語時,從句謂語動詞的人稱和數要和先行詞保持一致。
(1)who,whom,that 這些詞代替的先行詞是表示人的名詞或代詞,在從句中所起作用如下:
Is he the man who/that wants to seeyou? 他就是你想見的人嗎?
(who/that在從句中作主語)
He is the man whom/that I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天見的那個人。
(whom/that在從句中作賓語)
(2)Whose用來指人或物,(只用作定語,若指物,它還可以同of which互換),例如:
They rushed over tohelp the man whosecar had broken down.那人車壞了,大家都跑過去幫忙。
Please pass me thebook whose(ofwhich) cover isgreen.請遞給我那本綠皮的書。
(3)which,that 它們所代替的先行詞是表示事物的名詞或代詞,在從句中可作主語、賓語等,例如:
A prosperity which/that had never beenseen before appearsin the countryside.
農村出現了前所未有的繁榮。(which/that在句中作主語)
The package (which/that)you arecarrying is aboutto come unwrapped.你拿的包快散了。
(which/that在句中作賓語)
(1)when,where,why 關系副詞可代替的先行詞是時間、地點或理由的名詞,在從句中作狀語。
關系副詞when,where,why的含義相當於"介詞+which"結構,因此常常和"介詞+which"結構交替使用,
例如: I still remember theday when (on which)I first came here.
我至今還記得我初來咋到的那一天.
Beijing is the placewhere (in which) Iwas born.北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reasonwhy (for which) herefused our offer?這就是他拒絕我們幫助他的理由嗎?
10. 人教版初中英語所有知識點
動詞的時態
11.1 一般現在時的用法
1） 經常性或習慣性的動作，常與表示頻腮度的時間狀語連用。時間狀語： every…,
sometimes, at…, on Sunday。例如：
I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七點離開家。
2） 客觀真理，客觀存在，科學事實。例如：
The earth moves around the sun. 地球繞太陽轉動。
Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位於中國東部。
3） 表示格言或警句。例如：
Pride goes before a fall. 驕者必敗。
注意：此用法如果出現在賓語從句中，即使主句是過去時，從句謂語也要用一般現在時。
例：Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥倫布證實了地球是圓的。
4） 現在時刻的狀態、能力、性格、個性。例如：
I don't want so much. 我不要那麼多。
Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英語寫得不錯，講的可不行。
比較：Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。
I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功課。
第一句用一般現在時，用於操作演示或指導說明的示範性動作，表示言行的瞬間動作。第二句
中的now是進行時的標志，表示正在進行的動作的客觀狀況，所以後句用一般現在時。
返回動詞的時態目錄
11.2 一般過去時的用法
1）在確定的過去時間里所發生的動作或存在的狀態。例如：時間狀語有：yesterday, last
week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如：
Where did you go just now? 剛才你上哪兒去了？
2）表示在過去一段時間內，經常性或習慣性的動作。例如：
When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 我是個孩子的時候，常在馬
路上踢足球。
Whenever the Browns went ring their visit, they were given a warm welcome.
那時，布朗一家無論什麼時候去，都受到熱烈歡迎。
3）句型：It is time for sb. to do sth "到……時間了" "該……了"。例如：It is time
for you to go to bed. 你該睡覺了。
It is time that sb. did sth. "時間已遲了" "早該……了" ，例如It is time you went to
bed. 你早該睡覺了。
would （had） rather sb. did sth. 表示'寧願某人做某事'。例如：I'd rather you came
tomorrow.還是明天來吧。
4） wish, wonder, think, hope 等用過去時，作試探性的詢問、請求、建議等，而一般過去
時表示的動作或狀態都已成為過去，現已不復存在。例如：I thought you might have some.
我以為你想要一些。
比較：Christine was an invalid all her life.（含義：她已不在人間。）
Christine has been an invalid all her life.（含義：她現在還活著）
Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. （含義：達比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。）
Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. （含義：現在還住在肯塔基州，有可能指剛離去）
注意： 用過去時表示現在，表示委婉語氣。
1）動詞want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如：
Did you want anything else? 您還要些什麼嗎？
I wondered if you could help me. 能不能幫我一下。
2）情態動詞 could, would。例如：
Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行車，能借用一些嗎？
返回動詞的時態目錄
11.3 used to / be used to
used to + do："過去常常"表示過去習慣性的動作或狀態，但如今已不存在。例如：
Mother used not to be so forgetful. 老媽過去沒那麼健忘。
Scarf used to take a walk. 斯卡夫過去常常散步。
be used to + doing： 對……已感到習慣，或"習慣於"，to是介詞，後需加名詞或動名詞。例如：
He is used to a vegetarian diet.
