① 牛津初中英語語法重點
呵呵 希望對你有所幫助 祝樓主進步哈
1. 形容詞的用法:
形容詞用以修飾名詞,表示人或事物的特徵。在句中可以作定語、表語,用於限定被修飾語的特徵,如長短、大小、重量、顏色、高矮、胖瘦、新舊等,。
The little girl is very pretty. 這個小女孩很好看。
--I want that one. 我想要那個。
--Which one? 哪一個?
--The new blue one. 那個藍色新的。
Can I have a look at the big nice one? 我能看一看那個大的漂亮的嗎?
2、人稱代詞:
是用來表示人的代詞,有單數和負數之分,有主格和賓格之分。人稱代詞的主格在句中作主語;人稱代詞的賓格在句中作賓語,是作動詞或介詞的賓語。
主格:I, we, you, he, she, it, they在句子中作主語
賓格:me, us, you, him, her, it, them在句子中作賓語
He and I are in the same class. 我和他在同一個班級。
Can you see them in the street? 你能看見他們在街上嗎?
3、可數名詞和不可數名詞
英語中名詞分為可數名詞和不可數名詞。凡是可數計數的名詞叫做可數名詞;凡是不可以計數的名詞叫做不可數名詞。
(1)可數名詞分為單數和復數兩種形式。可數名詞前可以用不定冠詞、數詞或some many等修飾。如:a man a desk an apple an orange some books some children tow pens
(2)不可數名詞沒有復數形式,前面不能用不定冠詞、數詞或many等詞語修飾,但可以用some a little much等詞語來修飾。有時可以與一些量詞短語搭配,這些量詞短語中的名詞一般是可數的,有單數形式,也可以有復數形式。如:some water a little milk much food a piece of bread tow bottles of ink some glasses of water
4、祈使句
祈使句用來表示請求、命令等,句中沒有主語,肯定形式由謂語或者謂語+賓語(+賓語補足語)構成,否定形式則在句前加Don』t.
Stand up, please. 請起立。
Don』t worry. 別擔心。
can的用法:
can是情態動詞,表示「能,會,可以,被允許等」,其後接動詞原形,否定形式為cannot,可縮寫為can』t.
She can speak Japanese. 她會講日語。
I can』t remember his name. 我不記得他的名字了。
Can you spell your name? 你會拼寫你的名字嗎?
5、現在進行時態:
概念:表示現在(說話瞬間)正在進行或發生的動作,也可以表示目前一段時間內或現階段正在進行的活動。
結構:由be動詞(am, is, are) + 動詞ing構成,其中be動詞要與主語保持性數一致。
Mary is flying a kite in the park. 瑪麗正在公園里放風箏。
--What are you doing now? 你現在在干什麼?
--I』m reading English. 我正在讀英語。
Are they drawing the pictures now? 他們正在畫畫嗎?
動詞現在分詞是動詞原形變化而來的,規則變化如下:
動詞ing形式叫動詞現在分詞,其構成如下:
1) 直接在動詞後加ing
play—playing, do—doing, talk—talking, sing--singing
2) 以不發音的字母e結尾的動詞,先去e,再加ing
make—making, write—writing, have—having, take—taking
3) 以重讀閉音節結尾的動詞且詞尾只有一個輔音字母,應雙寫這個輔音字母,再加ing
run—running, stop—stopping, put—putting, swim—swimming
注意對現在進行時態的判斷。判斷一個英語句子用什麼時態,主要看句子的時間狀語,一般說來,每種時態都有與之相對應的時間狀語。現在進行時表示現在(說話瞬間)正在進行或發生的動作。因此,這個時態最常用的時間狀語是now;但有不少句子並沒有now,只能通過提示語如look、listen等或者通過上下文來確定用現在進行時。
She is cleaning her room now. 她正在打掃房間。
Look! The girl is dancing over there. 看!那個女孩在那裡跳舞。
--Can you go and play games with me? 你能和我們一起做游戲嗎?
--Can』t you see I am doing my homework? 你沒看見我正在做作業嗎?
6、have/ has的用法:
1) 謂語動詞have表示「有」,有兩種形式:have和has,前者用於第一人稱(I, we),第二人稱(you)和第三人稱復數(they),後者用於第三人稱單數(he, she, it)或單數名詞。
I have an apple and he has two bananas. 我有一個蘋果,他有兩個香蕉。
You have a new English teacher. 你們有了一個新的英語老師。
It has two big eyes. 它有一雙大眼睛。
Julie and Jack have a nice car. 朱莉和傑克有一輛好看的車。
2) have/has句型與there be句型的比較:兩者都表示「有」,但用法不同。前者表示所屬關系,即表示「某人或某物有什麼」,而後者表示存在,表示「某地有什麼」。
They have some new books. 他們有一些新書。
There are some new books on their desks. 他們桌子上有一些新書。
She has a lot of pretty skirts. 她有很多漂亮的裙子。
There are a lot of pretty skirts in the shop. 商店裡有很多漂亮的裙子。
3) have/ has的否定句,一般要加助動詞do/ does,再加not構成,即do not have (don』t have)/ does not have (doesn』t have)
. She does not have a sister. 她沒有姐姐。
We don』t have any classes on Saturday. 我們星期六沒有課。
Ann and I don』t have a big room. 我和安沒有一個大房間。
4) 一般疑問句由「助動詞Do/ Does + 主語 + have + 賓語」構成,回答用Yes, … do/ does.或者No, … don』t/ doesn』t.
--Do you have a big house? 他們的房子大嗎?
--No, they don』t. 不,他們的房子不大。
--Does he have an eraser? 他有橡皮嗎?
--Yes, he does. 他有的。
5) 特殊疑問句由特殊疑問詞 + 助動詞do/ does + have (+狀語)構成。
What do they have? 他們有什麼?
