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高中英語獨立主格知識點

發布時間: 2022-08-28 00:47:50

❶ 高考獨立主格的語法

一、什麼是獨立主格結構

所謂獨立主格結構就是一個與句子相對獨立的帶有邏輯主語的結構。
由於這個邏輯主語與它所支配的行為狀態表達的是輔助主要句子的另一層獨立的意思,加之要用代詞和名詞的主格形式(現代英語中名詞的主格與賓格是一致的)表示,因此這種邏輯主語就稱作獨立主格。邏輯主語加上它所支配的行為狀態就構成了一種語法結構,這種語法結構稱為獨立主格結構。如下列例句中的括弧部分:

* (Everyone being ready), the teacher began his class. 每個人都准備好後,老師開始上課。
獨立主格(即邏輯主語):Everyone
獨立主格的行為狀態:being ready
起到的輔助作用:表示 the teacher began his class 發生的時間

* (It being National Day today),the streets are very crowded. 由於今天是國慶節,街上很擁擠。
獨立主格:It
獨立主格的行為狀態:being National Day today
起到的輔助作用:表示 the streets are very crowded 的原因

The manager looks relaxed, (many things settled). 由於許多事情已經處理好了,經理看上去很輕松。
獨立主格:many things
獨立主格的行為狀態:settled
起到的輔助作用:表示 The manager looks relaxed 的原因

二、獨立主格結構的構成

獨立主格由兩部分組成——
1、邏輯主語(即獨立主格):由代詞的主格或名詞充當獨立主格
2、敘述語:用來陳述邏輯主語的行為狀態。
其中敘述語是獨立主格的重點。

三、能夠構成獨立主格結構中敘述語的詞語

1、現在分詞(-ing 非謂語動詞)

——用作時間狀語
The chairman began the meeting , everyone being seated. 每個人坐好後,主席開始開會。(相當於一個時間狀語從句after everyone was seated)
——用作原因狀語
Many eyes watching him, he felt a bit nervous. 許多眼睛看著他,他感到有點兒緊張。(相當於一個原因狀語從句As many eyes were watching him)
——用作條件狀語
Time permitting, we will have a picnic next week. 時間允許的話,我們下星期將進行一次野炊。(相當於一個條件狀語從句If time permits)
My health allowing, I will work far into the night. 我的健康許可的話,我願工作到深夜。(相當於一個條件狀語從句If my health allows)
——用作伴隨方式的狀語
The boy lay on the grass, his eyes looking at the sky. 男孩躺在草地上,眼睛看著天空。(相當於一個並列分句and his eyes were looking at the sky)

2、過去分詞(-ed非謂語動詞)
* The book written in simple English, English beginners were able to read it. 該書是用簡單英語寫的,英語初學者也能看懂(原因狀語 , = As the book was written in simple English,English beginners were able to read i)
* He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard. 他上課專心聽講,眼睛緊盯著黑板。(方式狀語,= He was listening attentively in class, and his eyes were fixed on the blackboard. )
* The task completed, he had two months' leave. 任務完成以後,他休了兩個月的假(時間狀語。=When the task had been completed,he had two months' leave. )

3、不定式(to do)
* I send you 100 dollars today, the rest to follow in a year. 現寄給你100美元,其餘部分將在一年以後再寄。(方式狀語,= I send you 100 dollars today, and the rest is to follow in a year.)
* The manager looks worried,many things to be settled. 經理看上去很著急, 有這么多的事情要處理。(原因狀語,= The manager looks worried because many things will be settled)
.
4、形容詞短語
* He turned to me, his eyes sleepy. 他睡眼惺忪地轉向我。(= He turned to me, and his eyes were sleepy.)
* He stood there, his mouth wide open. 他站在那裡,嘴張得大大的。(= He stood there, and his mouth was wide open.)

5、小品副詞 .
* School over, we all went home. 放學了,我們都回家了。(= School was over, and we all went home.)
* He sat at his desk, his shoes off. 他坐在課桌旁,沒穿鞋子。( = He sat at his desk and his shoes were off.)

6、介詞短語
* He is standing in front of the blackboard, his back towards us. 他站在黑板面前,背對著我們。( = He was standing in front of the blackboard, and his back was towards us.)
* The new teacher came in, a smile on her face. 新老師面帶微笑走了進來。( = The new teacher came in and she had a smile on her face.)
* The teacher came into the classroom,a rule in his hand. 老師走進教室,手裡拿著一把直尺。( = The teacher came in and a ruler was in his hand.)

