『壹』 要高一牛津版英語詞彙和語法總結總結 要全，英語不好，希望各位高手幫幫，我不吝嗇懸賞
對於詞彙，一定要多積累，首先，每個單元後面的單詞每一個要過關，不止要會讀還要會默寫。然後，在閱讀中遇到的生詞，你最好把它記下來，日積月累，相信你的詞彙不是問題。至於你的語法，當然是沒有什麼訣竅的啦，只要你勤奮，上課認真做筆記，課後把老師講的語法知識背下來，再做相關的練習，這樣就能夠鞏固你的語法知識了，這是我學英語的經驗，你可以試下！
『貳』 高一英語總結，急
高一英語知識點總結（上冊）
重點片語：
1. fond of 「喜愛，愛好」 接名詞、代詞或動詞的-ing形式。例如：
He』s fond of swimming. 他喜歡游泳。
Are you fond of fresh vegetables. 你喜歡新鮮蔬菜嗎?
He is fond of his research work. 他喜愛他的研究工作。
2. hunt for = look for尋找
I have found the book I was hunting for.我找到了那本我在找的書。
hunt for a job 找工作
3. in order to, so as to 這兩個片語都可引導不定式作目的狀語, in order to可放於句首, so as to則不能, 其否定形式為in order not to / so as not to. 如:
He went to Beijing in order / so as to attend an important meeting.
In order to be noticed, he shouted and waved to us.為了讓我們注意他, 他朝我們又是叫喊又是揮手。
4. care about
1) 喜歡，對……有興趣 = care for
She doesn』t care about money.她不喜歡錢。
2）關心 = care for
She thinks only of herself. She doesn』t care about other people.
她只考慮自己。她不關心別人。
3）在乎，在意（接從句或不接任何成分）
These young people care nothing about what old people might say.
這些年輕人根本不在乎老人說的話。
5. such as 意為「諸如……」，「像……」，是用來列舉人或事物的。
She teaches three subjects, such as physics and chemistry.她教三門科目,像物理、化學。
6. drop sb a line 留下便條, 寫封簡訊
7、make yourself at home 別客氣；隨便；無拘束
（1） If you get to my house before I do, help yourself to a drink and make yourself at home.
如果你在我之前到我家，自己喝點飲料，隨便一點。
8、stay up 不睡；熬夜
（1） I'll be late home, don't stay up for me.
我將回家很晚，不要等我了。
（2） He stayed up reading until 2:00 in the morning.
他熬夜看書直到凌晨兩點。
9、come about 引起；發生；產生
（1）How did the accident come about?
這場事故是怎麼發生的？
（2） They didn't know how the change had come about.
他們不知道這個變化是怎樣產生的。
10、except for 除……之外
（1） except 與 except for 的用法常有區別。except 多用於引起同類事物中被排除的一項。如：
①He answered all the questions except the last one.
除去最後一個，他回答了所有問題。
②We go there every day except Sunday.
除了星期天，我們天天去那裡。
（2）except for 用於引述細節以修正句子的主要意思。如：
①Except for one old lady, the bus was empty.
除去一個老太太，這輛公共汽車全空了。
②Your picture is good except for the colours.
你的畫兒很好，只是某些色彩有問題。
（3）但在現代英語中，except for也用於表示except的意思。如上述第一個例子可以是：
He answered all the questions except for the last one.
（4） 另外，在介詞短語之前只能用except，不能用except for。如：
We go to bed before ten, except in the summer.
除了夏季，我們通常十點之前上床睡覺。
11、end up with 以……告終；以……結束
（1） The party ended up with an English song.
聚會以一首英文歌結束。
12、more or less 幾乎；差不多；大約；大概；大體上
（1） I've more or less succeeded, but they haven't.
我差不多成功了，而他們沒有。
（2） Our living condition has more or less improved.
我們的生活水平或多或少提高了。
13、bring in 引進；引來；吸收
（1） We should bring in new technology.
我們應該引進新技術。
（2） He brings in 800 dollars a month.
他一個月掙八百美元。
14、get away（from） 逃離
（1）The thieves got away from the shop with all our money.
小偷帶著我們所有的錢從商店逃跑了。
（2）I caught a really big fish but it got away.
我釣到了一條好大的魚，可是它逃掉了。
15、watch out （for）注意；留心
（1）Watch out! There is a car coming.
小心！汽車來了。
（2）Watch out for the hole in the road.
留神路上的那個坑。
16、see sb. off 給某人送行
Tomorrow I will see my friend off at the railway station.
明天我到火車站給朋友送行。
17、on the other hand 另一方面（用以引出相互矛盾的觀點、意見等，常說on the one hand …… on the other hand一方面……另一方面）
I know this job of mine isn't well paid, but on the other hand I don't have to work long hours.
我知道這份工作報酬不高，但從另一方面來說，我也不必工作太長時間。
18、as well as sb (sth)而且
He is a talented musician as well as being a photographer.
她不但是攝影師還是個天才的音樂家。
19、take place 發生 take one』s place 入座、站好位置、取得地位
take sb』s place 或take the place of sb / sth代替、取代The Olympic Games take place / are held every four years.
20、on fire 相當於burning, 意為「燃燒；著火；起火」，有靜態的含意。Catch fire有動態的含意。
Set… on fire / set fire to …用來表示「使……著火」、「放火燒……」。例如：
Look, the theatre is on fire! Let』s go and help.瞧，劇院著火了，咱們去幫忙救火吧。
21、on holiday 在度假，在休假中
When I was on holiday, I visited my uncle. 我在度假的時候去看望了叔叔。
holiday(holidays)一般指「休假」
Tom and I are going to have a holiday. 我和湯姆准備去度假。
I've already had my holidays this year. 我今年已經度過假了。
22、travel agency
A business that attends to the details of transportation, itinerary, and accommodations
for travelers. 旅行社一種為旅行者提供細致的運輸、旅行和住宿方面服務的行業
Also called: travel bureau
23、take off 1)脫下(衣服等), 解(除)掉 He took off his wet shoes.他脫下了濕鞋子。
2）（飛機）起飛
The plane took off on time. It was a smooth take-off.飛機准時起飛。起飛非常順利。
3）匆匆離開
The six men got into the car and took off for the park.這六個人上了車，匆匆離開去公園。
24. go wrong v. 走錯路, 誤入岐途, (機器等)發生故障
25. in all adv. 總共
26. stay away v.外出
27. look up 查詢（如賓語為代詞，則代詞放中間）
Look up the word in the dictionary.在字典里查單詞。
相關片語：look for 尋找；look after照顧，照料； look forward to期待；look into調查；
look on旁觀；look out注意；look out for注意，留心，提防；look over翻閱，查看，檢查；look around環視；look through翻閱，查看。
28、run after追逐，追求
If you run after two hares, you will catch neither.同時追兩只兔子，你一隻也抓不到。
29、on the air廣播
We will be on the air in five minutes.我們五分鍾以後開始廣播。
This programme comes on the air at the same time every day.這個節目每天在同一時間播出。
30、think highly/well/much of對……評價很高, 贊賞, 對……印象好
He was highly thought of by the manager.經理對他非常贊賞。
I think well of your suggestion.我覺得你的建議很好。
think badly/nothing/little/lowly of……認為不好, 好……不在意, 不贊成, 覺得……不怎麼樣
I don』t think much of him as a teacher.我覺得他作為一個老師不怎麼樣。
31. leave out 1) 漏掉 You made a mistake—You』ve left out a letter 「t」.你出錯了—你漏掉了一個字母t.
2) 刪掉, 沒用 I haven』t changed or left out a thing.我沒有作出變動也沒有刪掉任何東西。
32. stare at （由於好奇、激動等張著嘴巴，睜大眼睛地）凝視，盯著看
Don』t stare at foreigners. It』s impolite.不要盯著外國人看，這樣不禮貌。
比較：glare at （to stare angrily at）怒視著
這兩個小男孩互相怒視著，隨時准備開戰。
33. make jokes about 就……說笑
They make jokes about my old hat.他們就我的舊帽子說笑我。
have a joke with … about …跟某人開關於某事的玩笑。
He stopped to have a joke with me.他停下來跟我開玩笑。
play a joke on…開某人的玩笑
We played jokes on each other. 我們互相開玩笑。
v. joke about取笑 They joked about my broken English.他們取笑我蹩腳的英.
45.take over 接管；接替；繼承
what is good and still useful should be taken over.好的有用的東西應當繼承。
Our chairman has left, so Jack will take over (his job).我們的主席走了，因此傑克將接
管（他的工作）。
46. break down
1) 破壞；拆散
Chemicals in the body break our food down into useful substances.
人體中的化學元素把食物分解成有用的物質。
The peace talks are said to have broken down. (喻)據說和談破裂了。
2)（機器）損壞 Our truck broke down outside town. 我們的卡車在城外拋錨了。
The car broke down halfway to the destination.汽車在到達目的地的中途拋錨了。
3) 失敗；破裂 Their opposition broke down.他們的反對意見打消了。
4) 精神崩潰；失去控制 He broke down and wept. 他不禁失聲痛哭。
5) 起化學變化 Food is broken down by chemicals. 化學物質引起食物轉化。
47、get on one』s feet
1）站起來;站起來發言
2）(=stand on one's feet)自立, 經濟上獨立
3）(人)病好了, 可以起床了; (使)恢復, 復甦(指企業)
48、go through
1) 經歷；經受；遭到
These countries have gone / been through too many wars.這些國家飽經戰火。
2) 完成；做完 I didn't want to go through college.我不想上完大學。
3）通過；批准 The law has gone through Parliament. 議會已經通過了這項法案。
Their plans went through. 他們的計劃得到了批准。
4）全面檢查；搜查
They went through our luggage at the customs.在海關他們檢查了我們的行李。
重點句型
1．「So + be／have／助動詞／情態動詞＋主詞」的結構。此結構中的語序是倒裝的，「So」代替上句中的某個成分。如果上面一句是否定句，則使用「Neither/Nor+be/have/助動詞/情態動詞+主語」的結構。
例如 He』s tired，and so am I．(＝I』 m also tired．)
You can swim，and so can I．(＝I can also swim．)
She has had supper，and so can I．(＝I』ve had lunch，too．)
Tom speaks English，and so does his sister．(＝His sister speaks English，too．)
A: I went to the park yesterday．
B: So did I．(＝I also went to the park yesterday．)
2．「So +主語+be／have／助動詞／情態動詞」結構中的主謂是正常語序，so相當於indeed,certainly,表示說話人對前面或對方所說情況的肯定、贊同或證實，語氣較強，意思是「確實如此」。
例如 A：It was cold yesterday．昨天很冷。
B：So it was．的確如此。(＝Yes，it was．)
A：You seem to like sports．
B：So I do．(＝Yes，I do．)
A：It will be fine tomorrow．
B：So it will．(＝Yes ，it will．)
3．「主語+do/does/did + so」結構指的是按上句的要求做了。此句型中do so代替上文中要求做的事，以免重復。
My Chinese teacher told me to hand in my composition on time and I did so.(=I handed in
my composition on time.) 語文老師叫我按時交作文, 我照辦了。
4．So it is with…或 It is the same with…句型表示 「……(的情況)也是如此。」當前面的句子中有幾種不同形式的謂語時，要表示相同情況，必須使用本句型，不能使用so 引起的倒裝句。
She doesn』t play the piano, but she likes singing. So it is with my sister.
5、There you are. 行了，好。
這是一句表示一種事情告一段落或有了最終結果的用語。如：
There you are! Then let's have some coffee.
除此之外，還可以表示「瞧，對吧（果然如此）」的語氣。例如：
There you are! I knew we should find it at last.
對吧！我就知道我們最終能找到的。
6、have some difficulty (in) doing sth.
干某事有困難；接名詞時，常用句型：have some difficulty with sth.
①Do you have any difficulty (in) understanding English?
你理解英語口語有困難嗎？
②She said she had some difficulty with pronunciation.