What does he have? 他有什麼?
How many telephones do they have? 他們有幾部電話?
7、介詞用法:
1) 具體時間前介詞用at。
. He gets up at half past seven every day. 他每天七點半起床。
She goes to bed at eleven o』clock. 她十一點睡覺。
2) 表示「在早上,在下午,在晚上」的短語中用介詞in,且定冠詞the不能省略;表示「在中午,在夜裡」的短語中介詞用at,不加冠詞。
in the morning在早上,in the afternoon 在下午,in the evening 在晚上
at noon在中午,at night在夜裡
3) 表示「在某天」、「在某天的上午、下午等」的短語用介詞on。
What do you usually do on Monday morning? 星期一上午你通常做什麼?
Do you sometimes go out to eat on Friday evening? 有時你星期五晚上出去吃飯嗎?
He watches DVDs on Saturday night. 星期六晚上他看DVD。
Parents take children to parks on June 1. 六月一日,家長們帶著孩子去公園。
4) 在this, last, next, every等詞前面既不加介詞,也不用冠詞。
What are you doing this afternoon? 今天下午你做什麼?
He visits his grandma every Friday. 他每個星期五都去看望祖母。
She is going to Shanghai next Monday. 她下個星期一去上海。
8、一般現在時
一般現在時表示經常性或習慣性的動作,或表示現在的特徵或狀態。
其動詞形式是:動詞原形(只有第三人稱單數作主語時除外,要加-s)其疑問句和否定句需要用助動詞do或does
1) 肯定句用行為動詞原形表示
They get up very early every morning. 他們每天早晨起來很早。
I visit my grandparents four times a month. 我一個月去看望祖父母四次。
2) 否定句用don』t + 動詞原形來表示
We do not go shopping on Sundays. 我們周日不去購物。
I don』t think you like this colour. 我想你不喜歡這個顏色。
3) 一般疑問句則是把助動詞do提前至句首,後面動詞用原形。回答時,肯定用 「Yes, 主語+do」;否定句用 「No, 主語+don』t」。
–Do they go to school at seven o』clock? 他們七點去上學嗎?
--Yes, they do.
--Do you like this skirt? 你喜歡這條裙子嗎?
--No, I don』t. 不,我不喜歡。
一般現在時用來表示經常的或習慣性的動作,常與以下的時間狀語連用:often 經常,always 總是,sometimes 有時,usually 通常,every day/ week 每天/ 周等。
He usually goes to school by bike. 通常他騎車上學。
I visit my grandparents every week. 我每個星期都去看祖父母。
She is always late for class. 她總是上課遲到。
My parents and I sometimes go out to eat. 我和父母有時出去吃飯。
It often rains here. 這兒常常下雨。
主語為第三人稱單數時的一般現在時
一般現在時態,當主語為第三人稱單數時,謂語動詞也要是第三人稱單數,後要加-s或-es。
He likes reading at night. 他喜歡夜裡讀書。
She usually goes to school by bike. 她平時騎車上學。
The little cat drinks milk every day. 小貓每天都喝牛奶。
轉換成否定句要加doesn』t,其後的動詞用原形。
Kelly doesn』t get up early on Saturdays and Sundays. 凱麗星期六星期天起床不早。
He doesn』t feel well today. 他今天感覺不舒服。
轉換成一般疑問句,句首用Does,其後的動詞用原形。
Does he have lunch at school? 他在學校吃午飯嗎?
Does it take long by train? 乘火車要很長時間嗎?
② 求牛津版英語八年級下冊英語語法重點
呵呵 希望對你有所幫助 祝樓主進步哈
◆unit 1 Will people have robots?
知識點:
形容詞,副詞的比較等級考查熱點透視:
表示A與B在程度上相同時, 「as+形容詞或副詞的原級+as」結構。表示A不如B時,可用「not as/so+形容詞或副詞的原級+as」結構。
表示A比B在程度上「更…..」時,可用「形容詞或副詞的比較級+than」結構
表示三者或三者以上的比較,其中一個在程度上「最…..」時,常用「the+形容詞或副詞的最高級」結構,後面可帶「of/in的短語」來說明比較的范圍。(注意:副詞的最高級在句中常省略「the」.)
在形容詞或副詞的比較級前,可以用「a little, even, far, much,still」的等詞語來修飾,以加強語氣。
表示「越來越….」時,常用「形容詞或副詞的比較級+and+形容詞或副詞的比較級」結構,但要注意,對於多音節和部分雙音節形容詞,副詞而言,若要表達此意時,要用「more and more+形容詞或副詞的原級「結構。
在表示「其中最….之一「的含義時,常使用 「one of+the+形容詞最高級形式+名詞復數」結構,其中的定冠詞the不可以省略。
如果強調「兩者中比較…的(一個)」的意思時,可使用「the+形容詞比較級+其它」結構。
表示「越….越….」, 可使用「the+形容詞或副詞的比較級,the+形容詞或副詞的比較級」結構。
2 .一般將來時
一般將來時的構成:由助動詞shall或will加動詞原形構成,shall用於第一人稱。在口語中,will在名詞或代詞後常簡略為』ll, will not常簡略為won』t。這個時態的肯定,否定和疑問結構可表示如下:
肯定句 否定句 疑問句
I (We)shall(will) go.
You(He, She, They) will go. I(We)shall(will) not go.
You(He, She, They)will not go. Shall I(we) go?
Will you (he, she, they) go?