❷ 什麼是獨立主格結構,怎麼判斷的

非謂語動詞作狀語時,它的邏輯主語應該是句子的主語。但有時非謂語動詞帶有自己的主語,從而在結構上與主語不發生關系,我們稱之為獨立主格結構(Absolute Construction)。其實,所謂「獨立主格結構」也並非真正獨立,它還是一種從屬的結構。

判斷方法:

如果一個句子有獨立主格結構(含有非謂語動詞的獨立主格結構),這個句子一定有狀語,且狀語是用逗號與主句隔開的。其次這個狀語中一定要含有非謂語動詞。

而且整個狀語中含有非謂語動詞的邏輯主語,且邏輯主語與非謂語動詞之間的邏輯關系是成立的(一定要確保這個邏輯主語不是整個句子的主語)。那麼這個作「狀語」的結構就是一個獨立主格結構。

His hand waving in the air, the little boy ran away.

小男孩跑開了,他的手在空中揮動著。(劃線部分為獨立主格結構)

(2)高中英語獨立主格知識點擴展閱讀

獨立主格結構常有以下幾種類型:

1、名詞或代詞(主格)+-ing形式/過去分詞

在這種結構中,獨立主格結構的功能相似於分詞或分詞短語作狀語,但分詞的邏輯主語是句子的主語,而獨立主格結構中doing/ done 的邏輯主語是它前面的名詞或代詞。

如果前面的名詞或代詞與後面的非謂語動詞在邏輯上為主動關系,就用「名詞/代詞+doing」結構;如果為被動關系,則用「名詞/代詞+done」結構。分詞的邏輯主語為人稱代詞時,應用主格形式。

2、名詞或代詞(主格)+不定式

在這種結構中,獨立主格結構中的不定式的動作多用來表示將來的行為或表示「企圖」、「約定」等,指的是事先按計劃安排要做的事情。

如果前面的名詞或代詞與後面的不定式在邏輯上是主動關系,就用「名詞或代詞+ to do」結構;如果是被動關系,則用「名詞/代詞+ to be done」結構。不定式的邏輯主語為人稱代詞時,應用主格形式。

3、名詞或代詞(主格)+形容詞/副詞

在這種結構中,獨立主格結構中的形容詞/副詞常常用來表示伴隨或對細節作其補充說明,形容詞/副詞與前面的名詞或代詞之間在邏輯上有主系表關系。

所以此結構也可寫成:名詞或代詞+being+形容詞/副詞,其中being是非謂語(系)動詞,往往省略,但being的邏輯主語是人稱代詞時,being不能省略。形容詞/副詞的邏輯主語為人稱代詞時,應用主格形式。

4、名詞或代詞(主格)+介詞短語

在這種結構中,獨立主格結構中的名詞和介詞後面的名詞前一般都沒有冠詞或人稱代詞所有格修飾,名詞也通常使用單數形式,其功能和結構相當於with的復合結構, 在句子中主要作伴隨等狀語。

5、名詞或代詞(主格)+名詞

在這種結構中,獨立主格結構中的名詞與前面的名詞或代詞之間在邏輯上有主系表關系,在句子中主要作伴隨、原因等狀語或作進一步說明。

此結構也可寫成:名詞或代詞+ being +名詞,其中being是非謂語(系)動詞,往往省略,但being的邏輯主語是人稱代詞時,being不能省略。名詞的邏輯主語為人稱代詞時,應用主格形式。

6、there being +名詞

這種獨立主格結構實際上是由there be句型表示存在作狀語時構成的。

❸ 高中英語的獨立主格結構是什麼,如何辨別和運用

非謂語動詞作狀語,其邏輯主語須與主句主語保持一致。若不一致,非謂語動詞形式須另帶主語,從而構成復合結構的形式作狀語。這種結構稱為「獨立結構」。其中,非謂語動詞主動用現在分詞,被動用過去分詞。