她說她在發音方面有困難。
7、have a good knowledge of sth.
「掌握……」，「對……有某種程度的了解」
①He has a good knowledge of London.
他對倫敦有所了解。
②A good knowledge of languages is always useful.
8、Tree after tree went own, cut down by the water, which must have been three metres deep.
一棵又一棵的樹被水沖倒、沖斷。那水肯定有三米深。
「must have + 過去分詞」表示對已發生事情的猜測。在英語中，must，may，can三個情態動詞可用來表示對事情的猜測。Must意為「肯定」，語氣很有把握；may意為「可能」、「也許」，語氣把握性不大。兩者常用在肯定句中。Can意為「肯定」、「也許」，常用在否定句或疑問句中。Must，may，can三者用於表示猜測時，其後面可跟三種不同的動詞形式：1）跟動詞原形表示對現在事情的猜測；
2）跟be doing表示對正在發生事情的猜測；3）跟have done表示對已經發生的事情的猜測。例如：
Helen is Lucy』s good friend. She must know Lucy』s e-mail.海倫是露茜的好朋友。她肯定知道露茜的電子郵件。
We can hear loud voices in the meeting room. They must be quarrelling.我們可以聽到會議
室很吵。他們肯定在吵架。
I met Jeff at the gate a moment ago. He can』t have gone to Australia.我剛才還在大門口見
過傑夫。他不可能去了澳大利亞。
9、Wei Bin took out some peanuts and it was fun to see the monkey eat from his hand.魏彬拿出一些花生。看著猴子從他手上吃花生，很有趣。
fun 「好玩，趣事」，不可數名詞，前面不加不定冠詞a。
You』re sure to have some fun at the party tonight. 今天晚上你肯定會玩得很開心。
make fun of「取笑」，「嘲弄」。People make fun of him only because he is wearing such a
strange jacket.人們嘲笑他只是因為他穿了一件那麼奇怪的衣服。
funny adj. 「可笑的，滑稽的」。He looks very funny in his father』s jacket.他穿著他父親
的衣服，看上去很滑稽。
10、Many people who saw the film were afraid to swim in the sea……
許多看過這部電影的人都不敢在海里游。
afraid 用法說明：
1）害怕人/ 物，如：be afraid of sb / sth
2）不敢做某事，如：be afraid to do sth / of doing sth
He is afraid to go out / of going out alone at night.
3) 擔心會發生某事, 如: be afraid of doing sth或be afraid + that clause
He seldom stands on the river bank because he is afraid of falling into the river.
He seldom stands on the river bank because he is afraid that he might fall into the
river.
4) 給人不愉快的信息或不贊同某人意見時, 用I』m afraid …, 如:
I』m afraid I』ve got bad news for you.
I』m afraid I can』t agree with you.
11、It is polite to finish eating everything on your plate.把你盤子里所有東西吃完是有禮貌的。
這是一個動詞不定式作主語的句型，其中to finish eating everything 是主語，it是形式主語。
12、I wish you all the best.我祝你萬事如意.
用wish來表示祝願的結構是wish sb sth, 此外我們還可以用may來表示祝願: May sb do sth如:
May you succeed.
13、Where there is a river, there is a city. 有河流的地方就有城市。
Where在這里引導的是地點狀語從句，相當於介詞in/ at/ to + the place + where從句9定語從句），意思是「在……地方」。 例如：
Where there is smoke, there is fire.無風不起浪；事出有因。
He lives where the climate is mild.他住在氣候溫暖的地方。
14、Strong, proud, and united, the people of St Petersburg are the modern heroes of Russia .
聖彼得堡人民堅強不屈、充滿自豪、團結一致，他們是俄羅斯當代的英雄。
Strong, proud, and united為前置定語，在這里相當於一個非限制性定語從句：
The people of St Petersburg , who are strong, proud, and united, are the modern heroes
of Russia . 當主語比較短時，這類短語常常放在句首。
15. Congratulations!是一句祝賀用語，在使用時要用復數形式。其他幾個通常以復數形式出現表達特定含義的名詞有：
manners（禮貌）：He is a little boy with good manners.這個小男孩很有禮貌。
regards (問候)：Please send my regards to your parents.請代我問候你父母。
16. Every four years athletes from all over the world take part in the Olympic Games.
沒四年，世界各地的運動員們都要參加奧運會。
「every + 基數詞 + 時間/ 距離單位」詞表示「每多少時間/ 距離」。如：
every five days（每五天）, every three hours（每三小時）, every ten metres（每十公尺）
類似表達形式還有：every fifth day, every third hour
「每隔一天」的表達形式有：every second day, every two days, every other day.
17、Modern cellphones are more than just phones—they are used as cameras and radios, and
to send e-mail or surf the Internet.現代的手機不僅僅是電話機—它們也當坐照相機和收音機使用，還可以發送電子郵件和上網。
use A as B 把A用作B。例如：
In ancient times, people used stones as tools for farming.在古代，人們把石頭用作耕作的
工具。
use sth to do sth用某物來做某事。例如：
In ancient times, people used stones to kill animals for food.
在古代，人們用石頭來捕殺動物獲取食物。
18、The answer seems to be that we have a need to stay in touch with friends and family no
matter where we are or what we are doing.答案似乎是：無論我們在何處或正在做什麼，我們都需要和朋友以及家人一直保持聯系。
1) seem 似乎，好像，其用法及搭配有：
seem + adj., 如：
This problem seems complicated, but actually it is simple.
這個問題看似復雜，其實很簡單。
seem to do
I seem to have seen him somewhere before.我好像以前在哪兒見過他。
It seems that…,
It seems that everything is going on well.好像一切正常。
It seems as if…,
It seems as if it』s going to rain.看來快要下雨了。
2) no matter無論，不管，後面常跟疑問詞引導的從句，其意相當於疑問詞後加ever。如 no matter what=whatever; no matter where=wherever; no matter how=however; no matter when=whenever例如：
No matter when (Whenever) I meet him, he is always wearing that old hat.
不管我什麼時候遇見他，他總是戴著那頂舊禮帽。
No matter how (However) expensive the cellphone is, I』ll buy it because I need one badly.
無論這手機有多貴，我都要買。因為我急需有個手機。
重點語法：
直接引語和間接引語
1. 直接引語在改為間接引語時，時態需要做相應的調整。
eg: 「I broke your CD player.」 (一般過去時改成過去完成時)
He told me he had broken my CD player.
Jenny said, 「I have lost a book.」
(現在完成時改成過去完成時)
Jenny said she had lost a book.
Mum said, 「I』ll go to see a friend.」
(一般將來時改成過去將來時)
Mum said she would go to see a friend.
過去完成時保留原有的時態
He said, 「We hadn』t finished our homework.」
He said they hadn』t finished their homework.
注意 直接引語是客觀真理，過去進行時，時態不變。
2． 在直接引語變間接引語時，如果從句中的主語時第一人稱或被第一人稱所修飾，從句中的人稱要按照主句中主語的人稱變化。如：
Mary said, 「My brother is an engineer.」
Mary said her brother was and engineer.
3． 直接引語如果是反意疑問句，選擇疑問句或一般疑問句，間接引語應改為由whether或if引導的賓語從句。如：
He said, 「Can you run, Mike?」
He asked Mike whether/if he could run.
4. 直接引語如果是祈使句，間接引語應改為「tell(ask, order, beg等) sb (not) to do sth.」句型。如：
「Pass me the water, please.」said he.
He asked him to pass her the water.
5. 直接引語如果是以「Let』s」開頭的祈使句，變為間接引語時，通常用「suggest+動名詞或從句」的結構。如：
She said, 「Let』s go to the cinema.」
She suggested going to the cinema.
或She suggested that they should go to the cinema.
現在進行時表將來的動作
現在進行時表將來的動作，謂語通常為瞬間動詞。如：come, go, arrive, leave, start, return, stay, meet, get等。這些動詞的進行時後不能再接具體的時間。
（1）用現在進行時表示將來，指的是近期的，按計劃或安排要發生的動作。
（2）現在進行時表示將來與表示正在進行的動作的區別在於：前者通常用瞬間動詞（有時一些常用動詞也可以這樣用如：do）如：go, come, start, return, get, arrive等。而後者通常是持續性動詞。
He is reading a novel.
他在看小說。
The train is arriving soon.
火車就要進站了。
（3）用現在進行時表示將來的時間，在句中或上下文中通常有表示將來時間的狀語。
（4）現在進行時與一般現在時表示將來動作的區別在於：前者表示的將來的動作往往是可以改變的，而後者則是根據規定或時間表預計要發生的動作或事情，因此往往是不可改變或不可隨便改變的。
What are you doing next Friday?
下星期五你們打算干什麼？
The plane takes off at 7：30 tonight.
飛機今晚七點半起飛。
限定性定語從句
1、定義：在復合句中，修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫做定語從句。被定語從句所修飾的名詞或代詞叫先
行詞。定語從句一般放在先行詞的後面。引導定語從句的詞有關系代詞that, which, who ( 賓格whom,
所有格whose)和關系副詞where, when，關系代詞或關系副詞放在先行詞和定語從句之間，起聯系作用，
同時又作定語從句的一個成份。
⑴The man who lives next to us sells vegetables. 住在我的隔壁的人是賣菜的。
在該句中the man 是先行詞
『叄』 上海牛津英語 高一上 語法點有哪些
句子成分、謂語時態和語態、非謂語、定語從句、狀語從句
望採納！ 精~~~~~~~~~~~~銳
『肆』 求、牛津英語1A到6B所有語法知識點匯總.急、謝謝
時態講解
一、一般現在時主要用於：
1 、表示經常性或習慣性動作。 e.g. It seldom snows here.
2 、表示現在的特徵或狀態。 e.g. He is always ready to help others.
3 、普遍真理。 e.g. Action speaks louder than words.
4 、劇情圖片介紹，背景說明，動作解說。 e.g. (Tom enters the room and sits at the table)
Doctor ： What's your trouble, young man?
Tom ： I've caught a cold, doctor.
5 、時間、條件、讓步、方式狀語從句表將要發生的動作時。
e.g. Tomorrow we shall go for an outing unless it rains.
與這種時態連用的時間狀語常有： always, often, never, seldom, usually, once, a week, now 等。
二、一般過去時主要用於：
1 、表示過去某個時間發生的動作或情況（包括習慣性的動作或狀態）
e.g. When did you read the novel? She often came to help us in those days.
2 、談到過去的情況時 e.g. I didn't know you were so busy.
3 、談到已死人的情況時 e.g. Lei Feng was a great communist fighter.
與這個時態連用的時間狀語常有：
yesterday, last night, the other day, two months ago, in 1985, then, just now, when, after, as soon as 引導的時間狀語從句，表示主句動作開始的時間。
三、現在完成時主要用於：
1 、表示到現在為止這一時期中發生的動作或情況，即多次動作的總和。
e.g. We have learnt four English songs this month. How many times have you read the novel?
For many days we haven't seen each other.
2 、表示對現在有影響的某一已發生的動作。
e.g. The delegation has left 代表團已經走了（說明現在不在這里） Look, what you have done. 看你乾的事。
與這一時態連用的時間狀語有： already, yet, just, ever, never, by now, so far, recently, by the end of this month, since, for 短語，連詞 since 引導的時間狀語從句。
一般過去時與現在完成時的區別：
一般過去時：重在說明動作在過去發生時的具體情況（時間、地點、方式、對象、細節等）。
現在完成時：只提起已發生的動作（事實）及其影響，不說明動作發生時的具體情況。
cf. Have you had your lunch? What did you have for lunch?
I have ever been to the Great Wall, and I went there last summer with my father.
註：現在完成時表達的動作常具有反復性，故下面一句是錯的：
Have you seen the six thirty's news program? 應改為： Did you see the six thirty's news program?
