『壹』 英語語言學詞義的分類
從廣義上說，詞義可以分為兩種類型：語法意義（grammatical meaning）或結構意義（structural meaning）和詞彙意義（lexical meaning）。語法意義是詞在語言系統結構中的相互關系，即詞義能顯示語法概念或語法關系，如詞性（名詞、動詞、形容詞、副詞等）、名詞的單復數、動詞的時態及其屈折形式（contract，contracts，contracted，contracting）。語法意義只有在具體的語境中才有重要性。例如：
Totally 3 500 cases of hepatitis C were studied.
在該句中，「cases」是名詞「case」的復數形式，作句子主語，而「were studied」為過去時的被動語態，是句子的謂語成分。它們分別表示丙型肝炎的病例不只1例，並且研究的動作發生在過去。這些意義只有在具體的上、下文或語境中才能體現出來。具有不同詞彙意義的不同詞語可能有著相同的語法意義。例如，men，women，mice，patients，bacteria都有相同的復數語法意義；而反過來同一詞語可能具有不同的語法意義。例如，wash，washes，washed，washing。
除了語法意義，詞義更為重要的組成部分是詞彙意義。語法意義只有在使用中才表現出來，而實詞中的詞彙意義卻是一直存在的，代表詞所關聯的概念，不論這個詞有沒有上、下文。詞彙意義又可以分為概念意義（conceptual meaning）和聯想意義（associative meaning）。
『貳』 英語語言學名詞解釋
區域多樣性
the cultural differences between different regions
求採納~
『叄』 英語語言學指的是什麼
語言學是對語言的系統研究，對於一個學習英語的人來說，應該懂一點語言學的知識，它可以在理論上對學習語言有指導作用，有助於更好的學習語言，下面介紹一點語言學知識。
I. Introction
1. What is Language
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
2. What is Linguistics(語言學)
Linguistics is the scientific study of language.
3.Some Basic Distinctions(區分) in Linguistics
3.1 Speech and Writing
One general principle(原則) of linguistic analysis is the primacy of speech over writing. Writing gives language new scope(范疇) and uses that speech does not have.
3.2 Descriptive(描述性) or Prescriptive(說明性)
A linguistic study is descriptive if it describes and analyses facts observed; it is prescriptive if it tries to lay down rules for "correct" behavior.
3.3 Synchronic(共時) and Diachronic(歷時) Studies
The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study and The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.
3.4 Langue(語言) and Parole(言語)
This is a distinction made by the Swiss linguist F.De Saussure (索緒爾）early last century. langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community and parole refers to the actualized(實際的) language, or realization of langue.
3.5 Competence(能力)and Performance(行為)
Competence is the ideal language user's knowledge of the rules of his language. Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in utterances(發聲).
4.The Scope of Linguistics
General linguistics is the study of language as a whole.
Phonetics(語音學) is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription.
Phonology(音韻學) is the branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of languages.
Morphology(詞法) is the branch of linguistics which studies the form of words.
Syntax(句法) is the branch of linguistics which studies the rules governing the combination of words into sentences.
Semantics(語義學) is the branch of linguistics which studies the meaning of language.
Applied linguistics(應用語言學) is the study of the teaching of foreign and second languages.
Sociolinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and society.
Psycholinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and the mind.
Historical Linguistics(歷史語言學) is the study of language changes.
Anthropological linguistics(人文語言學) uses the theories and methods of anthropology to study language variation and language use in relation to the cultural patterns and beliefs of man.
Neurolinguistics(神經語言學) studies the neurological basis of language development and use in human beings.
Mathematical linguistics(數學語言學) studies the mathematical features of language, often employing models and concepts of mathematics.
Computational linguistics(計算語言學) is an approach to linguistics in which mathematical techniques and concepts(概念) are applied, often with the aid of a computer.
II. Phonetics(語音學）
1. scope of phonetics
Speech sounds may be studied from different angles, thus we have at least three branches of phonetics:
Articulatory phonetics(發音語音學）we may examine the way in which a speech sound is proced to discover which vocal organs are involved and how they coordinate(協調） in the process.
Auditory phonetics （聽覺語音學）we may look into the impression a speaker makes on the hearer as mediated(調節） by the ear, the auditory nerve(神經） and the brain.
Acoustic phonetics (聲學語音學） we study the physical properties of speech sounds, as transmitted（傳送） between mouth and ear.
2. The vocal organs
The vocal organs may be viewed as consisting of three parts, the initiator of the air-stream,(氣流發生器官） the procer of voice（聲音發生器官） and the resonating cavities.（聲音共振器官）
3. Consonants(輔音）
Places of articulation(發音部位）: bilabial,(雙唇） Labiodentals,（唇齒） dental,（齒） alveolar,（齒齦） retroflex,（捲舌） palate-alveolar,（上齒齦） palatal,（上顎） velar,（軟齶） uvular,（小舌） glottal(聲門）
Manners of articulation: plosive,（暴破） nasal,（鼻音） trill,（顫音） lateral,（邊音） fricative,（摩擦） approximant,（近似音） affricate（破擦）
4. Vowels (母音）
The classification of vowels: the height of tongue raising (high, mid, low), the position of the highest part of the tongue(front, central, back), and the degree of lip rounding(rounded, unrounded)
III. Phonology（音韻學）
1. phonemes(音素）：a distinctive(有區別的） sound in a language.