❹ 高中英語 講講獨立主格結構是怎麼回事,最好舉例子

獨立主格結構(Independent Genitive)
獨立主格結構有兩部分組成,前一部份是名詞或者代詞,後一部分是非謂語動詞或其他的一些詞。前後兩部分具有邏輯主謂關系。獨立主格結構在句中做狀語,多用於書面語。
獨立主格結構本身不是句子,在句子中作狀語,表示時間、原因、條件、伴隨等。
獨立主格結構的功能
獨立主格結構主要用於描繪性文字中,其作用相當於一個狀語從句,常用來表示時間、原因、條件、行為方式或伴隨情況等。例如:
1) 表示時間
The meeting being over, all of us went home. 開完會後我們都回家了。
Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她幹完了活,坐下來喝茶。
2) 表示條件
The condition being favourable, he may succeed. 若條件有利,他或許能成功。
3) 表示原因
There being no taxis, we had to walk. 沒有計程車,我們只好步行。
He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷,所以他把她裹得嚴嚴實實的。
4) 表示伴隨情況
Almost all metals are good conctors, silver being the best of all. 幾乎所有的金屬都是良導體,而銀則是最好的導體。(=Almost all metals are good conctors, and silver is the best of all.)
常見的獨立主格結構有如下幾種:
1. 名詞/主格代詞+現在分詞。名詞/主格代詞與現在分詞之間主謂關系。如:
The girl staring at him (= As the girl stared at him), he didn」t know what to say. 姑娘兩眼望著他,他不知道說什麼好。
Time permitting (= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow. 如果時間允許的話,我們明天去郊遊。
2. 名詞/主格代詞+過去分詞。名詞/主格代詞與過去分詞之間的動賓關系。如:
The problems solved (= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 隨著問題的解決,質量已經提高了。
Her glasses broken (= Because her glasses were broken), she couldn」t see the words on the blackboard. 由於眼鏡摔壞了,她看不見黑板上的字。
3. 名詞/主格代詞+不定式。名詞/主格代詞與不定式之間是主謂關系,且強調的是一次具體性的動作。如:
He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. 藉助於一些舊零件,他要做一個飛機模型。
They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 他們道別後,一個回了家,一個去了書店。
4. 名詞/主格代詞+形容詞。如:
An air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive. 那架飛機遭遇了空難,無一人生還。
So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. 這么多人缺席,會議不得不取消。
5. 名詞/主格代詞+副詞。如:
He put on his sweater wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。
The meeting over, they all went home. 會議一結束,他們就都回家了。
6. 名詞/主格代詞+介詞短語。如:
The boy goes to the classroom, book in hand. 那男孩手裡拿著書去教室。
Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door. 瑪麗靠近火爐坐著,背對著門。
7. There being +名詞(代詞)如:
There being nothing else to do, we went home. 沒有別的事可做,我們就回家了。
There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 沒有再要討論的事了,我宣布散會。
8. It being +名詞(代詞)如:
It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由於聖誕節的緣故,政府機關都休息。
It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由於今天是假日,所有商店都關門了。
獨立主格結構的特點:
1)獨立主格結構的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同,它獨立存在。
2)名詞或代詞與後面的分詞,形容詞,副詞,不定 式,介詞等是主謂關系。
3)獨立主格結構一般有逗號與主句分開。
舉例:
The test finished, we began our holiday.
= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.
考試結束了,我們開始放假。
The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
總統被謀殺了,舉國上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.
如果天氣允許,我們明天去看你。
This done, we went home.
工作完成後,我們才回家。
The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.
會議結束後,每個人都想早點回家。
He came into the room, his ears red with cold.
他回到了房子里,耳朵凍壞了。
He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.
他夾著本厚書,走出了圖書館
註:獨立主格結構有時可在其前加上介詞with。
如:Don』t sleep with the windows open. 別開著窗睡覺。
He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 他和衣躺在床上。
