㈠ 一篇關於天文學的英語短文
The Greek Heavenly Thoughts
The Greek was the first recognize the distinction between the natural and the supernatural. In other words , they found the nature, since then, the cosmology(宇宙學) could never be maintain a system of myth.
Graally, the Greek believed themselves to live in a cosmos, and considered the cosmos to be an entirely natural place. Besides they saw an order in the cosmos. The order, to them, not only means an arrange, but also a good order, and also a beautiful, elegant order. With an optimism(樂觀主義), they believed the order, and the cosmos were comprehensible(可知的), and furthermore, could be described in words and numbers. When the Greek formed these crucial ideas, some earliest philosophers and scientists were important and influential. The Milesians(米利都學派得的哲學家), including Thales(泰勒斯), Anaximander(阿納克西曼德), described the cosmos in entirely natural terms for the first time. Heraclitus(赫拉克立特) insisted that the cosmos worked according to a logos(理性), which mean 「word」, 「account」, 「measure」, and 「proportion」, and if we grasp this logos, the cosmos could be understood and described well.
After the Greek accepted the idea that the cosmos was a natural place and comprehensible, some pre-Socratics(前蘇格拉底時代德哲學家) overcame some significant conceptual(觀念上的) hurdles to achieve a more sophisticated cosmology. There was the move from a hemispherical(半球形) universe to a spherical(球形) one, and a earth supported by water to supported by air, and then to one which need no support. In the earlier Greek cosmologies, objects were thought to drop in parallel straight lines from the top of the cosmos to the bottom, this led to the problem why the earth doesn』t fall to the bottom of the cosmos, so in this sort of the cosmos, something is required to support the earth. Then Aristotle placed the earth at the center of the cosmos, there was no the problem of the earth dropping. He believed that objects moved to the center of the cosmos, that is the earth itself.
The idea that the earth was central and stable dominated Greek astronomy and cosmology. In Greek minds, it can explain many phenomena. Firstly, the experience told Greek, if one was in rapid motion, he certainly knew about it, so they thought, if the earth has a daily rotation from west to east, there should be constant wind from east to west; if the earth is in motion around the sun, all objects will sweep off the face of the earth. Secondly, because they had no knowledge of gravity, they believe if the earth in rapid motion, it will disintegrate(解體). Thirdly, if the earth takes up different positions relative to the stars(恆星), there should be a stellar parallax(恆星視差量), one can detect slight changes in the apparent positions of the stars from the earth.
When the Greek physics, astronomy, philosophy and common sense all seemed to indicate an immobile earth, there was an important consequence, all of the motions of the heavens were real motions to the earth, not apparent ones e to the motion of the earth.
At the outset, Greek observational astronomy was rather divorced(背離) from philosophical speculation about the nature of the cosmos. Some observed the heavens and took careful notes of what they saw, some proced cosmological models based on general philosophical considerations. But no one gave a cosmological model that were anywhere near explaining, in a precise manner, the phenomena that had been record. The Pythagoreans(畢達哥拉斯學派的哲學家) made the first attempt. They believed in the center of the cosmos was a fire, not the sun, the fire was shield from the earth by a body known as the counter earth. The model was vague and speculative, and the earth moves around the fire, and between the fire and earth, there was the counter earth. Plato(柏拉圖) proced a slightly better model, had central earth, with the sun, the moon, the five planets and the stars orbiting around it. Then it was a basic assumption of Greek astronomy and cosmology, if some motions seems not circular or regular, almost all Greek philosophers and scientists would consider these as some combination of several circular and regular motions. Neither of two models could account for two important phenomena relating to the point at which the sun sets. The sun does not always set e west(正西方). Where the sun sets ring a year changes from a maximum of 23.5º north of west to a maximum of 23.5°north of west. Solstices(至日，包括冬至、夏至) occur at the maximum points, while equinoxes(分日，包括春分、秋分) occur at the e west. Later Plato gave the first model that could give a reasonable account for these phenomena. The model was one of the most important Greek cosmological models. Plato made the first serious attempt to unite astronomical phenomena and cosmological traditions. He insisted that the sun, the moon, have a combination of two regular circular motions, that』s to say, the sun and the moon have a second motion in addition the daily one, offset(偏移) at an angle to it. As to the five planets, which are wandering in the heaven apparently, Plato gave a similar but more complex explanation. The model could give a reasonable explanation approximately, but couldn』t explain the planets exceptive motions. They will progress against the background of the fixed stars over a year or two, or even longer, then they will halt suddenly, and go in the other direction for a while, stop again, after that, progress in the normal direction. Facing a series strange exceptions and motions of the planets, Eudoxus(人名，難以翻譯，重要的哲學家、科學家) thought regressively(回歸，追本溯源). He was a pupil of Pythagorean, and had a close relationship with Plato. About planets, Plato』s model had two regular circular movements for each planet, Eudoxus gave four circular movements for each planet. In this model, the first sphere (環), generate a daily motion; the second generate the motion along the ecliptic(黃道), the other two proce a pattern like the figure 8 laid on its sides(行星出現在黃道正負8度范圍內). Besides, Eudoxus had a record of planets』 motion, and made a good use of mathematics, so compared with Plato』s model, his is more sophisticated.