用」be going to +動詞原形」也可表示將來時,表示將要發生的事,打算或決定要做的事。
b)一般將來時的用法:1)表示將要發生的動作或情況;2) 不以人的意志為轉移,肯定要發生的事情。The day after tomorrow will be National Day.後天是國慶日。
3. in/after:in是指以現在時間為起點的「在一段時間以後」。也可以表示「在將來多少時間之內」,句子中的謂語動詞要用一般將來時態;after常指以過去時間為起點的「一段時間之後」,所以它與過去時態連用。當after指某個特定的未來時刻或日期之後,或指以將來某一時間為起點的若干時間之後時,它可以與將來時態連用。
4.more, less, fewer的用法區別:more為many, much的比較級,意為「更多」,可修飾可數與不可數名詞。Less是little的比較級,意為「更好,較少」,修飾不可數名詞。Fewer是few的比較級,意為「更少」,修飾可數名詞復數。
【注意】few, little表示否定「幾乎沒有」。a few, a little表示肯定「一點,幾個」。
5.would like sth意思為「想要某物「; would like to do意思為」想要做某事「。回答would like句型的一般疑問句時,其肯定回答為 「Yes, please.」;否定回答「No, thanks」或 「I』d like /love to, but….」
6. Such作形容詞,意思是「如此的」「這樣的」,修飾各種名詞。
Such這樣的。如It is such bad weather.天氣如此惡劣。
Such常和as搭配,表示一種類別。如We enjoy such a voice as hers.我們喜歡象她那樣的嗓子。
Such常和表示結果的that從句搭配,表示「如此….以至於…」如
It was such a hot day that we all had to stay at home.
Such…that…和so…that…都可用來引出一個結果狀語從句。由於such是形容詞,所以that從句前有一個受such修飾的名詞;而so 是副詞,用以修飾形容詞或副詞,因此that從句前一般不出現名詞。如
They are such kind-hearted teachers that people in the village all respect them.
The exam was so difficult that many students failed to pass it.
如果名詞是可數名詞的單數形式,such和so的位置不同:
such+a/an+形容詞+單數名詞
so+形容詞+a/an+單數名詞
如果名詞是不可數名詞或名詞復數,只可用such,不能用so.:
such+形容詞+不可數名詞或復數名詞
如果被修飾的不可數名詞被much, little, 或復數名詞被many, few等表示量的形容詞修飾時,用so,不用such.
當little表示「年紀小的」時,可用such+little+名詞。
7.be able to 為「能,會」,表示能力,在這個意義上與can的意思相同,一般情況下兩者可以互換,但can只有現在式和過去式(could)而be able to則用於更多的時態,主要體現在be的變化。兩者在用法上有一些差異:can (could)表示主觀能力不表示意願,它的將來時用will be able to而 be able to表示主觀意願強調克服困難做某事。
◆unit 2 What should I do?
知識點:
1..loud是形容詞,loud-louder-loudest意思是「響亮的」;作副詞時,常與talk, sing, laugh 等詞連用,如speak loud; loudly 「大聲地」帶有喧鬧的意味,常用來修飾shout, cry, call, knock等動詞,通常沒有比較級和最高級,作狀語;aloud 副詞,出聲地,大聲地,僅指發出聲音(以使能被聽得見)。
2.Enough為形容詞,意思是「足夠的」;enough +n.修飾名詞enough money; adj/adv+enough修飾形容詞或副詞;enough to do 足夠做某事
3.present, gift禮物:gift帶有一定的感情色彩,通常指昂貴的「禮物」,強調送禮人的誠意,有時有「捐贈」之意,多用於正式場合;present指為表達情誼,敬意或出於禮節,在某特定時刻或場合贈送的「禮物」,此禮物價值不一定高。make sb a present of把…作為禮物送給
4.borrow, lend: borrow「借入,借給」即說話人向他人借東西borrow sth from sb.; lend-lent-lent「借出,借給」即說話人把自己的東西借給他人lend sb sth= lend sth to sb
5 except,besides除…之外: except除了…都,besides強調「除了…之外還有…」在no one, nobody, nothing等詞後加介詞but也表示「除了」。
6.find out, find, look for: find out「找出,發現,查明」多指通過調查,詢問,打聽,研究之後搞清楚,弄明白或指找出較難找到的,無形的抽象的東西;find「找到,發現」通常指找到或發現有形的東西也可指偶然發現某物的某種情況,強調找的結果;look for「尋找」強調動作。
7.talk about談到,談論;talk of談到,說到;have a talk with與..談談,做報告;talk to sb對…談話;talk with sb與…交談;talk to sb和talk with sb 均表示「和某人談話」,「講話」。talk to sb比較常用,側重一方談,一方聽;talk with sb側重雙方交談;talk about sb則表示「談論某人」
8.miss 和lose:miss意思為「發現丟失」「覺得不在」;lose意思為「丟失」「失去」。在本質上,miss是一種主觀感覺,而lose是一種客觀結果。
9.be used to doing習慣於做某事;used to do過去常常,暗含與現在明顯的不同,只用於過去時;be used to do是use的被動語態,意思是….被用來做某事。
10.own 與 have: own強調的是擁有,佔有某物為自己的財產,但所佔有的東西目前不一定是由人使用,強調所有權;have為普通動詞,表示的所有關系。own +n. egWho owns the dog? ;own +賓語+賓補 eg. He owns himself wrong.;own+從句eg. He owns that he is wrong. ;of one』s own完全屬於某人自己的;on one』s own獨立地,自願地;with one』s own ears親耳
11. attend, join, take part in: attend「出席,參加,上學」attend school 上學,attend meeting出席會議;take part in 參加,是指參與某項活動 take an active part in積極參加;join 參加,當join用於加入某個團體或組織,成為其中的一員,後面直接跟名詞,當join表示參加某項活動時後面跟介詞in .
◆unit 3 What were you doing when the UFO arrived?