2. Allophones(音位變體）：The nondistinctive sounds are members of the same phoneme.
3. Minimal pairs(最小對立體）： word forms which differ from each other only by one sound.
4. Free variation (自由變異）：If two sounds occurring in the same environment(環境）, they does not proce a different word form, but merely a different pronunciation of the same word.
5. Complementary distribution(補充分類）：Not all the speech sounds occur in the same environment. When two sounds never occur in the same environment
6.Suprasegmental phonology(超音段音位）：the study of phonological properties(性質） of units lager than the segment-phoneme. They are syllable(音節）， stress,（重音） word stress, sentence stress. pitch （音調）and intonation（語調）.
IV. Morphology（詞法）
1. inflection(構形法）：the grammatical relationships through the addition of inflectional affixes.(屈折詞綴）
2. Word-formation(構詞）：the processes(過程） of word variations signaling lexical relationships.（表明詞法關系） They are compound(合成）and derivation (派生）.
3. Morpheme(詞素）： the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content.
4. Allomorph(同質異象變體）： some morphemes have considerable variation, for instance, alternate shapes or phonetic forms.
5. Types of morphemes: They are roots,(詞根） affix（詞綴） and stem（詞干）.
6. Lexicon(語言詞彙）：in its most general sense, is synonymous with vocabulary.
7. Closed-class words(封閉性） and open-class words(開放性）：the former whose membership is fixed or limited and the latter whose membership is in principle(實際上） indefinite or unlimited.
8. Word class(詞性）：It displays a wider range of more precisely defined classes.
9. Lexeme(詞位）：the smallest unit in the meaning system of a language that can be distinguished from other smaller units.
10. Idiom(習語，成語）：Most phrasal lexemes are idioms. It is especially true for a sequence of words(詞序） which is semantically（語義上） and often syntactically(句法上） restricted.（限制）
11. Collocation(搭配）： the habitual(習慣的） co-occurrences （同時出現）of indivial lexical items.
V. Syntax (句法）
1. Positional relation or word order（詞序）：the sequential(順序） arrangement of words in a language.
2. Construction or constituent (句子結構）： the overall process of internal (內部）organization of a grammatical unit .
3. Syntactic function(句法功能）： the relationship between a linguistic form and other parts of the linguistic pattern in which it is used. The names of functions are expressed in terms of subjects, objects, predicates, modifiers,(修飾語） complements（補語）, etc.
4. Category(范疇）：It refers to classes and functions in its narrow sense, e.g. noun, verb, subject, predicate, noun phrase, verb phrase, etc. The categories of the noun include number, gender, case and countability.
5. Phrase: a single element of structure containing more than one word, and lacking the subject-predicate structure typical of clause.
6. Clause: a group of words with its own subject and predicate, if it is included in a larger sentence.
7. Sentence: It is the minimum part of language that expresses a complete thought.
VI. Semantics
1. Conceptualism or mentalism (概念主義）：Following F. De Saussure(索學爾）'s "sign" theory, the linguistic sign is said to consist of a signifier （所指）and signified（被指）, i.e., a sound image and a concept, liked by a psychological（心理的） "associative" bond.（相關聯系）
2. Mechanism(機械主義）：Some linguists, Bloomfield,(布魯費爾德） for example, turned to science to counter（反）-act the precious theories and this leads to what call the mechanistic approach（方法）. The nature of this theory has nothing to do with the scientific study of mental phenomena.（智力現象）
3. Contextualism （語境主義）：It is based on the presumption(假定） that one can derive meaning from or rece it to observable context.
4. Behaviorism (行為主義）：Behaviourists attempt to define (定義）the meaning of a language form as "the situation(情景） in which the speaker utters（說話） it and the response（反應） it calls forth in the hearer."
5. functionalism (功能主義）：Functionalists as represented (代表）by the Prague school（布拉格學派） linguists and neo-Firthian （新弗斯）linguists, approach the problem from an entirely new orientation（方法）. They argue（爭辯） that meaning could only be interpreted（解釋） from its use or function in social life.
6. Sense relationships: While reference deals with the relationship between the linguistic elements, words, sentences, etc.,and the non-linguistic world of experience, sense relates to the complex system of relationships that hold between the linguistic elements themselves. They include synonymy(同義詞），antonymy(反義詞）,hyponymy(下層次）Polysemy(一詞多義）and Homonymy (同音異義詞）
7. Semantic analysis: It includes 1) componential（成分） analysis which defines the meaning of a lexical element in terms of semantic components.(意義成分）2) predication (表述）analysis in which the meaning of a sentence is not merely the sum of the meanings of the words which compose it. 3) relational components in which the semantic analysis of some words presents a complicated picture, because they show relations between two and perhaps more terms.