Eudoxus』 model was excellent model for a long time, but there were some inherent difficulties. Because the distance between the earth and each one of five planets that we can see with naked eyes, always changes, it is not difficult to find that all planets』 size are varying apparently. Eudoxus can』t cope with the phenomenon, in his model, the distances between the earth and the planets are constant, that means the size of planets can』t vary. Account for these problems, Ptolemy(托勒密) proced a whole new system which was to last for nearly 1500 years. The system was based on combination of regular circular motions too. He gave up concentric(同心圓) sphere model in favor of a system based on a device, the epicycle(本輪，天文模型的一種). The epicycle is a combination of two regular circular motions, but not around the same center. The center of smaller circle moves around the larger circle. The two circles can proced many complex patterns, because these patterns, Ptolemy was able to explain most problems that beset the concentric sphere model, including the variation of apparent size, the brightness, the velocity(速度) of the planets. Besides the epicycle, Ptolemy made another subtle change, the earth is offset from the center of the sun』s orbit. So the model can account for that seasons have slightly different lengths. Now before the telescope was invented and new phenomena that can』t be found with naked eyes were detected, the model is the best in the ancient times.
After talking about some important Greek cosmological models, we have to mention an exceptive astronomer, Aristarchus(阿里斯塔克斯). He is the first one who have a revolutionary thinking that the earth is orbiting around the sun. But sadly, we don』t know how and why he can be aware this without any idea about gravity and the phenomena which only can be detected with telescope, only we know he is a follower of Aristotle.
㈡ 求有關天文學，節日，飲食的3篇英語作文，要求100-120個詞
In the Jack? London to write this book - "Call of the Wild", I walked into a dog's world. Dog named Buck, was a St. Bernard and Scotch shepherd dog of mixed blood. The difference is that Barker is not the fantasy of human mythology is full of dogs, nor are interspersed in the human society, the role of dogs as a friend, but in the snow in the northern part of the life stories of dogs shocked with readers. Barker had grown up in the South a judge's home, where Buck enjoying abundant life, universal respect for, and take the crucial importance of status to all human beings in the north because of the yellow metal find a change. With a somewhat aristocratic atmosphere for the first time Barker has suffered rude treatment, it was sold to a person abcted guys there wear red wool sweater. Followed by repeated blow to stick meal, once again to play it fainted. From Buck to understand a truth: that holding the stick in front of him there is no hope. I would like to stick that is a key one for Buck to understand the nature of the original key, it learned the rule of law of the jungle of the original rules, while giving the body hidden in the wild Barker is graally waking up. If the stick is a key, then Buck's companion is the body of this course, Professor. Barker was again complete the transaction. It