四、現在完成進行時主要用於：表示過去開始的某一動作一直持續到現在，以至延伸到將來，它強調動作延續時間之長久。e.g. I've been writing an article. 我一直在寫一篇文章。（還在寫）
cf. I've written an article. 我寫了一篇文章。（已寫完）
It has been raining these days. 這些天一直在下雨。
五、過去完成時
1 、過去完成時是一個相對時態，表示過去的過去，只有在兩個過去發生的動作相比較時才可顯示出來。
e.g. As soon as we got to the station, the train had left.
註：主從句表達的動作緊接時，即兩動作發生的時間沒有明顯時間上的懸殊或空檔時，主從句都可用一般過去時。 e.g. Where did your brother study before he joined the army?
2 、過去完成時可表示截止過去某一時間動作的總或動作的結束。
e.g. By the end of last month. We had reviewed four books By eight o'clock, he had finished his homework.
與這個時態連用的時間狀語常有： by 1985, by eight o'clock, by then, by the end of last month, by the time when, when, as soon as, before 等連詞引導的時間狀語從句，表示主句動作結束的時間。
（六）現在進行時主要用於：
1 、表示現在或現階段正在進行的動作。 e.g. Listen, someone is crying. What are you doing these days?
2 、代替一般現在時，表示經常性動作或狀態，而含有某種感情色彩。
e.g. How are you feeling today? 你今天感覺怎樣？（顯得親切）
He is doing well in his lessons. 他的功課很好。（贊揚）
You are always boasting. 你老愛吹牛。（厭煩）
3 、動詞 go, come, leave, arrive 等表將要發生的動作時。 e.g. They are leaving for Shanghai.
與這種時態連用的時間狀語常有： now, these days, recently, this week 等。
七、過去進行時主要用於： 表示過去某個時刻或階段正在進行的動作。
e.g. At that time she was working in a PLA unit. 那時她在解放軍某部工作。
What were you doing this time yesterday?
與這個時態連用的時間狀語常用： at nine o'clock, this time last night, these days, at that time 等。
用 when 引導的時間狀語從句表示主句的動作正在進行的時間。
e.g. When he came in, I was reading a newspaper.
註：
1 、 while 引導時間狀語從句敘述過去的動作時，從句常用過去進行時。
e.g. I read a magazine while I was waiting for the bus.
2 、 when 用作並列連詞，意為「這時」，連接兩分句時，第一句多用過去進行時。
e.g. I was reading a newspaper when he came in.
一般過去時與過去進行時的區別：
一般過去時：強調過去某一時間開始或完成的動作。
過去進行時：強調過去某一時間正在進行的動作。
試區別下面兩句：
We were building a reservoir last winter. 去年冬天我們在修建一座水庫。（可能尚未建成）
We built a reservoir last winter. 去年冬天我們修建了一座水庫。（已經建成）
八、一般將來時主要用於： 表示將要發生的動作或情況
e.g. Tom will have a bike of his own.
與這個時態連用的時間狀語常用： tonight, tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next week, in three hours, two days later 等。
一般將來時態與其它結構表將來情況的區別：
一般將來時態 ：主要從時間的角度表將要發生的動作或情況。
be going to 結構 ：①表（主觀上）打算或准備做某事時。 ②表有發生某事的預兆時。
e.g. They are going to have a competition with us in studies. It is going to rain.
據以上區別，故下面一句是錯的：
I am going to be eighteen years old next year. 應改為： I shall be eighteen years old next year.
be about to do sth 結構 ：意為「剛要做某事」、「馬上要做某事」強調時間之緊迫性。
e.g. We are about to discuss this problem. 我們將馬上討論這個問題。
be to do sth 結構： 表示按計劃、安排、規定將實施某事或表示註定會發生某事。
e.g. When is the train to leave. All these things are to be answered for.
及物動詞與不及物動詞
英語中按動詞後可否直接跟賓語，可把動詞分成及物動詞與和及物動詞。
1.及物動詞： 字典里詞後標有vt. 的就是及物動詞。及物動詞後必須跟有動作的對象（即賓語），可直接跟賓語。see 看見 (vt.) +賓語 I can see a boy.
2.不及物動詞：字典里詞後標有vi. 的就是不及物動詞。不及物動詞後不能直接跟有動作的對象（即賓語）。若要跟賓語，必須先在其後添加上某個介詞，如to,of ,at後方可跟上賓語。
具體每個動詞後究竟加什麼介詞就得背動詞短語了，如listen to,look at…..
3. 賓語（動作的對象）：是名詞或代詞，或相當於名詞的詞或短語（如動名詞）。其它詞不看作動作的對象呢。
4.舉例：「看」
(1)see 看見 (vt.) +賓語 I can see a boy.
(2)look 看 (vi.) x賓語(即不能直接加賓語). Look! She is singing.
Look carefully! (注意：carefully 是副詞，不是名詞，故不作賓語喲)
(3)look at 看…….+賓語 Look at me carefully! (me是代詞，作賓語了)
連系動詞
連系動詞本身有一定的詞義,但不能獨立作謂語,必須與表語一起構成謂語。
表語通常由名詞、形容詞,或相當於名詞或形容詞的詞或短語等充當,說明主語是什麼或怎麼樣。
一、 連系動詞的類型有：
1. "存在"類:表示存在或具有某種特徵或狀態.這類連系動詞強調"存在"。常見的有:be(是),look(看起來),feel(摸上去),seem(似乎是),appear(似乎、顯得),prove(證明是),smell(聞起來),taste(嘗起來),sound(聽起來)等。例如:
The story sounds true.
Those oranges taste good.
2. "持續"類:表示某種情況或狀態的持續。這類連系動詞強調"持續"。常見的有:remain(依然),keep(保持),stay(保持),continue(繼續、仍舊),stand(處於某狀況或情形)等。例如:
Why don't you put the meat in the fridge? It will stay fresh for several days.
It's already ten in the morning. The store remains closed. What's the matter?
3. "變化"類:表示由一種情況或狀態變化成另一種情況或狀態。這類連系動詞強調"變化"後的情況或狀態.常見的有:become(變成), turn(變成), grow(變得), go(變得)等。例如:
Put the fish in the fridge, or it will go bad in hot weather.
二、注意事項
1. 有些連系動詞通常不用於被動語態和進行時態中。如:feel, taste等詞。例如:
-Do you like the material?
-Yes, it feels very soft.
2. 一般情況下,連系動詞主要跟形容詞或分詞作表語。例如:
Be careful when you cross this very busy street. If not, you may get run over by a car.
3. 能跟名詞作表語的連系動詞常見的有:be, become, appear, seem, prove, remain和turn等.注意:turn後跟(表示主語身份的)名詞作表語時,不加冠詞。例如:
Twenty years later, he turned teacher.
The population growth in China remains a problem.
4. 連系動詞也可跟不定式(to do / to be),常見的有:appear, seem, remain, prove, look等。例如:
Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains to be seen whether they will enjoy it.
On the long journey, Peter proved to be a most interesting guide. We all had a wonderful time.
終止性動詞與延續性動詞
終止性動詞指不會持續一段時間的動作,即動作在瞬間或短時間內完成。 例如:get arrive 這類動詞不與一段時間連用
終止性動詞:表示不能延續的動作,即動作發生後立即結束。如:begin,arrive, borrow, ...終止性動詞的肯定式是不能持續的,所以不能和表示一段時間的狀語連用,而終止性的否定式就可以和表一段時間的狀語.
一、延續性動詞和終止性動詞的概念
英語中，動詞按其動作發生的方式、動作發生過程的長短，可分為延續性動詞和終止性動詞。
延續性動詞表示能夠延續的動作，這種動作可以延續下去或產生持久影響。如：learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay等。
終止性動詞也稱非延續性動詞、瞬間動詞或短暫性動詞，表示不能延續的動作，這種動作發生後立即結束。如open, close, finish, begin, come, go, arrive, reach, get to, leave, move, borrow,buy等。
二、延續性動詞的用法特徵
1.延續性動詞可以用於現在完成時，其完成時態可與表示"段時間"的狀語連用。表示"段時間"的短語有：for two years, ring the past three years, since last year, how long等。如：I have learned English since I came here.自從我來到這兒就學英語了。
2.延續性動詞不能與表示短暫時間的"點時間"狀語連用。如：It raind at eight yesterday morning.(誤) rain為延續性動詞，而at eight表示"點時間"，前後顯然矛盾。如果用延續性動詞表示一瞬間的動作，可以藉助come, begin, get等終止性動詞來表示。上句可改為：It began to rain at eight yesterday morning.(正)又如：
-When did you get to know Jack?
-Two years ago.
-Then you've known each other for more than two years.
-That's right.
三、終止性動詞的用法特徵
1.終止性動詞可用來表示某一動作完成，因此可用於現在完成時。如：
The train has arrived.火車到了。
Have you joined the computer group?你加入電腦小組了嗎？
2.終止性動詞表示的動作極其短暫，不能持續。因此，不可與表示一段時間的狀語連用(只限肯定式)。如：
(1)他死了三年了。
誤：He has died for three years.
正：He has been dead for three years.
正：He died three years ago.
正：It is three years since he died.
正：Three years has passed since he died.
(2)他來這兒五天了。
誤：He has come here for five days.
正：He has been here for five days.
正：He came here five days ago.
正：It is five days since he came here.
正：Five days has passed since he came here.
(1)、(2)句中的die、come為終止性動詞，不能與表示"段時間"的狀語連用。那麼，應如何正確表達呢？可以採用下面的四種方法：
(1)將句中終止性動詞轉換為相應的延續性動詞，如上面兩例中的第一種正確表達方式。下面列舉幾例：leave→be away, borrow→keep, buy→have, begin/start→be on, die→be dead, move to→live in, finish→be over, join→be in/be a member of, open sth.→keep sth. open, fall ill→be ill, get up→be up, catch a cold→have a cold。
(2)將句中表示"段時間"的狀語改為表示過去確定時間的狀語，如下面兩例中的第二種正確表達方式。
(3)用句型"It is+段時間+since..."表達原意，如上面兩例中的第三種正確表達方式。
(4)用句型"時間+has passed+since..."表達原意，如上面兩例中的第四種正確表達方式。
3.終止性動詞可用於現在完成時否定式中，成為可以延續的狀態，因而可與表示一段時間的狀語連用。如：
He hasn't left here since 1986.
I haven't heard from my father for two weeks.
4.終止性動詞的否定式與until/till連用，構成"not+終止性動詞+until/till ..."的句型，意為"直到……才……"。如：
You can't leave here until I arrive.直到我到了，你才能離開這里。
I will not go to bed until I finish drawing the picture tonight.今天晚上直到我畫完畫，我才上床睡覺。
5.終止性動詞可以用於when引導的時間狀語從句中，但不可以用於while引導的時間狀語從句中。when表示的時間是"點時間"(從句謂語動詞用終止性動詞)，也可以是"段時間"(從句謂語動詞用延續性動詞)。而while表示的是一個較長的時間或過程，從句謂語動詞用延續性動詞。如：
When we reached London, it was twelve o'clock. (reach為終止性動詞)
Please look after my daughter while/when we are away. (be away為延續性動詞短語)
6.終止性動詞完成時不可與how long連用(只限於肯定式)。如：
誤：How long have you come here?
正：How long have you been here?
正：When did you come here?