知識點:
過去進行時
過去進行時由「was/were+動詞ing形式」構成。以動詞work為列,其肯定式,否定式,疑問式以及簡略答語見下表:
肯定式:I/He/She/It was working. We/You/ They were working.
否定式:I/He/She/It was not working. We/You/They were not working.
疑問式和簡略答語:Was I working? Yes, you were.
Was he working? No, he wasn』t.
【注意】was not常簡略為wasn』t; were not常簡略為weren』t
過去進行時的用法:過去進行時表示過去某一時刻或某一段時間正在進行的動作。這一特定的過去時間,除有上,下文暗示以外,一般用時間狀語來表示
not …until直到…才。表示動作在某時之前尚未開始,直到此時動作才開始。not…until可以用after或when來代替,但主句謂語動詞要用肯定形式。Until為連詞時後接時間狀語從句,until作介詞時,後面接表示時間的名詞。Until 用於肯定句多表示動作或狀態一直延續到until所表示的時間為止,意思為「直到…」 from..till…中till往往表示不太具體的時間。From …to…或from…until常用來表示具體的時間。
find it…to do,it在此句中為形式賓語代表動詞不定式,動詞不定式為真正的賓語,常用於這種用法的動詞有find, feel, think, make等。
「疑問詞+不定式「結構相當於一個名詞性從句,常常可用同等成分的從句代替。改寫時,只需在疑問詞後面加一個適當的主語(這個主語一般與主句的主語一致),並將不定式改成適當形式的謂語即可。如,Where to go is still a question.= Where we should go is still a question.
when 與while:when連接的狀語從句是個特殊句型,「前一個分句(謂語動詞用過去進行時)+when(作並列連詞,意思為「這時,突然」)+後一個分句(謂語動詞用一般過去時)」表示在前一個動作正在進行的過程中突然發生了後一個動作, when強調動作的突然性,when後面的動詞為非延續性動詞;while表示「在….過程中」,強調在一段時間內,所以while引導的從句中的謂語動詞必須為延續性動詞。在狀語從句中,若從句放在句首時,應用逗號與主句隔開。
感嘆句的構成:What +a/an+形容詞+單數名詞+主語+謂語!What a good book it is!
What+形容詞+復數可數名詞+主語+謂語!What easy questions they are!
What+形容詞+不可數名詞+主語+謂語!What cold weather it is!
How+形容詞+主語+be動詞!How nice the watch is!
How +副詞+主語+謂語!How hard they are working!
8.take place, happen「發生」:take place指「發生事先計劃或預想到的事物」;happen指「一切客觀事情或情況的偶然或未能預見地發生」。兩者都是不及物動詞或短語,後面不能跟賓語,也不能用於被動語態;happen的意義很廣泛,而take place 僅用於歷史上的事件,集會等,是先行布置而後發生或舉行的事件,它不用於地震等自然界的現象。
happen to do 巧遇 sth happens to sb某人遭遇某事
9.不定代詞all, both, each,every與not連用時,只表示部分否定,在否定句中用and連接兩個賓語,表語,定語,狀語時,只表示部分否定,並且否定 and後面的部分;如用or連接句中兩個部分,則表示全部否定。如,She isn』t a bright and beautiful girl.她並不是一個既聰明又漂亮的女孩。(部分否定) She isn』t a bright or beautiful girl.她是一個既不聰明又不漂亮的女孩。(全部否定)。
◆unit 4 He said I was hard-working.
知識點:
在稱述句中直接引語和間接引語的轉換:
直接引語:說話人直接引用別人的原話。
間接引語:說話人用自己的話把別人的意思轉述出來。
直接引語一般前後要加引號;間接引語不用引號。
規則:1)人稱變化:從句中的第一人稱多改為第三人稱;第二人稱根據情況改為第一或第三人稱;第三人稱不變。2)時態變化:如果主句的謂語動詞是一般過去時,直接引語變為間接引語時從句的謂語動詞在時態方面要做以下變化:
直接引語 間接引語
一般現在時 一般過去時(客觀真理除外)
一般將來時 過去將來時
現在進行時 過去進行時
如果主句的謂語動詞是一般現在時,直接引語變為間接引語時,從句的動詞時態保持不變;直接引語如果是客觀真理變為間接引語時,時態保持不變。3)其他指示代詞,時間狀語,地點狀語和動詞等的變化。直接引語中的一些指示代詞,時間狀語和地點狀語須作相應的變化:
直接引語 間接引語
指示代詞 this這 these這些 that那 those那些
時間狀語 now現在 then那時
today 今天 that day 那天
tonight 今晚 that night那天晚上
this week 這星期 that week那個星期
yesterday 昨天 the day before前一天
last week 上星期 the week before前一個星期
ago以前 before 以前
tomorrow明天 the next/following day第二天
next week 下星期 the next week 第二個星期
地點狀語 here 這里 there 那裡
動詞 come來 go 去
【注意】1)直接引語中的時間狀語根據實際情況轉述為間接引語時,有時不需要改變,如tomorrow。如果轉述的動作發生在當天,無需改變;如果轉述的動作不在當天,則需將tomorrow變為the next day.