adds a pull-sled team, and from peers groping in a plethora of survival. Dog Park Church, how it stealing to comfort empty stomach. In fact, Barker is not like stealing, in order to be able to eat right and wrong, he can not be stolen. Billy from the dog there, Buck quickly learned how to quench their thirst in the snow, ice-breaking techniques such as the Kap Shui. Here I would like to mention a Spitz dog, because from its body, Buck "learning" to a lot, so that in the twilight of the Buck remembered the original killings. Spitz is a dog sled team in the first row, that is, leaders. It is to Barker as a potential rival, always provocative finding fault, surface and good, the actual cruelty. At first, for Sri Lanka are always horses everywhere Ci Bake patient, try to avoid head-on collision. On the one hand, he learn from the other hand, the body's instincts as a provocation revived again and again. Gnawing the end of their ancestors, tear, and wolf-style assault on it alive to Spitz Dou of. Once the wild awake, it cries from the depths of the forest will be constantly tempted with Barker, it was a bleak one weird and tells the people chilling tone, can be very happy to Buck howl along with them. Powerful primitive animal behavior on it is a growing sense, in a hunt, the Buck tasted kind of bloodthirsty lust and pleasure gained by killing eventually become a long long ... .... The existence of competition in human society and human with the spirit of upward is a manifestation of the ancient wild bar. Wild, is that it brings the desire to conquer all things and barbarism. Like Buck, like, when all the facts are telling the world it is only when the conquerors and the conquered, from the depths of the indomitable nature of the fighting has been awakened, because it knows that all this is that the value of life. In today's competitive society, winning in a flash, leading to humans can not have the slightest hesitation, breathing with the face of crisis can only be brave to accept, and ultimately conquer the wild ... ... but it is not only cruel, it also brings the age-old friendship, can be said that the crystallization of ancient civilization. When the last owner, John Buck died, he look up to heaven, sent a long howl. This growl is a sad, is loyal, is stirring. Deep sense of love of John Buck Wild is another means of expression. The nature of recovery, the author depicted the coordination of a graal nature makes the whole story at one go, people let them go, was also in that slow and orderly process, made this call for strong and far-reaching implications, people have to create some kind of association, would like to to explore their own nature, and want to face it. So I want to say life is paradoxical that the world is complex, but this complex world is that there are naturally created by the easiest way. The world is that it is full of vitality, while the world into hell, no different is that it - wild. It has cunning, but also loyal; it brings brutal, but also brought the friendship. So be it, this is real life, colorful, bright and prosperous.
在傑克·倫敦寫的這本書——《野性的呼喚》中，我走進一隻狗的世界。這只狗叫巴克，是一隻聖伯納犬和蘇格蘭牧羊犬的混血兒。不同的是，巴克並非是神話中充滿人類幻想的狗，也不是穿插在人類社會擔任朋友角色的狗，而是以在北國雪地的生活、事跡震撼著讀者心靈的狗。