Scarf is used to taking a walk. 斯卡夫現在已習慣於散步了。
典型例題
---- Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it.
---- It's 69568442.
A. didn't B. couldn't C. don't D. can't
答案A. 本句雖沒有明確的時間狀語，但從語意上看出，在聽的時候沒有聽懂這個動作發生在過去，因此應用過去時。
返回動詞的時態目錄
11.4 一般將來時
1） shall用於第一人稱，常被will 所代替。will 在陳述句中用於各人稱，在徵求意見時常用於第二人稱。例如：
Which paragraph shall I read first？ 我先讀哪一段呢？
Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七點回家好嗎？
2） be going to +不定式，表示將來。
a. 主語的意圖，即將做某事。例如：What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什麼呢？
b. 計劃，安排要發生的事。例如：The play is going to be proced next month。這出戲下月開播。
c. 有跡象要發生的事。例如：Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那烏雲，快要下雨了。
3） be +不定式表將來，按計劃或正式安排將發生的事。例如：
We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我們下星期六討論這份報告。
4） be about to +不定式，意為馬上做某事。例如：
He is about to leave for Beijing. 他馬上要去北京。
注意：be about to do 不能與tomorrow, next week 等表示明確將來時的時間狀語連用。
返回動詞的時態目錄
11.5 be going to / will 用於條件句時，be going to表將來,will表意願。例如：
If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible.
Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.
返回動詞的時態目錄
11.6 be to和be going to
be to 表示客觀安排或受人指示而做某事，be going to 表示主觀的打算或計劃。例如：
I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我去踢球。（客觀安排）
I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我想去踢球。（主觀安排）
返回動詞的時態目錄
11.7 一般現在時表將來
1）下列動詞come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般現在時可以表示將來，主要用來表示在時間上已確定或安排好的事情。例如：
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火車明天上午六點開。
When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽車什麼時候開？十分鍾後。
2）以here, there等開始的倒裝句，表示動作正在進行。例如：
Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 車來了。
There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 鈴響了。
3）在時間或條件句中。例如：
When Bill comes （不是will come）, ask him to wait for me. 比爾來後，讓他等我。
I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那裡，就寫信給你。
4）在動詞hope, take care that, make sure that等的賓語從句中。例如：
I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他們下星期玩得開心。
Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. 離開房間前，務必把窗戶關了。
返回動詞的時態目錄
11.8 用現在進行時表示將來
下列動詞come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等現在進行時可以表示將來。例如：
I'm leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。
Are you staying here till next week? 你會在這兒呆到下周嗎？
返回動詞的時態目錄
11.9 現在完成時
現在完成時用來表示之前已發生或完成的動作或狀態，其結果的影響現在還存在；也可表示持續到現在的動作或狀態。其構成：have （has） +過去分詞。
返回動詞的時態目錄
11.10 比較一般過去時與現在完成時
1）一般過去時表示過去某時發生的動作或單純敘述過去的事情，強調動作；現在完成時為過去發生的，強調過去的事情對現在的影響，強調的是影響。
2）一般過去時常與具體的時間狀語連用，而現在完成時通常與模糊的時間狀語連用，或無時間狀語。
一般過去時的時間狀語：yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now等，皆為具體的時間狀語。
現在完成時的時間狀語：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等，皆不確定的時間狀語。
共同的時間狀語：this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。
3）現在完成時可表示持續到現在的動作或狀態，動詞一般是延續性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。
一般過去時常用的非持續性動詞有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例如：
I saw this film yesterday. （強調看的動作發生過了）
I have seen this film. （強調對現在的影響，電影的內容已經知道了）
Why did you get up so early? （強調起床的動作已發生過了）
Who hasn't handed in his paper? （強調有卷子未交，疑為不公平競爭）
He has been in the League for three years. （在團內的狀態可延續）
He has been a League member for three years. （是團員的狀態可持續）
句子中如有過去時的時間副詞（如yesterday, last, week, in 1960）時，不能使用現在完成時，要用過去時。
（錯）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
（對）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
返回動詞的時態目錄
11.11 用於現在完成時的句型
1）It is the first / second time.... that…結構中的從句部分，用現在完成時。例如：
It is the first time that I have visited the city. 這是我第一次訪問這城市。
This is the first time （that） I've heard him sing. 這是我第一次聽他唱歌。
注意：It was the third time that the boy had been late.