2.habit, practice, custom: habit指「個人由於自然條件,社會環境,愛好或經常接觸而導致可以為常的行為或特性」;practice語氣比habit弱,指「個人或大家都習慣了的做法或工作與生活的方式。」;custom指「經過一段時期在某人,地區或社會中形成的傳統習慣或風俗。」
3.bring, take, carry: bring指「從別處把東西或人帶來」「拿來」,表示將人或物帶到或拿到說話者所在的位置的這個動作;take指「把東西帶走或拿走」,表示將人或物拿開或帶離說話者所在的位置的這個動作; carry指「隨身攜帶(不說明方向)有時含有 「負擔」的意思。
4.Surprise用法:1)surprise作名詞,表示「驚奇,詫異」;2)surprise作幾物動詞(後接某人作賓語)表示「使…驚奇」;surprise的過去分詞作表語,表示「感到驚奇」;to one』s surprise表示「使…吃驚的是」;be surprised at sth/sb表示「對…感到驚奇」。
5.however 與 but:兩者均可作「但是,然而」,而且都引出並列分句。從語義上看,but所表示的是非常明顯的對比,轉折的意味較however要強;從語法上看,but是並列連詞,而however卻是連接副詞;從語序上看,but總是位於所引出的分句前,而however卻可位於句首,句中和句末,但是譯成漢語時一定要把它放在分句之首;從標點符號上看,but之後一般不使用逗號,而however則必須用逗號分開。However當連詞用時,「無論以何種方式,不管怎樣」,引導讓步狀語從句。
6.first, at first與first of all:1)first可以做副詞,意思是「首先,第一次,最初地」,指第一次做某事或首先做某事,first還可以用作形容詞,意思是「第一的,最初的,主要的,一流的」,first作名詞,意思是「首要,第一,最初」2)at first的意思是「起初,當初」,指剛剛開始做某事的時候,暗示後來的情況有所改變3)first of all的意思是「第一,最初,首先」,同first的用法相同,但語氣上比first要強,常常用來加強語氣。
7.true, real: true意思為「真的」「真正的」,強調與實際相符,而不是杜撰的,它與real相對。與to連用,意思是「忠實的」,true用作名詞,與定冠詞the連用,表示「真實,真理」等;real無此意。Real是形容詞,強調客觀存在的「真實」「實在」,不是想像的。
8.above, on,over:三者都有「在…上」之意。1)on表示兩者上下緊貼在一起2)over表示一種直接的垂直概念,但沒有上下緊貼的意思,反義詞為under.3)above既不表示垂直的上下概念,也無相互緊貼的意思,反義詞是below.
◆unit5 If you go to the party, you』ll have a great time.
知識點:
If引導的條件狀語從句:1)構成:if引導的條件狀語從句表示「如果…」。構成形式為「主句+一般將來時時態+if從句+一般現在時態」,或「If從句+一般現在時態,主句+一般將來時態」。2)用法:表示假設或條件
half 與half of的用法:1)half the class中的「half」為形容詞,意思「一半的,半個的」2) 「half of+代詞/the+名詞」中的half為名詞,意思為「一半,半個」。當該結構在句子作主語時,謂語動詞必須和該片語中的代詞或名詞保持數的一致。即當代詞或名詞為單數時,謂語動詞用第三人稱單數形式;若所接名詞或代詞為復數,則謂語動詞用復數形式。
3. all the time與always: all the time是個副詞性的短語,意思為「一直」「始終」,表示某一特定階段開始一直到結束,不表示頻度,多置於句末。除此,all the time還有「不斷」的意思;always為表示頻度的副詞,意思為「總是」,表示動作的反復,狀態的繼續,中間沒有間斷,其反義詞為never。它與進行時態連用時,常翻譯成「總是」,「老是」,帶有贊美,厭煩,不滿等感情色彩。
4.Enough的用法:1)enough to do sth表示「足夠…可以做…」2)enough也可以用「for+賓語+to do sth的結構」3)enough修飾名詞時前面不用冠詞4)當主語是代詞時,enough可以作表語。當主語是名詞時,enough不能做表語。
5.Choose的用法:1)choose+名詞 意思為「選擇…」;2)choose+between/from從…中選擇;3)choose to do選擇做某事
6.Exercise的用法:1)運動,鍛煉,是不可數名詞2)體操,練習,是可數名詞。3)動詞,使….運動
7.wear, put on, have on, dress: wear「穿著」「戴著」,表示狀態,是延續性動詞,一般現在時表示經常狀態,現在進行時表示暫時狀態;put on「穿上」「戴上」,表示動作,是非延續性動詞;have on「穿著」「戴著」,表示狀態可以與wear互換;dress「穿上」「穿著」,既表示狀態,也表示動作,既可以作及物動詞,也可以作不及物動詞。Dress作及物動詞,表示「給自己或別人穿(衣服)」,賓語是人,常用被動語態。dress oneself給。。穿衣服。dress up化裝
8.a lot, a lot of與lots of三者都有「許多,很多」的意思。a lot of, lots of一般用於肯定句,後接可數名詞復數或不可數名詞;a lot作名詞時=a lot of thins,作副詞,修飾動詞或形容詞,副詞比較級。
③ 誰能提供一些牛津高中英語模塊一的知識點集錦
1)賓語從句如果主句是一般現在時,則從句按實際情況判斷,如果是過去是從句變為相應的過去,比如本來是一般現在變為一般過去,一般將來變為過去將來,現在進行變為過去進行,現在完成變為過去完成,等等
(2)狀語從句,特殊的是條件狀語從句,主句將來。從句一般現在。其他的時態保持一致。
(3)定語從句,按照具體情況來判斷。不受主句限制,
1.主語從句
1)主語從句可直接位於主語的位置,如果從句較長,謂語又較短,可用it作形式主語,而將從句放在句末。常見的句型有:
2)what引導的主語從句表示「...的東西時」,一般不用it作形式主語。
3)what,who,when,why,whether等詞含有各自的疑問意義,但它們引導的主語從句,都用陳述語序。
2.賓語從句
1)賓語從句可位於及物動詞、介詞和某些形容詞後。連詞that常可省略。介詞後一般接疑問詞引導的賓語從句。in that(因為),except that(除了),but that(只是)已構成固定搭配,其他介詞後一般不接that引導的賓語從句。
2)賓語從句後如有賓補,要用形式賓語it來代替,而把賓語從句移至賓補之後。
3)在think,believe,suppose,expect等動詞後的賓語從句中,如果謂語是否定的,一般將否定詞移至主句謂語上,賓語從句則變成肯定形式。
3.表語從句
表語從句出現在結構為「主語+系動詞+表語從句」的句子中。表語從句除可用that,what,when,why,whether,how等引導外,還可由because,as if(though)等引導。that常可省略。如主句主語為reason,只能用that引導表語從句,不可用because.