巴克從小生活在南方一個法官的家裡，在那兒巴克享受著優裕的生活，普遍的尊重和取足輕重的地位，可一切卻因人類在北方找到一種黃色的金屬而改變。
帶有幾分貴族氣息的巴克遭受了第一次不禮貌的待遇，它被人拐走賣到一個穿紅絨線衫傢伙那兒。接著是一頓大棒的反復猛打，一次再次地打得它昏死過去。從此巴克明白一個道理:在那拿著大棒的人面前他是沒有希望的。我想大棒就是一把鑰匙，一把讓巴克明白原始本性的鑰匙，讓它學習到弱肉強食的原始統治法則，同時也讓潛藏在巴克體內的野性漸漸蘇醒。
如果說大棒是一把鑰匙，那麼巴克的同伴則是教授這門課程的正文。巴克再次被人交易。它加入了一隻拉雪橇的隊伍，並從同伴中摸索到了許許多多的生存之道。
狗派克教會它如何偷食以慰飢腸。其實巴克是不喜歡偷，為了能吃飽他是非偷不可。從狗比利那兒，巴克很快學會了如何在雪地里破冰汲水解渴等技巧。這里我要提到一隻狗斯匹茨， 因為從它身上，巴克「學」到了很多，讓在朦朧中的巴克記起了原始的殺戮。
斯匹茨是雪橇隊里的排頭狗，也就是領袖。它把巴克當成是潛在的對手，總是挑釁找茬，表面和善，實際兇殘。起先，對於斯匹茨巴克總是處處忍讓，盡量避免發生正面沖突。一方面他從中學習，另一方面體內的本能隨著一次次的挑釁復活了。最終祖先們的咬嚙、撕扯和豺狼式的突擊在它身上活躍起來，把斯匹茨鬥倒了。
一旦野性蘇醒，那來自森林深處的呼喊便時時誘惑著巴克，那是一種凄涼怪誕、叫人毛骨悚然的調子，可巴克卻很高興跟著一起嚎。原始動物的強悍習性在它身上越發強烈，在一次捕獵中，巴克嘗到了那種嗜血的慾望和因殺戮而獲得的快樂……最終成為了狼王。
人類社會存在著競爭和人類具有的向上的精神就是一種古老的野性的體現吧。野性，是它帶來了征服萬物的慾望與野蠻。就像巴克一樣，當所有的事實都在告訴它世界上只有徵服者和被征服者時，來自本性深處的不屈的鬥志被喚醒，因為它知道這一切就是生命的價值。
在當今競爭激烈的社會，勝負就在一剎那間，導致人類不能有半點喘息與猶豫，面對危機只有勇敢接受，並最終征服……
但野性並不僅僅是殘酷，它也帶來了古老的友情，可以說是文明與古老的結晶。當巴克最後一個主人約翰死的時候，他仰望蒼天，發出長長的嗥叫。這嗥叫是傷感的，是忠誠的，是震撼人心的。巴克對約翰濃濃的愛意正是野性的另一種表達方式。
所以我想說生命是茅盾的，世界是復雜的，但這個復雜的世界正是有自然最簡單的方法造就的。讓世界充滿生機的是它，同時把世界推入地獄的亦然是它——野性。它有狡猾，也有忠誠；它帶來野蠻，也帶了了友情。就這樣吧，這便是真實的生命，多彩，燦爛，生生不息。
The Spring Festival
Spring Festival is the most important festival in China .It』s to celebrate the lunar calendar 's new year .In the evening before the Spring Festival ,families get together and have a big meal .In many places people like to set off firecrackers .Dumplings are the most traditional food .Children like the festival very much ,because they can have delicious food and wear new clothes .They can also get some money from their parents. This money is given to children for good luck . People put New Year scrolls on the wall for good fortune .
The Spring Festival lasts about 15 days long .People visit relatives and friends with the words 「Have all your wishes 」. People enjoy the Spring Festival ,ring this time they can have a good rest .
春節
春節是中國最重要的節日。它是為了慶祝農歷的新年的。在除夕,各家都會聚在一起吃團年飯,許多地方的人們喜歡燃放鞭炮。餃子是最傳統的食品。孩子們非常喜歡這個節日，因為他們可以吃美味的食物並穿新衣服。他們也可以從他們的父母那兒得到一些錢。這筆錢是為孩子祈求好運的。人們將春聯貼上牆壁以求好運。春節持續約15天。人民探親訪友互道「恭喜」．人們很喜歡春節，在此期間，他們可以好好休息。 An increasing number of people are becoming aware of the significance of health maintainence . Just as the basic need of human beings for survival , like food to prevent starvation , and clothing to keep away from cold , being healthy is one essential element , which would be easily ignored . Here , tips for keeping good healthy are to be : work regularily and rest adequately , keep in good hours and have a healthy diet . If you do not intent to get yourself sick , exercising every moring would surely be the best way to prevent disease . Often can be seen that there are senior folks jogging and playing Taiji on the square or garden . And many young peers would much like to take sports gathering , such as table tennis and badminton , instead of spending the whole night getting drunk in bars . And as is known to all , tobacco an alcohol are the two greatest evils that creat negative affections on our health . Thus a man should definitely be sure of what to eat and what not , what to drink and what not . Besides , joining a family outdoor pinic in a shining weekend would be a lovely way to keep psychologically/mentally healthy . Anyway , health is the most precious gift that man can ever have .