終止性動詞不用於進行時態,若是進行時態形式應譯成將來時態的意思。
終止性動詞和延續性動詞辨析 王嵩
英語動詞可以分為延續性動詞和終止性動詞。這兩種動詞在每年中考英語試題中出現率較高，筆者將其歸納分類，供同學們學習時參考。一、延續性動詞 延續性動詞表示的動作不但可以延續，而且可以產生持久的影響。常見的這類動詞有：be，have，keep，know，learn，lie，live，read，sing，sleep，stand，stay，wait，walk，watch等。延續性動詞的用法很廣，但常見於現在完成時中的句子中，且常與for，how，long，since等引導的表示一段時間的狀語或狀語從句連用。例如：1．I have learned more than 1，000 Chinese words since I came to China．自從來到中國，我已經學會了l，000多個漢字。2．We have lived in Linqing since we came here．自從來到這兒，我們就一直住在臨清。3．I have kept the picture for about three years．這張畫我保存了大約三年。 二、終止性動詞 終止性動詞又稱為瞬間動詞或非延續性動詞，它表示的動作不能延續，也就是說動作一旦發生就立即結束，並產生某種結果。常見的這類動詞有：accept，arrive，become，begin，borrow，break，buy，catch，close，come，die，end，fall，finish，get，give，go，join，leave，put，reach，receive，shut，start，stop等。終止性動詞用在現在完成時要注意下面三點： （一）終止性動詞可直接用來表示某一動作的完成。例如：1．They have reached Shanghai．他們已經到達了上海。2．Has he gone to London? 他已經到倫敦去了嗎? （二）終止性動詞表示的動作極其短暫，不能持續，所以，在現在完成時中一般不能和以since，for等引導的表示一段時間的狀語連用。例如：1．那老人已經死了一周了。The old man has died for a week．(誤)2．他三天前就已經來這兒了。He has come here since three days ago．(誤)在以上兩句中，die和come都是終止性動詞，可用於現在完成時，但不能與以since或for引導的表示一段時間的狀語連用。那麼，上面兩個句子應該怎樣譯成英語呢?請看下面四種譯法：1．把終止性動詞改為延續性的動詞。例如：①The old man has been dead for a week．②He has been here since three days ago．2．把原句中的一段時間改為表示「過去」的時間，時態由現在完成時改變成一般過去時。例如：①The old man died a week ago．②He came here three days ago．3．用「It is+時間+since…」句式。例如：①It is／has been a week since the old man died．②It has been／is three days since he came here．4．用「多長時間+has passed+since…」句式。例如：①A week has passed since the old men died．②Three days had passed since he came here． (三)有關特殊終止性動詞的用法。1．在while(表示一段時間)引導的從句里，謂語動詞不能使用終止性動詞，但可以把while改成when，這樣，從句里的謂語動詞就可以使用終止性動詞了。因為when既可以表示時間的「點」，又可以表示時間的「段」。例如：While he got to America．he found his English Was very poor．(誤)When he got t0 America．he found his English was very poor．(正)2．終止性動詞的否定式與until連用時，意為「直到……才／不到什麼時間不……」等。例如：Don』t get off until the bus stops．車未停穩，切勿下車。3．終止性動詞不可以與how long引導的句式連用。例如：How long have you borrowed the magazine?(誤)When did you borrow the magazine?(正)How long have you kept the magazine?(正)
終止性動詞與延緩性動詞的用法區別
上海市中國中學 黃文英
英語中的動詞，是學習中的重點，又是難點。英語中的動詞有多種分類法。根據其有無含義，動詞可分為實義動詞和助動詞；根據動詞所表示的是動作還是狀態，可以分為行為動詞和狀態動詞；根據動詞所表示的動作能否延緩，分為延續性動詞和終止性動詞。
可以表示持續的行為或狀態的動詞，叫做「延續性動詞」，也叫「持續性動詞」，如：be, keep, have, like, study, live, etc.
有的表示短暫、瞬間性的動詞，叫做「終止性動詞」，也可叫「短暫性動詞」，或「瞬間性動詞」，如die, join, leave, become, return, reach, etc.
終止性動詞構成的現在完成時，不可以用表示一段時間的狀語（如：since 和for引導的短語）來修飾，終止性動詞構成的現在完成時，只表示動作發生的因果關系，不能表示動作的延續，因此不能用表示一段時間的狀語來修飾。
如可以說：The Red Cross has already started for the earthquake-stricken area.
但不可說：The Red Cross has already started for the earthquake-stricken area for three days.
因為start是終止性動詞, 它所表示的動作短促, 當紅十字會出發時，start這個動作便結束了, 不可能延續兩天。
在十多年的教學生涯中，發現學生對於如何解決這對矛盾不知所措，下面我來歸納一下解決這對矛盾的四種方法。
用ago時間狀語短語來代替since或for引導的時間狀語：
eg. Mr. Richard has returned from America for two years. (wrong)
Mr. Richard has returned from America since two years ago. (wrong)
應改為: He returned from America two years ago.
2．用It is… since…復合句代替簡單句
eg. It has been/is two years since Mr. Richard returned from America.
注意：以上兩種辦法適用於所有終止性動詞。
3．用相應的形容詞和副詞代替終止性動詞。
eg. Mr. Richard has been back from America for two years.
4．用延緩性動詞代替終止性動詞。
eg. He has gone to the Internet for six hours. (wrong)
應改為:He has been on the Internet for six hours.
但須注意：終止性動詞的否定式可以和since 或for 引導的時間狀語連用。因為終止性動詞的否定表示的是一種可以延續的狀態。
eg. I have heard from my friend in Africa for half a year. (wrong)
I haven』t heard from my friend in Africa for half a year.. (right)
此外，終止性動詞與延緩性動詞在翻譯上也不同，很易混淆。下面我再就終止性動詞與延緩性動詞的含義問題做一歸納：
1. 在連詞since引導的時間狀語從句中， 用終止性動詞的過去時或用延緩性動詞過去時，其含義是大不相同的。
A. since所引導的時間狀語從句中，如果句子謂語是終止性動詞的過去時， 則從句表示的時間是從「那一時刻開始」。
eg. He has studied very hard since he came to our school.
自從他來校以來，一貫努力學習。
B. 在since所引導的時間狀語從句中，其謂語是延緩性動詞的過去時，那麼從句所表示的時間是從延緩性動詞所表示的動作結束時算起。
eg. I haven』t heard any noise since I slept.
自從我醒後，沒聽見任何聲音。
介詞for引導的時間狀語，在翻譯時有兩種不同的情況：
A．介詞for引導的時間狀語和延緩性動詞的現在完成時的否定式連用時，有兩種不同的含義。
eg. He has not lived there for six months.
他不住在那兒已六個月了。（或： 他住在那兒還不到六個月。）
B．介詞for引導的時間狀語和終止性動詞的現在完成時的否定式連用，只有一種含義。
eg. Mary has not left here for six months.
瑪麗已六個月沒有離開過這兒了。
句中含有till 或until 引導的短語或從句，從句中的謂語動詞可以是延續性的，也可以是終止性的，但要注意兩種情況：
如果主句中動詞是延續性的動詞，動詞肯定或否定都可以，只是含義不同。
eg. He listened to the radio until his father came back.
他聽無線電一直到他父親回來為止。
eg. He didn』t listen to the radio until his father came back..
直到他父親回來，他才聽無線電。
如果主句中的謂語動詞是終止性動詞，則只能用否定式。
eg. Mr. Smith didn』t marry until he was forty- five. (right)
史密斯先生到四十五歲才結婚。
Mr. Smith married until he was forty-five. (wrong)
『伍』 誰幫忙整理一下牛津高中英語模塊一的片語，語法
對不起啊,這些資料可能對你來說不對,但我只能找到這么多了.還有因為這些資料我是從WORD上復制下來,所以格式上有點亂,請見諒.
定語從句
1. 定語從句的結構及理解
2. 定語從句的關系詞的使用
3. 定語從句的簡化表達
知識總結歸納
（一）定語從句的結構：在復合句中，修飾某個名詞或代詞的句子（做這個名詞或代詞的定語）叫定語從句，定語從句一般放在被修飾的名詞或代詞後面，被修飾的名詞或代詞叫做定語從句的先行詞，它與定語從句之間要有一個詞連接，這個詞指代先行詞的內容叫做關系詞（關系代詞或關系副詞：that, which, who, whose, when, where, why）。先行詞在定語從句中充當主語，賓語，時間，地點，原因狀語。
結構：先行詞+關系詞+定語從句。
1. There she saw a wall of water that was quickly advancing towards her.
2. In Japan, someone who sees another person making the gesture will think it means money.
3. A theme park is a collection of rides, exhibitions or other attractions that are based on a common theme.
4. The park has a conservation center that helps protect marine animals and their habitats in the rivers and coastal waters of Asia.
5. Visitors can go on exciting rides where they can feel what it is like to do the things they have seen their heroes do in the movie.
6. Oprah Winfrey is a black woman whose rise to fame is an inspiring story.
（二）定語從句分為限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句：
限定性定語從句：從句對先行詞進行必要的描述或說明，缺少它，則句義顯得不完整，從句與先行詞緊密相連。
非限定性定語從句：對先行詞進行補充說明，解釋，它與先行詞之間有逗號隔開。
1. Before she could move, she heard a loud noise, which grew to a terrible roar.
2. Tree after tree went down, cut down by the water, which must have been three meters deep.
3. Flora, whose beautiful hair and dress were all cold and wet, started crying.
4. Their talk includes rhythm and rhyming words as well as tongue twisters, which often make the audience applaud.
（三）關系詞前面可以根據定語從句的內容加上一些介詞，這些關系詞在介詞後面常用which 或whom.
1. There was a man with whom I would have to work together and finally the manager of the company.
2. Many people who saw the film were afraid to swim in the sea when they remembered the scenes in which people were eaten by the shark.
知識重點與難點
（一）當先行詞有最高級，序數詞修飾，是不定代詞，或是all, no, only等形式時，關系代詞一般用that，而不能用which。
1. The Titanic was the largest ship that had ever been built at that time.
2. There is one thing that keeps worrying me.
（二）當先行詞是表示時間，地點，原因的詞時，關系詞用when, where, why 還有which, that
1. I』m very glad to return to my hometown where I had lived for 10 years.
2. This is my hometown which I used to talk about to you.
3. I think I can understand the reason why he didn』t tell the truth to me.
4. No one believes the reason that he gave us about his absence at the meeting.
（三）定語從句的簡化表達：
1. The man who is sitting on the platform is a professor from Wuhan University.
2. The letter that was mailed last night will reach him tomorrow.
3. The question that is being discussed is very important.
4. You are welcome to a party to be given in our class at 7:45.
說明：以上的定語從句部分可以用更加簡單的非謂語形式表達出來：
1. The man sitting on the platform is a professor from Wuhan University.
2. The letter mailed last night will reach him tomorrow.
3. The question being discussed is very important.
4. You are welcome to a party to be given in our class at 7:45.
說明：修飾一個名詞除了後面用定語從句以外，還可以用非謂語動詞形式：doing短語，done短語，being done短語，to be done短語修飾。其結構和意思如下：
1. 被修飾名詞+doing短語： 正在做….的人/正在發生的事。
2. 被修飾名詞+ done短語： 被…..的人/事
3. 被修飾名詞+being done短語：正在被…..的人/事
4. 被修飾名詞+ to be done短語：將要被…..的人/事
（1）Do you know the man talking to my sister ?
（2）The 「crazy」 gesture, moving the index finger in a circle in front of the ear, means 「you have a phone call」 in Brazil.
（3）Did you see that car being repaired ?
（4）In a camera, the lens must be focused on the object to be photographed.
（5）The students to attend the meeting will arrive here tomorrow.
（6）Goods imported from abroad are not always better than those made in China.
（7）The Yellow River, said to be 「the mother river」 runs across China like a huge dragon.