4.同位語從句
同位語從句用於對前面出現的名詞作進一步說明,一般用連詞that引導,由於先行名詞的意義不同,也可用whether,who,when,where,what,why,how等引導。常見的先行名詞有fact,idea,belief,news,hope,conclusion,evidence,suggestion,order,problem,report,decision.有時由於謂語較短,將同位語從句位於謂語之後。
5.定語從句
定語從句所修飾的先行詞可以是名詞或代詞,也可以是一個句子。定語從句通常位於先行詞之後,由關系代詞或關系副詞引導。
④ 求牛津初中英語所有重點知識包括單詞,片語,句子,語法等這些內容地大集合
我是轉載的 看看吧:
11. 動詞的時態
11.1 一般現在時的用法
1) 經常性或習慣性的動作,常與表示頻腮度的時間狀語連用。時間狀語: every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday。例如:
I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七點離開家。
2) 客觀真理,客觀存在,科學事實。例如:
The earth moves around the sun. 地球繞太陽轉動。
Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位於中國東部。
3) 表示格言或警句。例如:
Pride goes before a fall. 驕者必敗。
注意:此用法如果出現在賓語從句中,即使主句是過去時,從句謂語也要用一般現在時。
例:Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥倫布證實了地球是圓的。
4) 現在時刻的狀態、能力、性格、個性。例如:
I don't want so much. 我不要那麼多。
Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英語寫得不錯,講的可不行。
比較:Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。
I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功課。
第一句用一般現在時,用於操作演示或指導說明的示範性動作,表示言行的瞬間動作。第二句中的now是進行時的標志,表示正在進行的動作的客觀狀況,所以後句用一般現在時。
返回動詞的時態目錄
11.2 一般過去時的用法
1)在確定的過去時間里所發生的動作或存在的狀態。例如:時間狀語有:yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如:
Where did you go just now? 剛才你上哪兒去了?
2)表示在過去一段時間內,經常性或習慣性的動作。例如:
When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 我是個孩子的時候,常在馬路上踢足球。
Whenever the Browns went ring their visit, they were given a warm welcome.
那時,布朗一家無論什麼時候去,都受到熱烈歡迎。
3)句型:It is time for sb. to do sth "到……時間了" "該……了"。例如:It is time for you to go to bed. 你該睡覺了。
It is time that sb. did sth. "時間已遲了" "早該……了" ,例如It is time you went to bed. 你早該睡覺了。
would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示'寧願某人做某事'。例如:I'd rather you came tomorrow.還是明天來吧。
4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用過去時,作試探性的詢問、請求、建議等,而一般過去時表示的動作或狀態都已成為過去,現已不復存在。例如:I thought you might have some. 我以為你想要一些。
比較:Christine was an invalid all her life.(含義:她已不在人間。)
Christine has been an invalid all her life.(含義:她現在還活著)
Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含義:達比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)
Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含義:現在還住在肯塔基州,有可能指剛離去)
注意: 用過去時表示現在,表示委婉語氣。
1)動詞want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如:
Did you want anything else? 您還要些什麼嗎?
I wondered if you could help me. 能不能幫我一下。
2)情態動詞 could, would。例如:
Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行車,能借用一些嗎?
返回動詞的時態目錄
11.3 used to / be used to
used to + do:"過去常常"表示過去習慣性的動作或狀態,但如今已不存在。例如:
Mother used not to be so forgetful. 老媽過去沒那麼健忘。
Scarf used to take a walk. 斯卡夫過去常常散步。
be used to + doing: 對……已感到習慣,或"習慣於",to是介詞,後需加名詞或動名詞。例如:
He is used to a vegetarian diet.
Scarf is used to taking a walk. 斯卡夫現在已習慣於散步了。
典型例題
---- Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it.
---- It's 69568442.
A. didn't B. couldn't C. don't D. can't
答案A. 本句雖沒有明確的時間狀語,但從語意上看出,在聽的時候沒有聽懂這個動作發生在過去,因此應用過去時。
返回動詞的時態目錄
11.4 一般將來時
1) shall用於第一人稱,常被will 所代替。will 在陳述句中用於各人稱,在徵求意見時常用於第二人稱。例如:
Which paragraph shall I read first? 我先讀哪一段呢?
Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七點回家好嗎?
2) be going to +不定式,表示將來。
a. 主語的意圖,即將做某事。例如:What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什麼呢?
b. 計劃,安排要發生的事。例如:The play is going to be proced next month。這出戲下月開播。
c. 有跡象要發生的事。例如:Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那烏雲,快要下雨了。
3) be +不定式表將來,按計劃或正式安排將發生的事。例如:
We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我們下星期六討論這份報告。
4) be about to +不定式,意為馬上做某事。例如:
He is about to leave for Beijing. 他馬上要去北京。
注意:be about to do 不能與tomorrow, next week 等表示明確將來時的時間狀語連用。
返回動詞的時態目錄
11.5 be going to / will 用於條件句時,be going to表將來,will表意願。例如:
If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible.
Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.