越來越多的人們已經意識到健康的重要性。正如食物充飢、衣物禦寒一樣，擁有健康也是人類生存的必要條件之一，而它卻往往被忽視。以下有保持身體健康的小秘笈：規律的工作、充足的休息、早睡早起、健康飲食。如果你不想把自己弄生病，那麼每天的晨練一定是預防疾病最好的方式。經常可以看見，很多老年人在廣場或公園健身或打太極拳，而很多年輕人也喜歡聚在一起玩玩乒乓球或羽毛球，而不再是扎堆在酒吧里宿夜買醉。地球人都知道，煙草和酒精是影響我們健康的兩大惡邪，所以應該明白，什麼該吃什麼不該吃，什麼該喝什麼不該喝。除此之外，在陽光燦爛的周末跟家裡人到郊外野餐也能使得心理/精神保持健康。總之，我們應該知道，健康是上天賜給人類最寶貴的禮物。
㈢ 用航天知識寫一篇英語作文80詞左右，急用！
劉洋，女，漢族，河南省林州市人，中共黨員，學士學位。1978年10月出生，1997年8月入伍，2001年5月入黨，現為中國人民解放軍航天員大隊四級航天員，少校軍銜。曾任空軍某師某團某飛行大隊副大隊長，安全飛行1680小時，被評為空軍二級飛行員。
Liu Yang, female, the Han nationality, Henan Province, Linzhou City, the Communist Party, Bachelor degree. Born in October 1978, 1997 2001 August the army, joined the party in May, the Chinese people's Liberation Army astronaut group four astronauts, the rank of major. A former Air Force Regiment of division a group deputy commander, 1680 hours of flight safety, was rated as the two air force pilot.
㈣ 假如你是李華,邀請好友Peter參加天文知識專題講座,英語作文
ch are the, her mother see not only not criticize her, but humorously said: "daughter! Where's your left hand?" The little girl immediately put the book aside and have a good meal, and the mother and daughter both laughed.
㈤ 宇宙行星英語作文
Our universe, mysterious, in our solar system, the study of value, as the universe. Now, let's see, members of the solar system. The planet mercury, a phrase, nor, even a drop of surface temperature is quite large, if you put in the daytime is a pig, KaoRuZhu, night is frozen pork. Venus, and mercury, on the contrary, it is extremely thick atmosphere of carbon dioxide in the greenhouse effect, his temperature is extremely high, up to a maximum of 4.8 even more degrees Celsius, aircraft cannot landed in the above, but he is very much like earth initial state, is very good study materials. Mars, earth and can be "sister planet", because the planet, or because sandstorm of iron, he's surface is red, this small planet to show the different side with Venus, st storms, drought, and perhaps a human and tens of thousands of years. Jupiter, this planet, such as wood of the solar system's brother, his biggest characteristic is to see the great red spot, tornadoes, and that is the storm, it is the power of our big typhoon on thousands of times. Saturn and Neptune, first, Uranus, we known after a planet, I'm afraid you can't imagine how he turn, you dare to turn the circle go a little, though, but dare you forever are rolling walking, Uranus is outstanding. As a famous Neptune, he, he is not observed, but calculate out of 19th century, astronomers have discovered some rules of operation Uranus, they suspect a planet in "time", continuously, people finally got this planet Neptune. As to Pluto, in 2006 the international astronomical joint conference has revoked the planet Pluto, became a dwarf planet, nonetheless, for his desire to explore, even more than other planets.漢語翻譯：我們的宇宙，神秘莫測，在我們的太陽系中，其所研究的價值，不亞於宇宙。現在，讓我們來看看，太陽系的成員。水星，一個徒有其名的星球，一滴水也沒有，甚至於它的表面溫差相當大，你若在那放一頭豬，白天是烤乳豬，晚上就是冷凍豬肉。金星，與水星恰恰相反，其極其濃厚的二氧化碳大氣層使得在溫室效應下，他的溫度極其高，最高達到480多攝氏度，甚至於連飛行器都不能著陸在上面，不過他的現在很像地球初期的狀態，是很好的研究材料。火星，可以和地球稱得上是「姊妹星球」的行星，其由於沙塵暴，或又因為鐵的原因，他的表面是紅色的，這顆不起眼的星球去展現了與金星不同的一面，沙暴，乾旱，或許展現的是人類及幾萬年後的世界。木星，這顆類木行星，充當了太陽系的老大哥，他最大的特點就是龍卷風，看到那個大紅斑了嗎，那是個風暴，它比我們台風的威力要大上上千倍。土星，天王星，海王星，前一個我們眾所皆知，後一個行星，恐怕你無法想像他是怎麼轉的，你敢轉著圈走嗎，雖然有點暈，但你敢一輩子都滾著走路嗎，天王星就是這樣的佼佼者。至於海王星，他出名的一點，就是他不是觀測到的，而是算出來的，19世紀，天文學家發現天王星的運行有些不規律，他們懷疑有一個行星在「作怪」，在不斷的測算中，人們終於得到了這顆行星，海王星。至於冥王星，在2006年國際天文聯合大會上，吊銷了冥王星行星的資格，成了矮行星，盡管如此，人們對於他的探索慾望，甚至超過其他行星。
㈥ 誰能幫我寫兩段關於火星、還有木星的介紹英文版和中文翻譯的
火星
Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun in the Solar System. The planet is named after Mars, the Roman god of war. It is also referred to as the "Red Planet" because of its reddish appearance as seen from Earth.