VII. Language Variation (語言變化）
1. Lexical change(詞彙的變化）：changes in lexis.
2. Invention: (新造詞）new entities.
3. Compounding:(合成詞）New words are sometimes constructed by combining two old words.
4. Blending: (混合詞）：It is a relatively complex form of compounding, in which two roots are blended by joining the initial part of the first root and the final part of the second root, or by joining the initial parts of the two roots.
5. Abbreviation or clipping:(縮寫）A new word is created by cutting the final part or cutting the initial part.
6. acronym:(取首字母的縮寫詞）It is made up from the first letters of the name of an organization, which has a heavily modified (修飾） headword.
7. Metanalysis:(再分化）It refers to a process through which a division is made where there were note before.
8. Back-formation:(逆構詞） It refers to an abnormal(非正常） type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting(去掉） an imagined affix from a longer form already present in the language.
9. Analogical creation:(類比造詞）It can account for（說明） the co-existence of two forms, regular and irregular, in the conjugation(結合） of some English verbs.
10. Borrowing（借用）：English in its development has managed to widen her vocabulary by borrowing words from other languages.
11. Phonological change(音變）：It is related to language variation in the phonological system of language. It includes loss,(省音） addition,（加音） assimilation,（ 同化）dissimilation.（異化）
12. Grammatical change: Changes in both morphology（詞法） and syntax（句法） are listed under this heading.
13. Semantic change:(語義變化）It includes broadening,（語義擴大） narrowing,（語義縮小） meaning shift,（意義轉化） class shift（詞性轉換） and folk etymology.（詞源變化）
14. Orthographic change ：(正字法）Changes can also be found at the graphetic level.
『肆』 英語語言學知識 麻煩解答一下~~
phonemic:
Of or relating to phonemes.
音素的，有關音素的
Of or relating to phonemics.
音位學的，有關音位學的
Serving to distinguish phonemes or distinctive features.
音位差異的，區別性的可區別音素或區別特徵的
phonetic:
Of or relating to phonetics.
語音學的，有關語音學的
Representing the sounds of speech with a set of distinct symbols, each designating a single sound:
代表語音的，表示發音的用一套有區別的符號來代表語音的，每一個符號表示一個語音：
phonetic spelling.
表音的拼寫
Of, relating to, or being features of pronunciation that are not phonemically distinctive in a language, as aspiration of consonants or vowel length in English.
發音不明顯的語言中音位上不明顯的發音特徵的，如英語中輔音字母中的送氣音或母音間長；與之有關的；或成為之的
『伍』 英語語言學中有哪些重要的理論
薩皮爾沃夫假說，質量原則，數量原則，相關原則，
『陸』 medium什麼意思_medium的知識
medium既能做名詞也能做形容詞，那麼你知道它們分別都是什麼意思嗎?下面我為大家帶來medium的英語意思和相關用法，歡迎大家一起學習!
目錄
medium的意思
medium的詞彙搭配
medium的英語例句
medium的意思
adj. 中間的，中等的;半生熟的
n. 方法 ;媒體;媒介;中間物
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medium的詞彙搭配
medium sized adj. 中等大小的
culture medium 培養基(培養微生物的養料)
medium size 中號，中碼;中號尺碼
porous medium 多孔介質;疏鬆介質
medium plate 中板;中厚鋼板
medium term (未來數星期或數月的)中期
medium frequency 中頻(略作MF，mf)
medium temperature 介質溫度
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medium的英語例句
1. Choose a soft, medium or firm mattress to suit their indivial needs.
針對他們各人不同的需要挑選柔軟、軟硬適中或者堅硬的床墊。
2. With a nice dark colour, the wine is medium to full bodied.
這種葡萄酒色澤深暗悅目，是中等濃郁至濃香型的。
3. I would class my garden as medium in size.
我的花園只能算是中等大小。
4. But Artaud was increasingly dissatisfied with film as a medium.
但是阿爾托對電影這種表現方式越來越不滿。
5. Sift the flour and baking powder into a medium-sized mixing bowl.
將麵粉和發酵粉篩入中等大小的攪拌碗中。
6. In the medium term the UK car instry has a brighter outlook.
從中期來看，英國汽車行業前景將會更好。
7. Mitchell is well built, of medium height, with a dark complexion.
米切爾體格健壯，中等個頭，膚色黝黑。
8. Andrea has medium brown hair, grey eyes and very pale skin.
安德烈婭有著深淺適中的棕發、灰色的眼睛和十分白皙的皮膚。
9. The medium-term economic prospects remained poor.
中期經濟前景仍然黯淡。
10. The wine has a medium-bodied, supple flavour.
該葡萄酒味道不濃不淡，口感醇滑。
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★ 媒體基礎知識
★ 牛排有哪些基礎知識及營養成分
★ 初一英語知識點歸納
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