2）This is +形容詞最高級+that…結構，that 從句要用現在完成時。例如：
This is the best film that I've （ever） seen. 這是我看過的最好的電影。
典型例題
（1） ---Do you know our town at all?
---No, this is the first time I ___ here.
A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming
答案B. This is the first time 後面所加從句應為現在完成時，故選B。
（2） ---Have you ____ been to our town before?
---No, it's the first time I ___ here.
A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come
答案D. ever意為曾經或無論何時，反意詞為never，此兩詞常用於完成時。
注意：非延續性動詞的否定形式可以與表示延續時間的狀語連用。即動作不發生的狀態是可以持續的。
（錯）I have received his letter for a month.
（對）I haven't received his letter for almost a month.
返回動詞的時態目錄
11.12 比較since和for
Since 用來說明動作起始時間，for用來說明動作延續時間長度。例如：
I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在這兒二十多年了。
I have lived here since I was born. 我從出生起就住在這兒了。
注意：並非有for 作為時間狀語的句子都用現在完成時。
I worked here for more than twenty years. （我現在已不在這里工作。）
I have worked here for many years.（現在我仍在這里工作。）
注意：用句型轉換的方法，很容易排除非延續動詞在有for/since結構的完成時中的誤用。
1）（對） Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.
2）（錯） Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.
顯然，第二句不對，它應改為 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years.
返回動詞的時態目錄
11.13 since的四種用法
1） since +過去一個時間點（如具體的年、月、日期、鍾點、1980, last month, half past six）。例如：
I have been here since 1989. 1989起，我一直在這兒。
2） since +一段時間+ ago。例如：
I have been here since five months ago. 我在這兒，已經有五個月了。
3） since +從句。例如：
Great changes have taken place since you left. 你走後，變化可大了。
Great changes have taken place since we were here. 我們走後，變化可大了。
4） It is +一段時間+ since從句。例如：
It is two years since I became a postgraate student. 我考上研究生有兩年了。
返回動詞的時態目錄
11.14 延續動詞與瞬間動詞
1） 用於完成時的區別
延續動詞表示經驗、經歷； 瞬間動詞表示行為的結果，不能與表示段的時間狀語連用。例如：
He has completed the work. 他已完成了那項工作。 （表結果）
I've known him since then. 我從那時起就認識他了。（表經歷）
2） 用於till / until從句的差異
延續動詞用於肯定句，表示"做……直到……" 瞬間動詞用於否定句，表示"到……，才……"。例如：
He didn't come back until ten o'clock. 他到10 點才回來。
He slept until ten o'clock. 他一直睡到10點。
典型例題
1. You don't need to describe her. I ___ her several times.
A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet
答案B. 首先本題後句強調對現在的影響，我知道她的模樣，你不用描述。再次，several times告知為反復發生的動作，因此用現在完成時。
2. ---I'm sorry to keep you waiting.
---Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes.
A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be
答案A. 等待的動作由過去開始，持續到現在，應用現在完成時。
返回動詞的時態目錄
11.15 過去完成時
1） 概念：表示過去的過去
----|----------|--------|----> 其構成是had +過去分詞構成。
那時以前 那時 現在
2） 用法
a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動詞後的賓語從句。例如：
She said （that）she had never been to Paris. 她告訴我她曾去過巴黎。
b. 狀語從句
在過去不同時間發生的兩個動作中，發生在先，用過去完成時；發生在後，用一般過去時。例如：
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到達時，小偷們早就跑了。
c. 表示意向的動詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過去完成時表示"原本…，未能…"。例如：
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 那時我們希望你能來，但是你沒有來。
3） 過去完成時的時間狀語before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。例如：
He said that he had learned some English before. 他說過他以前學過一些英語。
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. 到了十二歲那年，愛迪生開始自己謀生。
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
湯姆失望了，因為他到達晚會時，大部分客人已經走了。
典型例題
The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.
