㈠ 知識產權簡稱ipr是從什麼時候開始的
知識產權（英語：Intellectual Property Rights），簡稱IPR。
Intellectual Property Rights由MrCheung在2005年提出，指知識產權的法定權利。而通常說的保護知識產權或者知識產權保護，保護的是IPR，即知識產權的法定權利。
㈡ 我想知道美國著作權法、專利法、商標法的發展，詳細點，如果能有英文翻譯最好，誰可以幫幫我
英日對照翻譯的美國知識產權法介紹，希望對你有用
アメリカ知財戦略の基礎知識 (BASICS OF US IP STRATEGY)
Four Types of Intellectual Property （4種類の知的財產権）
Patents （特許）
Trademarks（商標）
Copyright（著作権）
Trade Secrets（トレードシークレット）
What is Patent?（特許とは何か）
Definition of patent（特許の定義）
The right to exclude others from making, using, selling, offering for sale, or importing the invention throughout the United States
Limitations of patent （特許権の限界）
Geographical（地理的限界）
A patent issued by one country cannot be enforced in another – the inventor or its assignee must apply in each country in which patent protection is desired
Time（時間的限界）
A patent is enforceable for a limited period; 20 years from filing date for most types, 14 years for any new, original and ornamental design for an article of manufacture
What is patentable? （何が特許の対象となるか）
Processes（プロセス、方法）
Apparatus（機械）
Manufactured goods（製品）
Compositions of matters （組成物）(such as chemical compounds)
What are the requirements? （特許要件は何か）
An invention must be
Novel （新規性）
non-obvious（非自明性）
Useful（有用性）
One Year Time Limits for Filing in US （1年間のアメリカにおける特許出願期間）
An application must be filed within one year of the earliest of any of the following:
the date that the invention is offered for sale or sold in the United States.
the date that the invention is used in public in the United States;
the date that the invention is published anywhere in the world;
Steps for Obtaining a Patent in US （特許取得までの流れ）
Consulting with a patent attorney
Concting a patentability search on the invention
Preparing a disclosure of the invention
Preparing and filing patent application in the US Patent and Trademark Office (PTO)
Examination by PTO and PTO』s office action
Publication in 18 months after filing date
Submitting responses
Notice of Allowance by PTO and payment of an issue fee
Issuance of patent
Who Owns an Invention? （誰が発明の所有者か）
Between employer and employee（僱用者と従業員間）
Without written assignment or implied-in-fact assignment (in the case that an employee was hired for the specific purpose of the invention), an employee owns the invention
Employer obtains only a non-exclusive, royalty-free license to use the invention （Shop Right）
Importance of a written assignment agreement
Who Owns an Invention? （誰が発明の所有者か）
Between co-inventors or co-developers（共同発明家、開発者間）
Without an agreement, each joint inventor or each joint developer has a full right to the invention
Two companies end up as joint owners of the invention and any resulting patent
Each company may use it freely
Importance of a written agreement regarding which party owns it, how they can use the invention, how they can exploit the invention, and how they will share profit
What is a Trade Secret? （トレードシークレットとは何か）
Information, including a formula, pattern, compilation, program device, method, technique, or process, that are protected by trade secret law.
Such as know-how (e.g.manufacturing techniques); business information (e.g. new proct information, business methods, source of supply, customers lists, and even knowledge of a particular customer』s needs), and ideas (e.g. innovations relating to new technology and manufacturing methods).
Example:
CoCa Cola Formula(コカコーラの原液の組成）
Three Conditions for Protection （保護のための3つの要件）
The information must not be 「generally known」 or 「readily ascertainable」 through proper means. （一般に知られていないこと）
The information must have 「independent economic value」 e to its secrecy. （秘密にすることに経済的価値があること）
The trade secret holder must use reasonable efforts under the circumstances to protect the secrecy of the information.（秘密を守ることに合理的な努力をしていること）
Reasonable Measures to Keep Secret （秘密を守る合理的な方法）
A trade secret holder must use 「reasonable measures under the circumstances」 to protect the confidentiality of the information.
Two Protection Measures （2種類の保護制度）
Two broad categories of measures that a business can take to protect the secrecy of its trade secrets:
physical security measures （物理的秘密保護制度）, and
notice measures（通知による秘密保護制度）.
Physical security measures prevent people who do not need to know the information from coming in contact with the information (e.g., confidentiality barriers).
Notice measures put persons who come in contact with the information on notice that the information is to remain secret.
Physical Security Measures （物理的秘密保護制度）
A business should:
determine how information flows into, through and out of the business;
place physical security barriers wherever reasonable; and
seek to preclude access by all those who do not need to know the information.
Notice Measures （通知による秘密保護制度）
Generally, an employee will not be held responsible for keeping information confidential if the employer has not expressed any desire to keep the information confidential. Therefore, all employees (and others) with access to confidential information should be given express notice as to what information is to remain confidential.
Notice Measures （通知による秘密保護制度）
Choose proceres that will be easy to show to a court (i.e., leave a paper trail wherever possible).
Any communication that identifies either what information is confidential or how to handle confidential information will work as a notice measure (e.g., employee handbooks, memoranm,, newsletters, and signs).