返回動詞的時態目錄
11.6 be to和be going to
be to 表示客觀安排或受人指示而做某事,be going to 表示主觀的打算或計劃。例如:
I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我去踢球。(客觀安排)
I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我想去踢球。(主觀安排)
返回動詞的時態目錄
11.7 一般現在時表將來
1)下列動詞come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般現在時可以表示將來,主要用來表示在時間上已確定或安排好的事情。例如:
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火車明天上午六點開。
When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽車什麼時候開?十分鍾後。
2)以here, there等開始的倒裝句,表示動作正在進行。例如:
Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 車來了。
There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 鈴響了。
3)在時間或條件句中。例如:
When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me. 比爾來後,讓他等我。
I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那裡,就寫信給你。
4)在動詞hope, take care that, make sure that等的賓語從句中。例如:
I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他們下星期玩得開心。
Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. 離開房間前,務必把窗戶關了。
返回動詞的時態目錄
11.8 用現在進行時表示將來
下列動詞come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等現在進行時可以表示將來。例如:
I'm leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。
Are you staying here till next week? 你會在這兒呆到下周嗎?
返回動詞的時態目錄
11.9 現在完成時
現在完成時用來表示之前已發生或完成的動作或狀態,其結果的影響現在還存在;也可表示持續到現在的動作或狀態。其構成:have (has) +過去分詞。
返回動詞的時態目錄
11.10 比較一般過去時與現在完成時
1)一般過去時表示過去某時發生的動作或單純敘述過去的事情,強調動作;現在完成時為過去發生的,強調過去的事情對現在的影響,強調的是影響。
2)一般過去時常與具體的時間狀語連用,而現在完成時通常與模糊的時間狀語連用,或無時間狀語。
一般過去時的時間狀語:yesterday, last week,…ago, in1980, in October, just now等,皆為具體的時間狀語。
現在完成時的時間狀語:for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等,皆不確定的時間狀語。
共同的時間狀語:this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。
3)現在完成時可表示持續到現在的動作或狀態,動詞一般是延續性的,如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。
一般過去時常用的非持續性動詞有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例如:
I saw this film yesterday. (強調看的動作發生過了)
I have seen this film. (強調對現在的影響,電影的內容已經知道了)
Why did you get up so early? (強調起床的動作已發生過了)
Who hasn't handed in his paper? (強調有卷子未交,疑為不公平競爭)
He has been in the League for three years. (在團內的狀態可延續)
He has been a League member for three years. (是團員的狀態可持續)
句子中如有過去時的時間副詞(如yesterday, last, week, in 1960)時,不能使用現在完成時,要用過去時。
(錯)Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
(對)Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
返回動詞的時態目錄
11.11 用於現在完成時的句型
1)It is the first / second time.... that…結構中的從句部分,用現在完成時。例如:
It is the first time that I have visited the city. 這是我第一次訪問這城市。
This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing. 這是我第一次聽他唱歌。
注意:It was the third time that the boy had been late.
2)This is +形容詞最高級+that…結構,that 從句要用現在完成時。例如:
This is the best film that I've (ever) seen. 這是我看過的最好的電影。
典型例題
(1) ---Do you know our town at all?
---No, this is the first time I ___ here.
A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming
答案B. This is the first time 後面所加從句應為現在完成時,故選B。
(2) ---Have you ____ been to our town before?
---No, it's the first time I ___ here.
A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come
答案D. ever意為曾經或無論何時,反意詞為never,此兩詞常用於完成時。
注意:非延續性動詞的否定形式可以與表示延續時間的狀語連用。即動作不發生的狀態是可以持續的。
(錯)I have received his letter for a month.
(對)I haven't received his letter for almost a month.
返回動詞的時態目錄
11.12 比較since和for
Since 用來說明動作起始時間,for用來說明動作延續時間長度。例如:
I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在這兒二十多年了。
I have lived here since I was born. 我從出生起就住在這兒了。
注意:並非有for 作為時間狀語的句子都用現在完成時。
I worked here for more than twenty years. (我現在已不在這里工作。)
I have worked here for many years.(現在我仍在這里工作。)
注意:用句型轉換的方法,很容易排除非延續動詞在有for/since結構的完成時中的誤用。
1)(對) Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.
2)(錯) Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.
顯然,第二句不對,它應改為 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years.
返回動詞的時態目錄
11.13 since的四種用法
1) since +過去一個時間點(如具體的年、月、日期、鍾點、1980, last month, half past six)。例如:
I have been here since 1989. 1989起,我一直在這兒。
2) since +一段時間+ ago。例如:
I have been here since five months ago. 我在這兒,已經有五個月了。
3) since +從句。例如:
Great changes have taken place since you left. 你走後,變化可大了。
Great changes have taken place since we were here. 我們走後,變化可大了。
4) It is +一段時間+ since從句。例如:
It is two years since I became a postgraate student. 我考上研究生有兩年了。
返回動詞的時態目錄
11.14 延續動詞與瞬間動詞
1) 用於完成時的區別
延續動詞表示經驗、經歷; 瞬間動詞表示行為的結果,不能與表示段的時間狀語連用。例如:
He has completed the work. 他已完成了那項工作。 (表結果)
I've known him since then. 我從那時起就認識他了。(表經歷)
2) 用於till / until從句的差異
延續動詞用於肯定句,表示"做……直到……" 瞬間動詞用於否定句,表示"到……,才……"。例如:
He didn't come back until ten o'clock. 他到10 點才回來。
He slept until ten o'clock. 他一直睡到10點。
典型例題
1. You don't need to describe her. I ___ her several times.
A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet
答案B. 首先本題後句強調對現在的影響,我知道她的模樣,你不用描述。再次,several times告知為反復發生的動作,因此用現在完成時。
2. ---I'm sorry to keep you waiting.
---Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes.