She came in with a book in her hand. 她手裡拿著一本書走了進來。
He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他沒熄燈就睡著了。
I won』t be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill. 因為媽媽有病,我無法去度假。
He sat there with his eyes closed. 他閉目坐在那兒。
All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整個下午他都鎖著門在房裡工作。
I can』t go out with all these clothes to wash. 要洗這些衣服,我無法出去了。
使用獨立主格五點注意:
1.獨立主格與狀語從句的轉換當狀語從句的主語與主句的主語不是指同一個對象時,可用獨立主格結構取代狀語從句,但不再保留連詞。如:After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.下課後,學生很快離開了課室。
2. 不能省略being (having been)的情形在下列兩種情況下,獨立主格結構中的being(或having been)不能省略。
(1) 獨立主格的邏輯主語是代詞時。如:It being Sunday, we went to church.因為是星期天,我們去了做禮拜。
(2)在There being+名詞的結構中。如:There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因為沒有公共汽車,所以我們不得不步行回家。
3. 通常不用物主代詞或冠詞在「名詞(或代詞)+介詞短語」構成的獨立主格結構中,一般不用形容詞性物主代詞和冠詞。如: Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯先生走進了課室,手裡拿著一本書。比較with的復合結構。如:Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand.
4. 獨立主格結構沒有所有格形式The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主編來主編來了,我們開始開會。(比較動名詞復合結構。)
獨立主格結構的用法
獨立主格結構主要表示謂語動詞發生的時間、原因、條件或伴隨情況等,相當於一個狀語從句或並列句。
1. 用作時間狀語:The work done (=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成後,我們就回家了。
2. 用作條件狀語:Weather permitting (=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天氣允許的話,他們將在明天組織一次海濱小游。
3. 用作原因狀語:An important lecture to be given tomorrow (=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因為明天要發表一個重要的演講,教授不得不熬夜到很晚。
4. 用作伴隨狀語:He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上,兩手交叉枕在腦後。
5.表示補充說明:We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我們加倍努力,一個人干兩個人的活。
*註:獨立主格結構表示時間、條件或原因時,相當於一個狀語從句,一般放在句首,表示原因時還可放在句末;表伴隨狀況或補充說明時,相當於一個並列句,通常放於句末。
獨立主格結構妙題賞析
請看下面一道題:
Not far from the school there was a garden, _________ owner seated in it playing chess with his little grandson every afternoon.
A. its B. whose C. which D. that
【分析】此題很容易誤選B,許多同學會認為句中逗號後是一個非限制性的定語從句,whose 在定語從句中用作定語修飾其後的名詞 owner。此分析從表面上看,似乎天衣無縫,但實質上是錯的,原因是空格後根本不是一個句子,因為沒有謂語。盡管句中有兩個動詞,但它們都是非謂語動詞。也許有的同學認為,其中的 seated 可視為謂語動詞,但是注意,seat 用作動詞時,它總是及物的,其後要麼接賓語,要麼它就用於被動語態,所以若在 seated 前加上助動詞 is,則可以選擇B(當然若將 seated 改為sitting,也應選擇B)。所以此題最佳答案選A。
請再看一個類似的例子:
(1) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ translated into foreign languages.
A. it B. them C. this D. that
(2) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ were translated into foreign languages.A. it B. them C. which D. that
第(1)應選B,而不能選C,是因為句中的 translated 是過去分詞(非謂語動詞),若選C,則該從句無謂語;第(2)應選C,因為句中有謂語 were translatedC。
再請看下面一例:
(3) He wrote a lot of novels, and many of _________ were translated into foreign languages.
A. it B. them C. which D. that
【分析】此題與上面的第(2)題不同,兩句間多了一個並列連詞and,說明這是一個並列句,故應選B,則不能選C。
請做做以下三題(答案均為B):
(1) There I met several people, two of _________ being foreigners.
A. which B. them C. whom D. that
(2) There I met several people, two of _________ were foreigners.
A. which B. whom C. who D. that
(3) There I met several people, and two of _________ were foreigners.
A. which B. them C. whom D. that