總結：以上做定語的那些短語就是英語語法中所說的分詞，不定式的各種形式作定語。
1. 這些短語作定語應放在被修飾名詞的後面。如果單獨一個V-ing或V-ed形式作定語，則可以放在被修飾名詞前面。
2. 分詞作定語時，其動作應與全句動作同時發生。V-ing表示主動意義和正在做，V-ed表示被動意義。being done表示正在被做的
3. 不定式作定語表示將要發生的，to be done表示將要被做的
情態動詞
1. 情態動詞的推測表達
2. 情態動詞表達虛擬語氣
3. 某些情態動詞的特殊用法
知識重點與難點總結
知識重點：
情態動詞在表達推測意義的句子中的運用：
（一）用情態動詞表達事實的推測。can，could，might，may，must可以用來表達對事實的推測。根據說話人對事實的把握性大小，must表示「肯定…」，may / might / can / could表示「可能……」， must只用於肯定句中，may / might的否定式may not / might not表示 「可能不……」, 而can / could可以用於疑問句，表示「可能，可能……嗎?」，其否定式can』t / couldn』t 表示「不可能」。用情態動詞可以對現在或過去的事實進行推測。對不同的時間內容推測有不同的結構。
（二）對現在的事實進行推測：
主要結構：…must / may / might +動詞原形
be+名詞/形容詞/介詞短語
be + doing
例句：
1. You must be Jeanne. I』m Mathilde Loisel. We used to know each other very well.
2. They must be in bed already at this time of the night.
3. The teacher must be joking.
4. Freda isn』t in class. She must be sick.
5. There must be something wrong.
6. She might be very clever, but she hasn』t got much common sense.
7. He may be arriving this evening.
8. He may be traveling around the world.
9. The keys can』t be in the room. I have just searched it very carefully.
10. Can the news be true ?
（三）對過去的事實進行推測：結構：情態動詞+have done / been+名詞/形容詞/介詞短語
例句：
1. Mrs. Longmans must have been a pretty girl in her youth.
2. He couldn』t have seen Anna yesterday. She』s gone abroad.
3. I think I must have left my glasses in the library.
4. He might have overslept again.
5. Where can Tom have gone ?
情態動詞表達虛擬語氣：表達「本來…」，「不然早就…」。這是情態動詞的一種虛擬語氣用法。表示說話人所講的與所發生的事實相反。表達了說話人的埋怨，後悔的語氣。其結構是在一些情態動詞後面加 have done 結構。根據要表達的意思，有如下結構：
should have done / ought to have done：本應該……
shouldn』t have done / oughtn』t to have done：本不該……
could have done：本來可以……
needn』t have done：本來沒必要……
would like to have done：本來很想……
would rather not have done: 本來不願意……
could / might / have done: 不然早就……
例句：
1. You shouldn』t have laughed at his mistakes.
2. You could have told us earlier.
3. I ought to have bought that dictionary last week.
4. You ought not to have spent so much time in reading novels.
5. We need not have been in a tearing hurry to catch the train.
6. They would like to have seen that film last film.
7. If he had given me his number, I could have telephoned him.
8. They might have been frozen to death but for the rescue in time.
知識難點：
某些情態動詞的特殊用法：
need 和dare 的兩種形式的用法
need 和dare可以用做實義動詞，後面接不定式（to do）結構，在疑問句和否定句中，加助動詞do/does/did/或don』t/doesn』t/didn』t。作為情態動詞使用時，主要用於疑問句和否定句中。情態動詞needn』t（沒有必要，不必）相當於don』t have to
例句：
1. It is cold, you need to wear some warm clothes.
2. Need I stay here with you for a while ? Thank you, you needn』t.
3. How dare you speak to parents like that ?
注意：
句型I dare say+從句。 意思是：我肯定…… = I』m sure或There is no doubt that+從句。
例句：
I dare say that my uncle will get the money if I die.
will和would
表示「意志」或「願意」，would 則指過去願意做……
例句：
1. He said that he would help us.
2. You may telephone if you will accept this job.
would可以表達「過去習慣做……」類似於「used to do」
例句：
1. When we were children, we would go swimming every summer in that river.
表示請求，固定的句型：Will/Would you please do…? / Would you like to do…?
例句：Will/Would you please give him a message when you see him ?
shall
1. 用於第一，三人稱，表示「請求」；「建議」 或「推薦」
例句：
1. Shall we start the meeting now?
2. Shall I watch TV now ?
3. Shall my son carry the case for you ?
2. 用於第二人稱，表示「命令，「要求」，「許諾」
例句：
1. You shall take whatever you like.
2. You shall not go to the party with me if you make so much noise again.
在表示推測的否定句或疑問句中，常用can /can』t /could / couldn』t表示，意思是：「可能…嗎?」；「…不可能…」。而不能使用mustn』t或must等詞。
與it有關的主要句型
it強調句型
知識總結歸納：
（一）it用做形式主語或形式賓語：根據句子結構的需要，it用做形式主語或形式賓語，而真正的主語或賓語（to do 短語，doing短語，名詞性從句）則放在句尾。
主要句型：
It』s +形容詞/名詞+連詞+名詞性從句
to do sth.
doing sth.
find / make / think / feel it +形容詞/名詞+連詞+名詞性從句
to do sth.
doing sth.
例句：
1. It will become more and more important to have a good knowledge of English .
2. It』s usual for close friends to have similar ideas and beliefs .
3. It』s a pity that I didn』t think of it earlier.
4. It』s no use going there so early.
5. Out teacher thinks it no good learning without practice.
6. Didn』t I make it clear to you that I was not coming ?
7. We found it strange that no one would take the money.
（二）其他句型
1. It takes+時間段+sb.+ to do sth.
2. 表示「據說，據報道，/人們認為/相信/建議等
It』s said that…….
It』s reported that ……
It』s believed/thought/suggested that……
例句：
1. It generally takes time to reach this point—being on the same wavelength .
2. It is believed that the two children went off exploring（探險）on their own and get stuck on the cliff .
3. It』s suggested that we should have a meeting to discuss the problem .
4. It was once predicted（預測）that British and American English would become separate languages finally .
（三）it在強調句型中：在英語中，為了突出強調句子的某一個成分（謂語除外），達到強調或使聽話人特別注意這一部分的目的。便形成了一種強調句型。
It is / was+被強調的部分+that / who+句子的其他部分。
It is / was not until+時間+that+句子的其他部分。
例句：
1. I saw John on my way to school this morning.
It was John who/that I saw on my way to school this morning.
It was on my way to school that I saw John this morning.
It was this morning that I saw John on my way to school.
2. It was his best suit that John wore to the dance last night.
3. It was not until 1920 that regular radio broadcast began.
4. It was the strange way things looked and sounded in my familiar room at night that frightened me so much .
5. It was the kindness and sympathy in their eyes that prevented me from doing so .
知識難點：
（一）注意強調句型的變形，即以一般疑問句或特殊疑問句的形式出現的強調句型。
1. What is it that Joe can』t find in the bathroom ?
2. Where was it that you met the foreign guests from Australia?
3. I can』t quite remember when it was that we married.
4. Was it because he was very ill that he asked for leave?
（二）是強調句型還是that主語從句或其他復合句
1. It is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.
2. It is these poisonous procts that can cause the symptoms of the flu, such as headache and aching muscles.
3. It was almost ten o』clock when our soldiers came back from the front.
4. Was it in this place that the last king died ?
（三）注意強調句型中被強調部分帶有定語從句
Was it at the air battle on June 8, 1944, which was led by Captain Johnson that Peter lost his life.
知識總結歸納
（一）概述：
主語與謂語的一致：在英語表達中，謂語動詞的形式要和主語的人稱和數保持一致。主要體現在be動詞，助動詞do, have 以及一般現在時態中的動詞形式。
謂語動詞與主語保持一致的基本原則：語法一致，就近一致和意義一致。
名詞或代詞做主語有人稱和單，復數之分，動詞的單數就是第三人稱單數形式，而動詞的復數形式即動詞的原形。
例句：
1. I am seventeen, and he is sixteen.
2. There is a desk in the room, but there are no chairs in it.
3. John gets up at six o』clock every morning.
4. What is the latest news about the Olympic Games ?
5. The family are sitting at the breakfast table.
（二）語法一致：
1. 由and連接的兩個名詞或代詞做主語：
（1）這部分主語表示的是兩個人或兩件不同的事物，謂語動詞用復數形式。
例句：
① My brother and I have both seen that film.
② Both rice and wheat are grown in this part of China.
③ The poet and the novelist were both present at the meeting.
④ Reading, writing and arithmetic are called the three R』s.
（2）這部分主語表示具有兩個身份或性質的同一個人或一個完整的事物，謂語動詞用單數形式。
例句：
① The professor and writer is speaking at the meeting.
② War and peace is a constant theme in history.
③ One more knife and fork is needed.
④ The statesman and poet was engaged in warfare all his life.
⑤ Law and order has been established.
⑥ Bread and butter is our daily food.
⑦ Fish and chips is a popular fast food.
⑧ The stars and stripes is the national flag of U.S.A.
（3）這部分主語前面有each, every, many a, no 等修飾時，謂語動詞一般用單數形式。
例句：
① Each doctor and（each）nurse was given a new shirt.
② No sound and no voice is heard.
③ Many a boy and girl has made the same mistake.
④ Every minute and every second is precious.
2. 動名詞，不定式，主語從句做主語時，謂語動詞用單數形式。
例句：
① Reading is a great pleasure in life.
② To live means to create.
③ That we need more time is obvious.
④ What is needed is food and medicine.
3. 表示時間，金錢，距離，重量的復數名詞表示數量做主語時，被視為一個整體，謂語動詞用單數形式。
例句：
① Three thousand miles is a long distance.
② Eight hours of sleep is enough.
4. 不定代詞anyone, anything, everyone, everything, someone, something, no one, nothing, each the other 等做主語時，謂語動詞用單數形式。
例句：
① Is anybody going to tell him the news ?
② Someone wants to see you.
（三）就近原則
由連詞or, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also, 連接的兩個名詞或代詞做主語時，謂語動詞和離它最近的哪個名詞或代詞的人稱和數一致。
例句：
1. Either you or Jean is to be sent to New Zealand.
2. Not only his family but also he likes Chaplin』s movies.
3. Neither Tom nor the Browns enjoy their journey to Beijing owing to the bad weather.
4. George or Tom is wanted.
注意：There be句型中be 的形式由它後面的第一個名詞的數決定。
例句：
1. There aren』t any letters in the mail for you today.
2. There is a lamp, two pens and three books on the desk.
3. Here are some envelopes and paper for you.
名詞後面帶有with, along with, together with, besides, except, but, like, including, as well as, rather than短語共同做主語時，謂語動詞與這些短語前面的那個名詞的數一致。
例句：
1. All but one were here just now.
2. A library with five thousand books is offered to that nation as a gift.
3. An expert, together with some assistants, was sent to help in this work.
4. You as well as I are wrong.
（四）意義一致
1. 代詞none, neither, all的不可數形式還是復數形式由它們指的內容決定
例句：
（1）All hope has gone.
（2）All are agreed on this point.
（3）—Is there any milk in the fridge? —No, there is none.
（4）None has returned from the meeting.
2. 集合名詞group, class, family, army, enemy, team等名詞的單，復數形式根據它們強調的內容而定。
例句：
（1）The class were all cheerful.
（2）The team were taking over some new plays.
（3）The group are reading the newspapers.
（4）The army is going to remain in this town.
（5）The army have rescued the travelers.
3. 限定詞短語all of…; none of…; a lot of…; 以及分數/百分數+of ….修飾名詞構成的名詞短語做主語時，謂語動詞的形式由of 後面的名詞形式決定。
例句：
（1）None of these suggestions are very helpful.
（2）I don』t think any of us wants to work tomorrow.
（3）Two-fifths of the students in the class are from Arabic-speaking countries.
難點突破
1. 主謂一致的考查主要體現在單項選擇和短文改錯兩個題型中。同學們在練習和應試時，遇到這樣的題時，要牢記主謂一致的三個基本原則。一定要根據句子內容抓住關鍵的主語部分。同時還要考慮句子的時態和語態。
2. one of +復數名詞做定語從句的先行詞時，定語從句中的謂語動詞與復數名詞一致。 the only one of +復數名詞做定語從句的先行詞時，定語從句中的謂語動詞用單數形式。
例句：
Jim was one of the boys who were late for class.
Jim was the only one of the boys who was late for class.