A. had written, left B，were writing, has left C. had written, had left D. were writing, had left
答案D. "把書忘在辦公室"發生在"去取書"這一過去的動作之前，因此"忘了書"這一動作發生在過去的過去，用過去完成時。句中when表示的是時間的一點，表示在"同學們正忙於……"這一背景下，when所引導的動作發生。因此前一句應用過去進行時。
注意： had hardly… when 還沒等…… 就……。例如：
I had hardly opened the door when I he hit me. 我剛打開門，他就打了我。
had no sooner…than 剛…… 就……。例如：
He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. 他剛買了這輛車，轉眼又賣了。
返回動詞的時態目錄
11.16 用一般過去時代替過去完成時
1） 兩個動作如按順序發生，又不強調先後，或用then，and，but 等連詞時，多用一般過去時。例如：
When she saw the mouse，she screamed. 她看到老鼠，就叫了起來。
My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 姑媽給了我一頂帽子，我把它丟了。
2 ） 兩個動作相繼發生，可用一般過去時；如第一個動作需要若干時間完成，用過去完成時。例如：
When I heard the news, I was very excited.
3） 敘述歷史事實，可不用過去完成時，而只用一般過去時。例如：
Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.
返回動詞的時態目錄
11.17 將來完成時
1） 構成will have done
2） 概念
a. 狀態完成：表示某事繼續到將來某一時為止一直有的狀態。例如：
They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那時他們結婚將有二十年了。
b. 動作完成：表示將來某一時或另一個將來的動作之前，已經完成的動作或獲得的經驗。例如：
You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 明天此時，你已經到達上海了。
返回動詞的時態目錄
11.18 現在進行時
現在進行時的基本用法：
a. 表示現在（指說話人說話時）正在發生的事情。例如：
We are waiting for you. 我們正在等你。
b. 習慣進行：表示長期的或重復性的動作，說話時動作未必正在進行。例如：
Mr. Green is writing another novel. 他在寫另一部小說。（說話時並未在寫，只處於寫作的狀態。）
c. 表示漸變，這樣的動詞有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如：
The leaves are turning red. 葉子在變紅。
It's getting warmer and warmer. 天越來越熱了。
d. 與always, constantly, forever 等詞連用，表示反復發生的動作或持續存在的狀態，往往帶有說話人的主觀色彩。例如：
You are always changing your mind. 你老是改變主意。
典型例題
My dictionary ___, I have looked for it everywhere but still___ it.
A. has lost, don't find B. is missing, don't find C. has lost, haven't found D. is missing, haven't found.
答案D. 前句是一個仍在持續的狀態，應用進行時，由於沒有找到，其影響仍然存在，應用完成時，瞬間動詞用於否定式時可用於完成時。
返回動詞的時態目錄
11.19 不用進行時的動詞
1）表示事實狀態的動詞，如have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue等。例如：I have two brothers. 我有兩兄弟。
This house belongs to my sister. 這房子是我姐的。
2）表示心理狀態的動詞，如know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate等。例如：I need your help. 我需要你的幫助。
He loves her very much. 他愛她很深。
3）瞬間動詞，如accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse等。例如：
I accept your advice. 我接受你的勸告。
4）系動詞，如seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn等。例如：
You seem a little tired. 你看上去有點累。
返回動詞的時態目錄
11.20 過去進行時
1）概念：表示過去某時正在進行的狀態或動作。
2）過去進行時的主要用法是描述一件事發生的背景；一個長動作延續的時候，另一個短動作發生。
3） 常用的時間狀語有this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等。例如：
My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. 我兄弟騎車時摔了下來，受了傷。
It was raining when they left the station. 他們離開車站時，正下著雨。
When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining. 我到達山頂時，陽光燦爛。
典型例題
1） Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger.
A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes
答案C. 割傷手指是已發生的事情，應用過去時。同時，when表時間的同時性，"瑪麗在做衣服時"提供事情發生的背景，因此用過去進行時。
2） As she ___ the newspaper, Granny ___ asleep.
A. read；was falling B. was reading； fell C. was reading； was falling D. read；fell
答案B.句中的as = when, while，意為"當……之時"。描述一件事發生的背景時，用過去進行；一個長動作發生的時候，另一個短動作發生。句意為 "在她看報紙時，奶奶睡著了。"句中的 fell（fall的過去時），是系動詞，後跟形容詞，如：fall sick。