❺ 什麼叫英語中的獨立主格

獨立主格 (一): 獨立主格結構的構成: 名詞(代詞)+現在分詞、過去分詞; 名詞(代詞)+形容詞; 名詞(代詞)+副詞; 名詞(代詞)+不定式; 名詞(代詞) +介詞短語構成。 (二) 獨立主格結構的特點: (1)獨立主格結構的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同,它獨立存在。 2)名詞或代詞與後面的分詞,形容詞,副詞,不定式,介詞等是主謂關系。 3)獨立主格結構一般有逗號與主句分開。 舉例: The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 考試結束了,我們開始放假。 The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 總統被謀殺了,舉國上下沉浸在悲哀之中。 Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. 如果天氣允許,我們明天去看你。 This done, we went home. 工作完成後,我們才回家。 The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier. 會議結束後,每個人都想早點回家。 He came into the room, his ears red with cold. 他回到了房子里,耳朵凍壞了。 He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. 他夾著本厚書,走出了圖書館 2. With的復合結構作獨立主格 表伴隨時,既可用分詞的獨立結構,也可用with的復合結構。 with +名詞(代詞)+現在分詞/過去分詞/形容詞/副詞/不定式/介詞短語 舉例: He stood there, his hand raised. = He stood there, with his hand raise. 典型例題 The murder was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back。 A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied 答案D. with +名詞(代詞)+分詞+介詞短語結構。當分詞表示伴隨狀況時,其主語常常用with來引導。由於本句中名詞"手"與分詞"綁"是被動關系,因此用過去分詞,選D. 注意: 1) 獨立主格結構使用介詞的問題: 當介詞是in時,其前後的兩個名詞均不加任何成分(如物主代詞或冠詞),也不用復數。但 with 的復合結構不受此限制 A robber burst into the room, knife in hand. ( hand前不能加his)。 2) 當表人體部位的詞做邏輯主語時,及物動詞用現在分 詞,不及物動詞用過去分詞。 He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up. 典型例題: Weather___, we'll go out for a walk. A permitted B permitting C permits D for permitting 答案B. 本題中沒有連詞,它不是復合句,也不是並列句。 句中使用了逗號,且we 小寫,可知其不是兩個簡單句。能夠這樣使用的只有獨立主格或with的復合結構。據此判斷,本句中使用的是獨立結構, 其結構為:名詞+分詞。 由於permit在這里翻譯為'天氣允許',表主動,應用現在分詞,故選B。 如果不會判斷獨立結構作狀語的形式,不妨將句子改為條件句,例如本句改為If weather permits, we'll go out for a walk. 然後將if 去掉,再將謂語動詞改為非謂語動詞即可。參考資料: http://ke..com/view/190765.htm

❻ 高中英語的獨立主格結構是什麼,如何辨別和運用 求老師指導下,自己的資料書說的很模糊

獨立主格結構(Independent Genitive)
一、 獨立主格結構的相關概念
構成:邏輯主語+邏輯謂語
特點:1. 用逗號與主句分開;
2. 邏輯主語與主句主語不同,單獨存在。
句中位置:句前、句末或句中,位置相當靈活。
注意事項:獨立主格結構與句子之間不能使用任何連接詞。
說到此處可能我們仍然是一頭霧水,對獨立主格結構沒有任何概念,別著急,我們舉例來說明。
例:Weather permitting, we will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.
如果天氣允許的話,我們將在明天組織一次海濱旅遊。
析:weather permitting為獨立主格結構,該結構與主句之間用逗號隔開,weather為邏輯主語;permit為邏輯謂語,獨立主格結構與主句之間沒有任何連接詞。
初步總結:
1. 獨立主格結構的主語和主句主語肯定不同(例句中的是weather和we);
2. 兩者之間沒有連詞連接。(肯定的!!只有兩個完整的句子之間用逗號時,才有連詞的存在空間。Weather permitting本身不是完整的句子,所以不可能用連詞。)
二、 獨立主格結構的兩種類型:
1. 邏輯主語+非謂語動詞(不定式、現在分詞、過去分詞)
2. 邏輯主語+(being)+表語(名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語)
1. 邏輯主語+非謂語動詞(不定式、現在分詞、過去分詞)
①邏輯主語+不定式
由不定式構成的獨立主格結構往往表示還未發生的動作或狀態,在句中常作原因狀語,偶爾作條件狀語。
例:His mother to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner.
他母親今晚要來,他正在忙著准備晚飯。
析:「來」的動作還沒有發生,表示將來。
②邏輯主語+現在分詞
現在分詞在句中作狀語時,其邏輯主語必須是主句的主語;如果現在分詞的邏輯主語與主句的主語不一致時,就應在現在分詞前加上邏輯主語,這便構成了現在分詞的獨立主格結構,該結構在句中常作時間狀語、原因狀語、條件狀語和方式狀語等
例:The guide leading the way, we had no trouble getting out of the forest.
向導領著路,我們毫不費勁地走出了森林。
析:lead動作的發出者是the guide,兩者構成邏輯上的主謂關系。
③邏輯主語+過去分詞
例:The key to the bike lost, he had to walk to school.
由於丟了自行車鑰匙,他只好步行回學校。
析:the key肯定是被人給Lost的,所以兩者之間構成動賓關系。
進一步總結:
邏輯主語+不定式:表示尚未發生或即將發生的動作。
邏輯主語+現在分詞:表示動作正在進行。
邏輯主語+過去分詞:表示被動或者完成意義。
2. 邏輯主語+(being)+表語(名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語)
英語中常用的還有一類無動詞獨立主格結構。這種結構往往看做是「名詞/代詞+being+表語」結構中省略了being,主要有如下幾種情況:
④邏輯主語+名詞
例:I received many gifts, many of them books..
我收到很多禮物,其中很多是書籍。
⑤邏輯主語+形容詞/副詞
例:Music over, all the audience stood up with fits of applause..
音樂以結束,所有的觀眾都站了起來報以熱烈的掌聲。
⑥邏輯主語+介詞短語
例:Many people were lined along the streets, flags in hands.
很多人排隊站在街道旁,手裡拿著旗子。..
三.使用獨立主格結構的注意事項:
1. 獨立主格結構的邏輯主語是代詞或者在there be結構中,獨立主格結構中的being/having been 不能省略。
例:It being Sunday, we went to church.
因為是周日,我們去做禮拜了。
2. 在「邏輯主語+介詞短語」的獨立主格結構中,如果邏輯主語和介詞短語之間的名詞都是單數,習慣上不用任何冠詞。
3. 「邏輯主語+現在分詞」與「邏輯主語+having+done」的區別是前者表示正在進行的動作,後者表示發生在主句謂語動詞之前的動作。
例: All the students having sat down, the lecture began.