『陸』 高一英語高頻知識點
我給你分為三個部分 第一部分是重點片語 第二部分是重點巨型 第三部分是重點語法 希望對你有所幫助
重點句型
1．「So + be／have／助動詞／情態動詞＋主詞」的結構。此結構中的語序是倒裝的，「So」代替上句中的某個成分。如果上面一句是否定句，則使用「Neither/Nor+be/have/助動詞/情態動詞+主語」的結構。
例如 He』s tired，and so am I．(＝I』 m also tired．)
You can swim，and so can I．(＝I can also swim．)
She has had supper，and so can I．(＝I』ve had lunch，too．)
Tom speaks English，and so does his sister．(＝His sister speaks English，too．)
A: I went to the park yesterday．
B: So did I．(＝I also went to the park yesterday．)
2．「So +主語+be／have／助動詞／情態動詞」結構中的主謂是正常語序，so相當於indeed,certainly,表示說話人對前面或對方所說情況的肯定、贊同或證實，語氣較強，意思是「確實如此」。
例如 A：It was cold yesterday．昨天很冷。B：So it was．的確如此。(＝Yes，it was．)
A：You seem to like sports．B：So I do．(＝Yes，I do．)
A：It will be fine tomorrow．B：So it will．(＝Yes ，it will．)
3．「主語+do/does/did + so」結構指的是按上句的要求做了。此句型中do so代替上文中要求做的事，以免重復。
My Chinese teacher told me to hand in my composition on time and I did so.(=I handed in
my composition on time.) 語文老師叫我按時交作文, 我照辦了。
4．So it is with…或 It is the same with…句型表示 「……(的情況)也是如此。」當前面的句子中有幾種不同形式的謂語時，要表示相同情況，必須使用本句型，不能使用so 引起的倒裝句。
She doesn』t play the piano, but she likes singing. So it is with my sister.
5、There you are. 行了，好。
這是一句表示一種事情告一段落或有了最終結果的用語。如：
There you are! Then let's have some coffee.除此之外，還可以表示「瞧，對吧（果然如此）」的語氣。例如：There you are! I knew we should find it at last.對吧！我就知道我們最終能找到的。
6、have some difficulty (in) doing sth.
干某事有困難；接名詞時，常用句型：have some difficulty with sth.
①Do you have any difficulty (in) understanding English?你理解英語口語有困難嗎？
②She said she had some difficulty with pronunciation.她說她在發音方面有困難。
7、have a good knowledge of sth.
「掌握……」，「對……有某種程度的了解」
①He has a good knowledge of London.他對倫敦有所了解。
②A good knowledge of languages is always useful.
8、Tree after tree went own, cut down by the water, which must have been three metres deep.
一棵又一棵的樹被水沖倒、沖斷。那水肯定有三米深。
「must have + 過去分詞」表示對已發生事情的猜測。在英語中，must，may，can三個情態動詞可用來表示對事情的猜測。Must意為「肯定」，語氣很有把握；may意為「可能」、「也許」，語氣把握性不大。兩者常用在肯定句中。Can意為「肯定」、「也許」，常用在否定句或疑問句中。Must，may，can三者用於表示猜測時，其後面可跟三種不同的動詞形式：1）跟動詞原形表示對現在事情的猜測；
2）跟be doing表示對正在發生事情的猜測；3）跟have done表示對已經發生的事情的猜測。例如：
Helen is Lucy』s good friend. She must know Lucy』s e-mail.海倫是露茜的好朋友。她肯定知道露茜的電子郵件。
We can hear loud voices in the meeting room. They must be quarrelling.我們可以聽到會議
室很吵。他們肯定在吵架。
I met Jeff at the gate a moment ago. He can』t have gone to Australia.我剛才還在大門口見
過傑夫。他不可能去了澳大利亞。
9、Wei Bin took out some peanuts and it was fun to see the monkey eat from his hand.魏彬拿出一些花生。看著猴子從他手上吃花生，很有趣。
fun 「好玩，趣事」，不可數名詞，前面不加不定冠詞a。
You』re sure to have some fun at the party tonight. 今天晚上你肯定會玩得很開心。
make fun of「取笑」，「嘲弄」。People make fun of him only because he is wearing such a
strange jacket.人們嘲笑他只是因為他穿了一件那麼奇怪的衣服。
funny adj. 「可笑的，滑稽的」。He looks very funny in his father』s jacket.他穿著他父親
的衣服，看上去很滑稽。
10、Many people who saw the film were afraid to swim in the sea……
許多看過這部電影的人都不敢在海里游。
afraid 用法說明：1）害怕人/ 物，如：be afraid of sb / sth
2）不敢做某事，如：be afraid to do sth / of doing sth
He is afraid to go out / of going out alone at night.
3) 擔心會發生某事, 如: be afraid of doing sth或be afraid + that clause
He seldom stands on the river bank because he is afraid of falling into the river.
He seldom stands on the river bank because he is afraid that he might fall into theriver.
4) 給人不愉快的信息或不贊同某人意見時, 用I』m afraid …, 如:
I』m afraid I』ve got bad news for you.I』m afraid I can』t agree with you.
11、It is polite to finish eating everything on your plate.把你盤子里所有東西吃完是有禮貌的。
這是一個動詞不定式作主語的句型，其中to finish eating everything 是主語，it是形式主語。
12、I wish you all the best.我祝你萬事如意.
用wish來表示祝願的結構是wish sb sth, 此外我們還可以用may來表示祝願: May sb do sth如:
May you succeed.
13、Where there is a river, there is a city. 有河流的地方就有城市。
Where在這里引導的是地點狀語從句，相當於介詞in/ at/ to + the place + where從句9定語從句），意思是「在……地方」。 例如：
Where there is smoke, there is fire.無風不起浪；事出有因。
He lives where the climate is mild.他住在氣候溫暖的地方。
14、Strong, proud, and united, the people of St Petersburg are the modern heroes of Russia .
聖彼得堡人民堅強不屈、充滿自豪、團結一致，他們是俄羅斯當代的英雄。
Strong, proud, and united為前置定語，在這里相當於一個非限制性定語從句：
The people of St Petersburg , who are strong, proud, and united, are the modern heroes
of Russia . 當主語比較短時，這類短語常常放在句首。
15. Congratulations!是一句祝賀用語，在使用時要用復數形式。其他幾個通常以復數形式出現表達特定含義的名詞有：
manners（禮貌）：He is a little boy with good manners.這個小男孩很有禮貌。
regards (問候)：Please send my regards to your parents.請代我問候你父母。
16. Every four years athletes from all over the world take part in the Olympic Games.
沒四年，世界各地的運動員們都要參加奧運會。
「every + 基數詞 + 時間/ 距離單位」詞表示「每多少時間/ 距離」。如：
every five days（每五天）, every three hours（每三小時）, every ten metres（每十公尺）
類似表達形式還有：every fifth day, every third hour
「每隔一天」的表達形式有：every second day, every two days, every other day.
17、Modern cellphones are more than just phones—they are used as cameras and radios, and
to send e-mail or surf the Internet.現代的手機不僅僅是電話機—它們也當坐照相機和收音機使用，還可以發送電子郵件和上網。
use A as B 把A用作B。例如：
In ancient times, people used stones as tools for farming.在古代，人們把石頭用作耕作的工具。
use sth to do sth用某物來做某事。例如：
In ancient times, people used stones to kill animals for food.在古代，人們用石頭來捕殺動物獲取食物。
18、The answer seems to be that we have a need to stay in touch with friends and family no
matter where we are or what we are doing.答案似乎是：無論我們在何處或正在做什麼，我們都需要和朋友以及家人一直保持聯系。
1) seem 似乎，好像，其用法及搭配有：seem + adj., 如：
This problem seems complicated, but actually it is simple.這個問題看似復雜，其實很簡單。
seem to do ： I seem to have seen him somewhere before.我好像以前在哪兒見過他。
It seems that…,； It seems that everything is going on well.好像一切正常。
It seems as if…,： It seems as if it』s going to rain.看來快要下雨了。
2) no matter無論，不管，後面常跟疑問詞引導的從句，其意相當於疑問詞後加ever。如 no matter what=whatever; no matter where=wherever; no matter how=however; no matter when=whenever例如：
No matter when (Whenever) I meet him, he is always wearing that old hat.
不管我什麼時候遇見他，他總是戴著那頂舊禮帽。
No matter how (However) expensive the cellphone is, I』ll buy it because I need one badly.
無論這手機有多貴，我都要買。因為我急需有個手機。
重點語法：
直接引語和間接引語
1. 直接引語在改為間接引語時，時態需要做相應的調整。
eg: 「I broke your CD player.」 (一般過去時改成過去完成時)He told me he had broken my CD player.
Jenny said, 「I have lost a book.」(現在完成時改成過去完成時)Jenny said she had lost a book.
Mum said, 「I』ll go to see a friend.」(一般將來時改成過去將來時)Mum said she would go to see a friend.
過去完成時保留原有的時態
He said, 「We hadn』t finished our homework.」 He said they hadn』t finished their homework.
注意 直接引語是客觀真理，過去進行時，時態不變。
2． 在直接引語變間接引語時，如果從句中的主語時第一人稱或被第一人稱所修飾，從句中的人稱要按照主句中主語的人稱變化。如：
Mary said, 「My brother is an engineer.」=Mary said her brother was and engineer.
3． 直接引語如果是反意疑問句，選擇疑問句或一般疑問句，間接引語應改為由whether或if引導的賓語從句。如：
He said, 「Can you run, Mike?」=He asked Mike whether/if he could run.
4. 直接引語如果是祈使句，間接引語應改為「tell(ask, order, beg等) sb (not) to do sth.」句型。如：
「Pass me the water, please.」said he.。=He asked him to pass her the water.
5. 直接引語如果是以「Let』s」開頭的祈使句，變為間接引語時，通常用「suggest+動名詞或從句」的結構。如：
She said, 「Let』s go to the cinema.」=She suggested going to the cinema.
或She suggested that they should go to the cinema.
現在進行時表將來的動作
現在進行時表將來的動作，謂語通常為瞬間動詞。如：come, go, arrive, leave, start, return, stay, meet, get等。這些動詞的進行時後不能再接具體的時間。
（1）用現在進行時表示將來，指的是近期的，按計劃或安排要發生的動作。
（2）現在進行時表示將來與表示正在進行的動作的區別在於：前者通常用瞬間動詞（有時一些常用動詞也可以這樣用如：do）如：go, come, start, return, get, arrive等。而後者通常是持續性動詞。
He is reading a novel.
他在看小說。
The train is arriving soon.
火車就要進站了。
（3）用現在進行時表示將來的時間，在句中或上下文中通常有表示將來時間的狀語。
（4）現在進行時與一般現在時表示將來動作的區別在於：前者表示的將來的動作往往是可以改變的，而後者則是根據規定或時間表預計要發生的動作或事情，因此往往是不可改變或不可隨便改變的。
What are you doing next Friday?
下星期五你們打算干什麼？
The plane takes off at 7：30 tonight.
飛機今晚七點半起飛。
定語從句 （the Attributive Clause）
1. 描述特定時間的特徵 ---- 由when或介詞+which引導定語從句：
This was the moment when / at which Spielberg』s career really took off.
2. 描述特定地點的特徵 ---- 由where或介詞+which引導定語從句：
Chuck survives the air crash and lands on a deserted island where / on which there are no people.
3. 描述特定原因或理由的內容 ---- 由why或介詞+which引導定語從句:
The reason why / for which Steven Spielberg could not go to the Film Academy was that his grades were too low.