Notice Measures （通知による秘密保護制度）
Non-Disclosure Agreement（秘密保持契約） Should be Signed
Trade secrets are often lost through disclosures in the absence of a Non-Disclosure Agreement (NDA).
NDA for Employees
NDA for Business Partner
Trade Secret Protection （トレードシークレットの保護內容）
Trade secret law prevents misappropriation (i.e., wrongful taking of trade secret information).
A wrongful taking can occur in a variety of manners.
For example, the taking of information would be wrongful when the taking is a: breach of contract, breach of ficiary obligation, theft, or other legal wrong.
Injunctive Relief and Damages
Patent vs. Trade Secret （特許とトレードシークレット）
Patent advantages(特許の長所）
Perfect exclusivity – you can stop others from using the invention even if others independently developed the invention
Patent disadvantages（特許の短所）
Limited period of protection
Discloses technology
Patent vs. Trade Secret （特許とトレードシークレット）
Trade secret advantages（トレードシークレットの長所）
Unlimited period of protection
Inventions maintained in secrecy
Trade secret disadvantages（トレードシークレットの短所）
Cannot stop others form using the invention if it was independently developed by the others or if it was discovered by reverse engineering.
Easily lost if it is disclosed to public
A third-party patentee could stop a trade secret owner from performing a trade secret, even if the trade secret owner invented (but never disclosed) first
What is Copyright? （著作権とは何か）
A Copyright is an intellectual property right to protect the tangible expression of ideas（具體的な考えの表現）, not to protect an idea itself.
For example, a right protects an author of a book from having the work copied but does not protect the author from having the ideas disclosed in the book utilized.
Subject Matter of Copyright （著作権の対象）
(1) literary works（文芸著作物）;
(2) musical works, including accompanying words（音楽著作物）;
(3) dramatic works, including any accompanying music（演劇著作物）;
(4) pantomimes and choreographic works（舞踏振り付けの著作物）;
(5) pictorial, graphic, and sculptural works（図畫雕刻著作物）;
(6) motion pictures and other audiovisual works（動畫視聴覚著作物）;
(7) sound recordings（錄音著作物）; and
(8) architectural works（建築著作物）.
Subject Matter of Copyright （著作権の対象）
Computer Programs/Software（コンピュータープログラム、ソフトウエア－）:
Prior to 1980 courts generally viewed computer programs as literary works protected by right as literary works. A 1980 amendment to the Copyright Act extended right protection to computer programs, which it defined as 「a set of statements or instructions to be used directly or indirectly in a computer to bring about a certain result.」
Subject Matter of Copyright （著作権の対象）
Derivative Works（派生著作物）
A 「derivative work」 is a work based upon preexisting material to which enough original creative work has been added so that the new work represents an original work of authorship.
Examples of a derivative work include an English translation of a book written in Japanese, a movie based on a book, and a jazz version of a pop song.
Remaking right (リメーク権） is one type of rights to derivative works.
How to obtain a Copyright （著作権の取得方法）
A right starts to exist as soon as a work of expression is rendered in some fixed, tangible form, such as a book, word processor file, audio recording, digital recording, etc.
A registration is not required for a valid US right.
How to obtain a Copyright （著作権の取得方法）
Two Requirements of Copyrightability(著作権の2要件）
(1) Fixation（固定性）. The work must be fixed in a tangible medium of expression. That means it must be reced to some physical form or representation 「sufficiently permanent or stable to permit it to be perceived, reproced or otherwise communicated for a period of more than transitory ration.」
How to obtain a Copyright （著作権の取得方法）
(2) Originality（獨創性）. There are two aspects to originality – independent creation and a modest quantum of creativity:
A. Independent Creation（獨立した創造）. This condition is met if the work was not copied from another work. This condition does not require the work to be new, novel, or unique.
B. Quantum of Creativity（わずかの創造性）. This condition is met if the work demonstrates a minimal amount of creative authorship. Artistic merit or aesthetic value is not required.
很遺憾字數超過了 你給我郵箱吧
㈢ 求"知識產權"的英語名詞解釋
知識產權或稱智慧財產權（Intellectual Property Rights, IPR）系指對所擁有的知識資本（Intellectual Capital）的專有權利，一般只在一定時間期內有效。智力創造如發明、文學和藝術作品、和商業中使用的標志、名稱、圖像以及外觀設計都可被認為是某一組織或個人所擁有的知識產權。
知知識產權保護在現在都很受世界各國的重視，尤其是中國加入WTO以後，這方面將更加明顯。識產權保護對人類的繼續發展有著十分重要的意義，這些意義體現在以下幾個方面：
第一，人類的進步和福祉取決於其在技術與文化領域所取得新的創造成果的能力，而知識產權在鼓勵和保護創新的宗旨對於人類發明創造活力的繼續進行具有及其關鍵的作用。
第二，從法律上對這些新的創造成果予以保護，可以鼓勵社會資源的優化配置，鼓勵額外的資源投入到發明創造活動中，從而實現進一步的創新。
第三，保護知識產權可刺激經濟的增長，近年以來很多新興產業（如信息產業等）的發展都是受益於知識產權保護。
參考資料：http://fatianxia.com/wiki_list.asp?n=%D6%AA%CA%B6%B2%FA%C8%A8