獨立主格結構有兩部分組成,前一部份是名詞或者代詞,後一部分是非謂語動詞或其他的一些詞。前後兩部分具有邏輯主謂關系。獨立主格結構在句中做狀語,多用於書面語。
獨立主格結構本身不是句子,在句子中作狀語,表示時間、原因、條件、伴隨等。
獨立主格結構的功能
獨立主格結構主要用於描繪性文字中,其作用相當於一個狀語從句,常用來表示時間、原因、條件、行為方式或伴隨情況等。例如:
1) 表示時間
The meeting being over, all of us went home. 開完會後我們都回家了。
Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她幹完了活,坐下來喝茶。
2) 表示條件
The condition being favourable, he may succeed. 若條件有利,他或許能成功。
3) 表示原因
There being no taxis, we had to walk. 沒有計程車,我們只好步行。
He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷,所以他把她裹得嚴嚴實實的。
4) 表示伴隨情況
Almost all metals are good conctors, silver being the best of all. 幾乎所有的金屬都是良導體,而銀則是最好的導體。(=Almost all metals are good conctors, and silver is the best of all.)
常見的獨立主格結構有如下幾種:
1. 名詞/主格代詞+現在分詞。名詞/主格代詞與現在分詞之間主謂關系。如:
The girl staring at him (= As the girl stared at him), he didn」t know what to say. 姑娘兩眼望著他,他不知道說什麼好。
Time permitting (= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow. 如果時間允許的話,我們明天去郊遊。
2. 名詞/主格代詞+過去分詞。名詞/主格代詞與過去分詞之間的動賓關系。如:
The problems solved (= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 隨著問題的解決,質量已經提高了。
Her glasses broken (= Because her glasses were broken), she couldn」t see the words on the blackboard. 由於眼鏡摔壞了,她看不見黑板上的字。
3. 名詞/主格代詞+不定式。名詞/主格代詞與不定式之間是主謂關系,且強調的是一次具體性的動作。如:
He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. 藉助於一些舊零件,他要做一個飛機模型。
They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 他們道別後,一個回了家,一個去了書店。
4. 名詞/主格代詞+形容詞。如:
An air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive. 那架飛機遭遇了空難,無一人生還。
So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. 這么多人缺席,會議不得不取消。
5. 名詞/主格代詞+副詞。如:
He put on his sweater wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。
The meeting over, they all went home. 會議一結束,他們就都回家了。
6. 名詞/主格代詞+介詞短語。如:
The boy goes to the classroom, book in hand. 那男孩手裡拿著書去教室。
Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door. 瑪麗靠近火爐坐著,背對著門。
7. There being +名詞(代詞)如:
There being nothing else to do, we went home. 沒有別的事可做,我們就回家了。
There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 沒有再要討論的事了,我宣布散會。
8. It being +名詞(代詞)如:
It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由於聖誕節的緣故,政府機關都休息。
It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由於今天是假日,所有商店都關門了。
獨立主格結構的特點:
1)獨立主格結構的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同,它獨立存在。
2)名詞或代詞與後面的分詞,形容詞,副詞,不定 式,介詞等是主謂關系。
3)獨立主格結構一般有逗號與主句分開。
舉例:
The test finished, we began our holiday.
= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.
考試結束了,我們開始放假。
The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
總統被謀殺了,舉國上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.
如果天氣允許,我們明天去看你。
This done, we went home.
工作完成後,我們才回家。
The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.
會議結束後,每個人都想早點回家。
He came into the room, his ears red with cold.
他回到了房子里,耳朵凍壞了。
He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.
他夾著本厚書,走出了圖書館
註:獨立主格結構有時可在其前加上介詞with。
如:Don』t sleep with the windows open. 別開著窗睡覺。
He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 他和衣躺在床上。