A terrestrial planet with a thin atmosphere, Mars has surface features reminiscent both of the impact craters of the Moon and the volcanoes, valleys, deserts and polar ice caps of Earth. It is the site of Olympus Mons, the highest known mountain in the solar system, and of Valles Marineris, the largest canyon. In addition to its geographical features, Mars』 rotational period and seasonal cycles are likewise similar to those of Earth.
火星是第四個行星從太陽在太陽系。該行星的名字命名火星，羅馬戰神。它也被稱為"紅色星球" ，因為它紅色的外觀.
地面星球與薄的氣氛中，火星表面特徵想起這兩個沖擊環形山的月亮與火山，峽谷，沙漠和極地冰蓋的地球。這是該網站的奧林巴斯蒙斯，最高的被稱為山在太陽系,全國最大的峽谷。除了它的地理特徵，火星旋轉期和季節性周期，也同樣的那些類似的地球。
木星
Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the largest planet within the solar system. It is two and a half times as massive as all of the other planets in our solar system combined. Jupiter, along with Saturn, Uranus and Neptune, is classified as a gas giant. Together, these four planets are sometimes referred to as the Jovian planets, where Jovian is the adjectival form of Jupiter.
The planet was known by astronomers of ancient times and was associated with the mythology and religious beliefs of many cultures. The Romans named the planet after the Roman god Jupiter (also called Jove).When viewed from Earth, Jupiter can reach an apparent magnitude of −2.8, making it the third brightest object in the night sky after the moon and Venus.
木星是第五個行星從太陽和世界上最大的星球內部的太陽能系統。這是兩年半的時間，大規模的所有其他行星在太陽系的總和。木星，隨著土星，天王星和海王星，被列為天然氣巨頭。
地球是眾所周知的天文學家古代的時候，是與神話和宗教信仰的許多文化。入鄉隨俗命名的星球之後，羅馬天主木星（又稱jove ） 。 當時，從地球，木星，可以得出一個明顯的規模-2.8 ，使得它成為第三個最亮的物體在夜空後，月亮與金星。
㈦ 找篇關於介紹天文方面的英語文章
介紹流星的：
METEOR (Metric for Evaluation of Translation with Explicit ORdering) is a metric for the evaluation of machine translation output. The metric is based on the harmonic mean of unigram precision and recall, with recall weighted higher than precision. It also has several features that are not found in other metrics, such as stemming and synonymy matching, along with the standard exact word matching. The metric was designed to fix some of the problems found in the more popular BLEU metric, and also proce good correlation with human judgement at the sentence or segment level This differs from the BLEU metric in that BLEU seeks correlation at the corpus level.
Example alignment (a).Results have been presented which give correlation of up to 0.964 with human judgement at the corpus level, compared to BLEU's achievement of 0.817 on the same data set. At the sentence level, the maximum correlation with human judgement achieved was 0.403.[1]
http://www..com/s?ie=gb2312&bs=google&sr=&z=&cl=3&f=3&tn=&wd=%CE%AC%BB%F9%B0%D9%BF%C6&ct=0&oq=%CE%AC&rsp=0