限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區別
定語從句分限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句，歸納起來，二者有以下幾點不同：
一、作用不同
限制性定語從句與先行詞的關系非常密切，是先行詞不可缺少的定語，它所修飾的詞代表一個（些）或一類特定的人或物 如果刪去，全句的意思就會變得不明確。而非限制性定語從句在意義上是先行詞的一個附加修飾語，對先行詞只起進一步補充說明的作用；若把它去掉，全句意思仍然清楚。例如：
The girl who stood in the corner just now is my younger sister．
剛才站在角落裡的那個姑娘是我的妹妹。
Mary Smith，who is in the corner， wants to meet you．
瑪麗·史密斯在那個角落裡，她想見你。
第一個例句中的定語從句指明作為主語的「姑娘」不是任何一個，而是在角落的那個。如果去掉定語從句，表達的意思就不明確。第二個例句已經表明主語是誰，定語從句只不過是補充說明一點情況而已。若去掉從句，句子意思仍然完整。
二、形式不同
非限制性定語從句與先行詞之間通常有逗號 而限制性定語從句與先行詞之間則無逗號。例如：
He』s the man who lives next door．
他就是住在隔壁的那個人。（從句不可少，從句前無逗號。）
His wife，whom you met at my house，is a teacher．
他的妻子是一位老師，你在我家曾見過她。（從句可有可無，從句前有逗號。）
三、含義不同
限制性定語從句有涉他性；非限制性定語從句有唯一性。例如：
In the class there are ten students who speak English very well．
這個班上有十名英語說得好的學生。（暗示班上不只是十個學生。）
In the class there are ten students，who speak English very well．
這個班上有十名學生，他們英語說得很好。
（非限制性定語從句，表明班上只有十個學生。）
四、 譯法不同
在把限制性定語從句譯成漢語時，通常在從句的末尾加「的」字，放在它所修飾名詞的前邊。而在把非限制性定語從句譯成漢語時，一般譯成一個單獨的句子。請看下面例句：
The film that we saw yesterday was very interesting．
我們昨天看的電影非常有趣。
Beijing，which is the capital of China，is a very beautiful city．
北京是中國的首都，它是一座非常美麗的城市。
限定性定語從句
1、定義：在復合句中，修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫做定語從句。被定語從句所修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞。定語從句一般放在先行詞的後面。引導定語從句的詞有關系代詞that, which, who ( 賓格whom,所有格whose)和關系副詞where, when，關系代詞或關系副詞放在先行詞和定語從句之間，起聯系作用，同時又作定語從句的一個成份。
⑴The man who lives next to us sells vegetables. 住在我的隔壁的人是賣菜的。
在該句中the man 是先行詞，who 是關系代詞，引導定語從句who lives next to us.在定語從句中，who 作主語。
2、由關系代詞who, whom, which, that引導的限定性定語從句。
1)如果先行詞是人，則用關系代詞who/that; 如果先行詞是物，則用關系代詞which/that。
⑵The number of people who/that lost homes reached as many as 250,000.
無家可歸的人多達25萬。
⑶It sounded like a train that was going under my house.
它聽起來就像是在我的房子下行駛的一列火車。
2）關系代詞who, whom, which, that既起聯系作用，引導定語從句，使之同它句中的某個名詞/代詞發生關系，同時又充當定語從句的一個成份。（如作從句中的主語或賓語）。當它們在從句中作賓語時，常可以省略。
⑷The boy(who/whom/that)we saw yesterday was John's brother.
我們昨天見到的那個男孩是約翰的兄弟。
⑸The car (which/that)my uncle just bought was destroyed in the earthquake.
我叔叔剛買的那輛汽車在地震上毀壞了。
說明：
關系代詞whom用來指人，是賓格，常用在書面語中作定語從句的賓語。在口語和非正式文體中，常用who/that來代替whom或省略，如例句4。
3）當關系代詞that或which修飾事物，作介詞賓語時，如果介詞位於關系代詞之前，則用which(不能省)而不用that。
⑹The tool with which he is working is called a saw = The tool(that/which)he is working with
is called a saw.他幹活的那個工具叫鋸子（不說…with that…）
⑺The factory in which his father used to work was closed last month = the factory
(that/which) his father used to work in was closed last month.
他父親以前工作過的那家工廠上個月關閉了。
說明：含有介詞的短語動詞一般不拆開，介詞仍放在動詞的後面。
Is this the watch (which/that)you are looking for?
這是你正在找的那塊手錶嗎？
The babies(whom/that)the nurses are looking after are very healthy.
那些護士正在照顧的寶寶們非常健康。
被動語態
結構:1.行為動詞的被動語態: 助動詞be + 及物動詞的過去分詞.
be有人稱.時態.數的變化,其變化規則與be作為連系動詞時完全一樣.
一般現在時 am/is/are+及物動詞的過去分詞
一般過去時 was/were +及物動詞的過去分詞
一般將來時 will +be +及物動詞的過去分詞
現在完成時 have/has+been+及物動詞的過去分詞
2.情態動詞的被動語態: 情態動詞 + be +及物動詞的過去分詞
否定式:是在助動詞 be 或情態動詞後加not構成
疑問式:是把上述助動詞或情態動詞提到主語之前,句尾加問號構成.
被動語態主要的用法
1）我們不知道或沒有必要說明動作的執行者是誰（這時 都不帶由by引起的短語）。
The book is written for teachers. 這種書是為教師寫的。
2）動作的承受者是談話的中心（這時可帶有by引起的短語）。
The shop is run by a young man.這家商店是由一個年輕人經營的。
3）出於禮貌措辭等方面的考慮不願說出動作的執行者 是誰。
It is generally considered not advisable to smoke here.一般認為在這兒吸煙是不妥當的。
4）被動結構能使句子得到更好的安排。
Liu Dehua appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.劉德華在台上出現，觀眾給予了熱烈的掌聲。
5）在漢語中被動結構的句子是很多的，有些帶有「被」、 「受」、「由」等詞，譯成英語時較易想到用被動結構。
①他被選為我班班長。He was elected monitor of our class.
但在更多情況下卻不帶這類標記，這種情況值得特別注意。
②運動會什麼時候開？ When will the sports meet be held?
注 意
點：1.只有及物動詞能構成被動語態, 不及物動詞不能構成被動語態.
2.某些不及物動詞與介詞.副詞搭配構成短語動詞,帶有賓語時,則有了動作的承受者,這時應把它們看作一個整體,變為被動語態,不能丟掉其中的介詞,常用的有look after,take care of,cut down, laugh at,talk about,turn on等
eg.Catherine always takes care of the little girl.
→The little girl is always taken care of by Carherine.
3.有些動詞短語本身即是被動語態的形式, 不要再加by 短語,常用的有
be covered with be surprised at be interested in be worried about
be made of/from be known to
4.某些動詞形式是主動語態,但含有被動的意思.
eg. This dictionary sells well. This kind of car drives fast. The woolen sweater costs $ 88.
5.主動語態與被動語態的相互變化關系
主動句: 主語 + 謂語 + 賓語
(動作執行者) (動作承受者)
被動句: 主語 +謂語動詞的被動形式+ by + 動作執行者
(動作承受者)
重點片語的太多了 字數超過限制 我發到給你消息上的
『柒』 請問上海用的高一下學期的英語牛津版教材里有哪些語法知識啊希望每一課的都列出來，謝謝！
Unit One: A trip to the theatre, Gerunds as subjects;
Gerunds as objects;
Unit Two: Great mind, Infinitives as subjects;
Other uses of infinitives;
Unit Three: Plants, Relative clauses with prepositions and whom or which;
Relative clauses with why, when or where;
Unit Four: Creatures large and small, Present participle phrases after nouns;
Present participle phrases used as adverbials;
Unit Five: Problems and advice, infinitives and – ing verb forms after perception verbs;
Infinitives and – ing verb forms after other verbs;
Unit Six: Points of view, Object clauses with that;
Object clauses with question words
『捌』 牛津高中英語所有模塊的語法詳細的歸納與整理
在英語句子里，謂語受主語支配，其動詞必須和主語在人稱和數上保持一致，這就叫主謂一致。尋其規律，大致可歸納為三個原則，即語法一致、邏輯意義一致和就近一致原則。 （一）語法一致原則：語法上一致就是謂語動詞和主語在單、復數形式上保持一致。 1、以單數名詞或代詞、動詞不定式短語、動名詞短語或從句作主語時，謂語動詞一般用單數形式；主語為復數時，謂語動詞用復數形式。如：His father is working on the farm. / To study English well is not easy. / What he said is very important for us all. / The children were in the classroom two hours ago. / Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes. 注意：由what引導的主語從句，後面的謂語動詞多數情況用單數形式，但若表語是復數或what從句是一個帶有復數意義的並列結構時，主句的謂語動詞用復數形式。如：What I bought were three English books. / What I say and do is (are) helpful to you. 2、由連接詞and或both … and連接起來的合成主語後面，要用復數形式的謂語動詞。如：Lucy and Lily are twins. / She and I are classmates. / The boy and the girl were surprised when they heard the news. / Both she and he are Young Pioneers. 注意：① 若and所連接的兩個詞是指同一個人或物時，它後面的謂語動詞就應用單數形式。如：The writer and artist has come.; / ② 由and連接的並列單數主語前如果分別有no, each, every more than a (an) , many a (an)修飾時，其謂語動詞要用單數形式。如：Every student and every teacher was in the room.. / No boy and no girl likes it. 3、主語為單數名詞或代詞，盡管後面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, rather than, more than, no less than, besides, including等引起的短語，謂語動詞仍用單數形式；若主語為復數，謂語用復數形式。如：Mr Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China. / Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground. / She, like you and Tom, is very tall. 4、either, neither, each, every 或no +單數名詞和由some, any, no, every構成的復合不定代詞，都作單數看待。如：Each of us has a new book. / Everything around us is matter. 注意：① 在口語中當either或neither後跟有「of+復數名詞（或代詞）」作主語時，其謂語動詞也可用復數。如：Neither of the texts is (are) interesting. ② 若none of後面的名詞是不可數名詞，它的謂語動詞就要用單數；若它後面的名詞是復數，它的謂語動詞用單數或復數都可以。如：None of us has (have) been to America. 5、在定語從句時，關系代詞that, who, which等作主語時，其謂語動詞的數應與句中先行詞的數一致。如：He is one of my friends who are working hard. / He is the only one of my friends who is working hard. 6、如果集體名詞指的是整個集體，它的謂語動詞用單數；如果它指集體的成員，其謂語動詞就用復數形式。這些詞有family, class, crowd, committee, population, audience等。如：Class Four is on the third floor. / Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor. 注意：people, police, cattle等名詞一般都用作復數。如：The police are looking for the lost child. 7、由「a lot of, lots of, plenty of, the rest of, the majority of + 名詞」構成的短語以及由「分數或百分數+名詞」構成的短語作主語，其謂語動詞的數要根據短語中後面名詞的數而定。如：There are a lot of people in the classroom. / The rest of the lecture is wonderful. / 50% of the students in our class are girls. 注意： a number of「許多」，作定語修飾復數名詞，謂語用復數；the number of「…的數量」，主語是number，謂語用單數。 8、在倒裝句中，謂語動詞的數應與其後的主語一致。如：There comes the bus./ On the wall are many pictures. / Such is the result. / Such are the facts. （二）邏輯意義一致原則：邏輯意義一致就是謂語動詞的數必須和主語的意義一致（因有時主語形式為單數，但意義為復數；有時形式為復數，但意義為單數）。 1、what, who, which, any, more, all等代詞可以是單數，也可是復數，主要靠意思來決定。如：Which is your bag? / Which are your bags? / All is going well. / All have gone to Beijing. 2、表示「時間、重量、長度、價值」等的名詞的復數作主語時，謂語動詞通常用單數形式， 這是由於作主語的名詞在概念上是一個整體，如：Thirty minutes is enough for the work. 3、若英語是書名、片名、格言、劇名、報名、國名等的復數形式，其謂語動詞通常用單數形式。如： 「The Arabian Nights」is an interesting story-book. 4、表數量的短語「one and a half」後接復數名詞作主語時，其謂語動詞可用單數形式（也可用復數。