She came in with a book in her hand. 她手裡拿著一本書走了進來。
He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他沒熄燈就睡著了。
I won』t be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill. 因為媽媽有病,我無法去度假。
He sat there with his eyes closed. 他閉目坐在那兒。
All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整個下午他都鎖著門在房裡工作。
I can』t go out with all these clothes to wash. 要洗這些衣服,我無法出去了。
使用獨立主格五點注意:
1.獨立主格與狀語從句的轉換當狀語從句的主語與主句的主語不是指同一個對象時,可用獨立主格結構取代狀語從句,但不再保留連詞。如:After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.下課後,學生很快離開了課室。
2. 不能省略being (having been)的情形在下列兩種情況下,獨立主格結構中的being(或having been)不能省略。
(1) 獨立主格的邏輯主語是代詞時。如:It being Sunday, we went to church.因為是星期天,我們去了做禮拜。
(2)在There being+名詞的結構中。如:There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因為沒有公共汽車,所以我們不得不步行回家。
3. 通常不用物主代詞或冠詞在「名詞(或代詞)+介詞短語」構成的獨立主格結構中,一般不用形容詞性物主代詞和冠詞。如: Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯先生走進了課室,手裡拿著一本書。比較with的復合結構。如:Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand.
4. 獨立主格結構沒有所有格形式The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主編來主編來了,我們開始開會。(比較動名詞復合結構。)
獨立主格結構的用法
獨立主格結構主要表示謂語動詞發生的時間、原因、條件或伴隨情況等,相當於一個狀語從句或並列句。
1. 用作時間狀語:The work done (=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成後,我們就回家了。
2. 用作條件狀語:Weather permitting (=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天氣允許的話,他們將在明天組織一次海濱小游。
3. 用作原因狀語:An important lecture to be given tomorrow (=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因為明天要發表一個重要的演講,教授不得不熬夜到很晚。
4. 用作伴隨狀語:He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上,兩手交叉枕在腦後。
5.表示補充說明:We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我們加倍努力,一個人干兩個人的活。
*註:獨立主格結構表示時間、條件或原因時,相當於一個狀語從句,一般放在句首,表示原因時還可放在句末;表伴隨狀況或補充說明時,相當於一個並列句,通常放於句末。
獨立主格結構妙題賞析
請看下面一道題:
Not far from the school there was a garden, _________ owner seated in it playing chess with his little grandson every afternoon.
A. its B. whose C. which D. that
【分析】此題很容易誤選B,許多同學會認為句中逗號後是一個非限制性的定語從句,whose 在定語從句中用作定語修飾其後的名詞 owner。此分析從表面上看,似乎天衣無縫,但實質上是錯的,原因是空格後根本不是一個句子,因為沒有謂語。盡管句中有兩個動詞,但它們都是非謂語動詞。也許有的同學認為,其中的 seated 可視為謂語動詞,但是注意,seat 用作動詞時,它總是及物的,其後要麼接賓語,要麼它就用於被動語態,所以若在 seated 前加上助動詞 is,則可以選擇B(當然若將 seated 改為sitting,也應選擇B)。所以此題最佳答案選A。
請再看一個類似的例子:
(1) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ translated into foreign languages.
A. it B. them C. this D. that
(2) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ were translated into foreign languages.A. it B. them C. which D. that
第(1)應選B,而不能選C,是因為句中的 translated 是過去分詞(非謂語動詞),若選C,則該從句無謂語;第(2)應選C,因為句中有謂語 were translatedC。
再請看下面一例:
(3) He wrote a lot of novels, and many of _________ were translated into foreign languages.
A. it B. them C. which D. that
【分析】此題與上面的第(2)題不同,兩句間多了一個並列連詞and,說明這是一個並列句,故應選B,則不能選C。
請做做以下三題(答案均為B):
(1) There I met several people, two of _________ being foreigners.
A. which B. them C. whom D. that
(2) There I met several people, two of _________ were foreigners.
A. which B. whom C. who D. that
(3) There I met several people, and two of _________ were foreigners.
A. which B. them C. whom D. that