如：One and a half apples is (are) left on the table. 5、算式中表示數目（字）的主語通常作單數看待，其謂語動詞採用單數形式。如：Twelve plus eight is twenty. / Fifty-six divided by eight is seven. 6、一些學科名詞是以 –ics 結尾，如：mathematics, politics, physics 以及news, works等，都屬於形式上是復數的名詞，實際意義為單數名詞，它們作主語時，其謂語動詞要用單數形式。如：The paper works was built in 1990. / I think physics isn』t easy to study. 7、trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, 等詞作主語時，謂語用復數，但如果這些名詞前有a (the) pair of等量詞修飾時，謂語動詞用單數。如：My glasses are broken. / The pair of shoes under the bed is his. 8、「定冠詞the + 形容詞或分詞」，表示某一類人時，動詞用復數。 （三）就近一致原則：在英語句子中，有時謂語動詞的人稱和數與最近的主語保持一致。 1、當兩個主語由either … or, neither … nor, whether … or …, not only … but also連接時，謂語動詞和鄰近的主語一致。如：Either the teacher or the students are our friends. / Neither they nor he is wholly right. / Is neither he nor they wholly right? 2、there be句型be動詞單復數取決於其後的主語。如果其後是由and連接的兩個主語，則應與靠近的那個主語保持一致。如：There are two chairs and a desk in the room..注意：Here引導的句子用法同上。 語法經典練習：1.I, who____ your friend, will try my best to help you with your English.A.am B.is C.are D.be2. The rich ____ not always happy.A.are B.is C.has D.have3. Neither Tom nor Jack and I ____ his students.A.are B.am C.is D.was4. Mary as well as her sisters ____ Chinese in China.A. are studying B. have studied C. studies D. study5. Neither my father nor I ____ at home.A.am B.is C.are D.be6. Not only my brother but also I ____ good at painting. Both of us ____ good painters.,A.are;are B.am;am C.ani;are D.is;is7. Every' boy and every girl ____ to attend the evening party.A.wish B.wishes C.is like D.like8. Over 80 percent of the population of China ____ peasants.A.was B.is C. would be D.are9. The population of China ____ larger than that of .any other country in the world.A.is B.are C.has D.have10. Every means ____ tried but without any result.A. have been B.is to be C.are to be D. has been11. Alice, together with two boys,____ for having broken the rule.A. was punished B. punished C. were punished D. being punished12. The League secretary and the monitor____ asked to attend the .meeting this afternoon.A.is B.was C.are D.is being13. The great writer and professor____.A. is an old man B. are both old menC. is an old man and a young man D. were two Chinese14. There ____ a pen, two pencils and three books on the desk.A.are B.is C.has D.have15. A large number of students in our class____ girls.A. are B. was C. is D. be16. The number of deer, mountain lions and wild roses ____ much if people leave things as they are.A. doesn' t change B.don't change C.change D.changed17. The Arabian Nights ____ well known to the English.A. is B. are C. was D. were18. Chairman Mao' s works ____ published.A. has been B.have been C.was D.is19. A chemical works____ built there.A. is to being B.have been C. were to D.has been20. The Olympic Games ____ held every ____ years.A.is;four B.are;four C.is;five D.are;five21 .The United States of America one of the most developed countries in the world.A.is B.are C.was D.were22.He is the only one of die students who ____ elected.A. are B.have C.has D.is23.Theis is one of the most interesting questions that ____ asked.A.have B.has C. have been D.has been24.Many a man ____ come to help us.A.have B.has C.is D.are25."All____ present and all____ going on well," our monitor said.A.is;is B.are;are C.are;is D.is;are26. The police ____ the murderer everywhere when he suddenly appeared in a theatre.A. is searching for B. were searching forC. are searching for D. were searching27.Your trousers____ dirty.You must have____ washed.A.is;il B.are;it C.are;them D.is;them28.This pair of trouseis ____ too long for him.A.is B.be C.are D.were29. One and a half bananas ____ left on the table.A.is B.are C.has D.have30. Eight times eight ____ sixty - four.A.is B.are C.get D.equal Keys:1~5 AAACA 6~10 CBDAD 11~15 ACABA 16~20 AABDB 21~25 ADCBC 26~30 BCAAA 31~35 ACAAB 36~40 CABBA 41~45 BCCCA 46~50 ADBBC
『玖』 誰能提供一些牛津高中英語模塊一的知識點集錦
1）賓語從句如果主句是一般現在時，則從句按實際情況判斷，如果是過去是從句變為相應的過去，比如本來是一般現在變為一般過去，一般將來變為過去將來，現在進行變為過去進行，現在完成變為過去完成，等等
（2）狀語從句，特殊的是條件狀語從句，主句將來。從句一般現在。其他的時態保持一致。
（3）定語從句，按照具體情況來判斷。不受主句限制，
1.主語從句
1）主語從句可直接位於主語的位置，如果從句較長，謂語又較短，可用it作形式主語，而將從句放在句末。常見的句型有：
2)what引導的主語從句表示「...的東西時」，一般不用it作形式主語。
3)what,who,when,why,whether等詞含有各自的疑問意義，但它們引導的主語從句，都用陳述語序。
2.賓語從句
1）賓語從句可位於及物動詞、介詞和某些形容詞後。連詞that常可省略。介詞後一般接疑問詞引導的賓語從句。in that(因為),except that(除了),but that(只是）已構成固定搭配，其他介詞後一般不接that引導的賓語從句。
2)賓語從句後如有賓補，要用形式賓語it來代替，而把賓語從句移至賓補之後。
3)在think,believe,suppose,expect等動詞後的賓語從句中，如果謂語是否定的，一般將否定詞移至主句謂語上，賓語從句則變成肯定形式。
3.表語從句
表語從句出現在結構為「主語+系動詞+表語從句」的句子中。表語從句除可用that,what,when,why,whether,how等引導外，還可由because,as if(though)等引導。that常可省略。如主句主語為reason,只能用that引導表語從句，不可用because.
4.同位語從句
同位語從句用於對前面出現的名詞作進一步說明，一般用連詞that引導，由於先行名詞的意義不同，也可用whether,who,when,where,what,why,how等引導。常見的先行名詞有fact,idea,belief,news,hope,conclusion,evidence,suggestion,order,problem,report,decision.有時由於謂語較短，將同位語從句位於謂語之後。
5.定語從句
定語從句所修飾的先行詞可以是名詞或代詞，也可以是一個句子。定語從句通常位於先行詞之後，由關系代詞或關系副詞引導。
『拾』 牛津高中英語模塊一的重點單詞與片語
高一上英語單詞
Unit 1
honest adj 誠實的；正直的
brave adj 勇敢的
Loyal adj 忠誠的；忠心的
wise adj 英明的；明智的；聰明的
handsome adj 英俊的；大方的；美觀的
smart adj 聰明的；漂亮的；敏捷的
argue vt 爭論；辯論
△solution n 解答；解決辦法；解決方案
classical adj 古典的；古典文學的
△Steve 史蒂夫（男子名）
fond adj 喜愛的；多情的；喜歡的
fond of 喜歡；愛好
△Sarah n 莎拉；薩拉（女子名）
△Joe 喬（男子名）
match n 火柴
mirror n 鏡子
fry vt＆vi 油煎；油炸
gun n 炮；槍
hammer n 錘子；槌
saw n＆vt＆vi 鋸
rope n 繩；索；繩索
△compass n 羅盤；指南針
movie n 電影
cast vt＆vi 投擲；投射；拋
△Tom Hanks 湯姆•漢克斯（美國男影星）
△Chuck Noland 查克•諾蘭德（男子名）
△survive vt 倖免於；從……中生還
vi 倖存
deserted adj 荒蕪的；荒廢的
hunt vt＆vi＆n 打獵；獵取；搜尋
hunt for 搜索，追尋；尋找
in order to 為了
△Wilson 威爾遜（男子名）
share vt＆vi 分享；共有；分配
n 共享；份額
sorrow n 悲哀；悲痛
care about 擔心；關心
feeling n．觸覺；知覺；感覺；情緒
such as 例如
airplane n 飛機
△parachute n 降落傘
lie n 謊話；謊言
speech n 演說；講話；語音
adventure n＆vt＆vi 冒險；冒險經歷
notebook n 筆記本；筆記本式電腦
△scared adj 恐懼的
△e-pal n 網友
△South Carolina 南卡羅來納州（美國州名）
drop sb a line 給某人寫信（通常指寫簡訊〉
△formal adj 正式的；正規的
error n 錯誤；差錯
Unit 2
△Nancy 南希（女子名）
bathroom n 浴室；盥洗室；廁所
make oneself at home 別客氣
towel n 毛巾
△landlady n 女房東；老闆娘
closet n 壁櫥；儲藏室
△Karen 卡倫（女子名）
pronounce v 發音；宣告；斷言
△Thompson 湯普森（姓氏）
broad adj 寬的
repeat vt＆vi 重做；重復；復述
n 重復；反復
△Dave 戴夫（男子名）
△ketchup n 蕃茄醬；蕃茄沙司
majority n 多數；大半
native adj 本國的；本地的
n 本地人；本國人
total n 總數；合計
adj 總的；全部的；整個的
in total 總共
△the United Kingdom 英國
tongue n 舌頭；語言；口語
△mother tongue 母語
equal adj 相等的；勝任的
vt 等於；比得上
government n 政府；內閣
situation n 情形；境遇；
（建築物等的）位置
△Pakistan n 巴基斯坦（南亞國家）
△Nigeria n 奈及利亞（非洲國家）
△the Philippines 菲律賓共和國；菲律賓群島
except for 除了……之外
international adj 國際的；世界的
organization n 組織；機構；團體
trade n 貿易；商業
tourism n 旅遊；觀光
global adj 全球的；球形的
communicate vi 交際；溝通；傳達（感情、信息等）
communication n 交流；通訊；通信
exchange vt＆n 交換；交流；兌換
service n 服務，服務性工作
signal n 信號
movement n 運動；動作；運轉
△peg n 釘；栓；樁
commander n 司令官；指揮官
tidy vt＆vi 整理：收拾
adj 整齊的；整潔的
stand n 台；看台；攤，攤位
stay up 不睡，熬夜
come about 發生
independent adj 獨立自主的
fall n 秋天；瀑布
expression n 短語；表情
end up with …告終
typhoon n 台風
△tornado n 旋風；龍卷風
△Spanish n 西班牙語；西班牙人
adj 西班牙（人、語）的
△Noah Webster 諾厄•韋伯斯特（美國詞典編纂家）
publish vt 發表；出版；公布
southern adj 南方的；南部的
△statement n 陳述；聲明；綜述
president n 總統；校長；行長；會長
European adj 歐洲的；歐洲人的
bring in 引進；引來
a great many 許許多多；極多
howl vi＆n 嚎叫；怒吼；嚎哭
cookbook n 食譜
compare vt 比較
replace vt 替換
Unit 3
consider vt 考慮；照顧；認為
means n 手段；方法
transportation n 運輸；運送
board n 上（船、飛機等）
△destination n 目的地
experience vt＆n 體驗；經歷；經驗
simply adv 僅僅；只不過；
簡單地；完全；簡直
get away from 逃離
△raft vi 乘筏
n 木筏
vacation n 假期；休假
nature n 自然；自然界；本性
basic adj 基本的
n 基本；要素
equipment n 裝備；設備
simple adj 簡單的
△backpack n 背包
tip n 指點；忠告；尖端；小費
watch out 注意；當心
△spider n 蜘蛛
poisonous adj 有毒的；有害的；惡毒的
protect sb／sth from 保護、保衛某人（某事物）
△cellphone n 手機
paddle vi 劃槳；涉水。vt 用槳劃
n 短槳；劃槳
stream n 溪；川；流
normal adj 正常的；正規的；標準的
n 正規；常態
excitement n 刺激；興奮；激動
adventurous adj 喜歡冒險的；充滿危險的
handle vt 操作； 處理
n 柄；把手
similarity n 類似；類似處
particular adj 特別的；特殊的
poison n 毒葯；毒害
vt＆vi 毒害；投毒
separate adj 單獨的；分開的
vt 分開；隔離
see sb off 到火車站、飛機場等處為某人送行
eco-travel n 生態旅遊
combine vt＆vi （使）聯合；（使）結合
on the other hand 另一方面
△responsibly adv 負責地
as well as 也；還；而且
task n 任務；作業
△unpack vt＆vi 打開（包裹、行李等）；卸貨