A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be
答案A. 等待的動作由過去開始,持續到現在,應用現在完成時。
返回動詞的時態目錄
11.15 過去完成時
1) 概念:表示過去的過去
----|----------|--------|----> 其構成是had +過去分詞構成。
那時以前 那時 現在
2) 用法
a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動詞後的賓語從句。例如:
She said (that)she had never been to Paris. 她告訴我她曾去過巴黎。
b. 狀語從句
在過去不同時間發生的兩個動作中,發生在先,用過去完成時;發生在後,用一般過去時。例如:
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到達時,小偷們早就跑了。
c. 表示意向的動詞,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用過去完成時表示"原本…,未能…"。例如:
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 那時我們希望你能來,但是你沒有來。
3) 過去完成時的時間狀語before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。例如:
He said that he had learned some English before. 他說過他以前學過一些英語。
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. 到了十二歲那年,愛迪生開始自己謀生。
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
湯姆失望了,因為他到達晚會時,大部分客人已經走了。
典型例題
The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.
A. had written, left B,were writing, has left C. had written, had left D. were writing, had left
答案D. "把書忘在辦公室"發生在"去取書"這一過去的動作之前,因此"忘了書"這一動作發生在過去的過去,用過去完成時。句中when表示的是時間的一點,表示在"同學們正忙於……"這一背景下,when所引導的動作發生。因此前一句應用過去進行時。
注意: had hardly… when 還沒等…… 就……。例如:
I had hardly opened the door when I he hit me. 我剛打開門,他就打了我。
had no sooner…than 剛…… 就……。例如:
He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. 他剛買了這輛車,轉眼又賣了。
返回動詞的時態目錄
11.16 用一般過去時代替過去完成時
1) 兩個動作如按順序發生,又不強調先後,或用then,and,but 等連詞時,多用一般過去時。例如:
When she saw the mouse,she screamed. 她看到老鼠,就叫了起來。
My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 姑媽給了我一頂帽子,我把它丟了。
2 ) 兩個動作相繼發生,可用一般過去時;如第一個動作需要若干時間完成,用過去完成時。例如:
When I heard the news, I was very excited.
3) 敘述歷史事實,可不用過去完成時,而只用一般過去時。例如:
Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.
返回動詞的時態目錄
11.17 將來完成時
1) 構成will have done
2) 概念
a. 狀態完成:表示某事繼續到將來某一時為止一直有的狀態。例如:
They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那時他們結婚將有二十年了。
b. 動作完成:表示將來某一時或另一個將來的動作之前,已經完成的動作或獲得的經驗。例如:
You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 明天此時,你已經到達上海了。
返回動詞的時態目錄
11.18 現在進行時
現在進行時的基本用法:
a. 表示現在(指說話人說話時)正在發生的事情。例如:
We are waiting for you. 我們正在等你。
b. 習慣進行:表示長期的或重復性的動作,說話時動作未必正在進行。例如:
Mr. Green is writing another novel. 他在寫另一部小說。(說話時並未在寫,只處於寫作的狀態。)
c. 表示漸變,這樣的動詞有:get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如:
The leaves are turning red. 葉子在變紅。
It's getting warmer and warmer. 天越來越熱了。
d. 與always, constantly, forever 等詞連用,表示反復發生的動作或持續存在的狀態,往往帶有說話人的主觀色彩。例如:
You are always changing your mind. 你老是改變主意。
典型例題
My dictionary ___, I have looked for it everywhere but still___ it.
A. has lost, don't find B. is missing, don't find C. has lost, haven't found D. is missing, haven't found.
答案D. 前句是一個仍在持續的狀態,應用進行時,由於沒有找到,其影響仍然存在,應用完成時,瞬間動詞用於否定式時可用於完成時。
返回動詞的時態目錄
11.19 不用進行時的動詞
1)表示事實狀態的動詞,如have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue等。例如:I have two brothers. 我有兩兄弟。
This house belongs to my sister. 這房子是我姐的。
2)表示心理狀態的動詞,如know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate等。例如:I need your help. 我需要你的幫助。
He loves her very much. 他愛她很深。
3)瞬間動詞,如accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse等。例如:
I accept your advice. 我接受你的勸告。
4)系動詞,如seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn等。例如:
You seem a little tired. 你看上去有點累。
返回動詞的時態目錄
11.20 過去進行時
1)概念:表示過去某時正在進行的狀態或動作。
2)過去進行時的主要用法是描述一件事發生的背景;一個長動作延續的時候,另一個短動作發生。
3) 常用的時間狀語有this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等。例如:
My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. 我兄弟騎車時摔了下來,受了傷。
It was raining when they left the station. 他們離開車站時,正下著雨。
When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining. 我到達山頂時,陽光燦爛。
典型例題
1) Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger.
A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes
答案C. 割傷手指是已發生的事情,應用過去時。同時,when表時間的同時性,"瑪麗在做衣服時"提供事情發生的背景,因此用過去進行時。
2) As she ___ the newspaper, Granny ___ asleep.
A. read;was falling B. was reading; fell C. was reading; was falling D. read;fell
答案B.句中的as = when, while,意為"當……之時"。描述一件事發生的背景時,用過去進行;一個長動作發生的時候,另一個短動作發生。句意為 "在她看報紙時,奶奶睡著了。"句中的 fell(fall的過去時),是系動詞,後跟形容詞,如:fall sick。
⑤ 上海版牛津英語6A知識點匯總
上海牛津英語6A知識點總結 Topics 話題 Key points 主要知識點 Additional points 拓展知識點 Lesson 1 Family& Relatives 1. 單詞,片語,句型和課文講解 2. 介紹家人 3. wh-questions 4. 頻度副詞的運用 1. 怎樣用英語表達祝願 2. Phonetics Unit 1 (國際音標) Lesson 2 Friends 1. 單詞,片語及課文講解 2. 介紹朋友 3. 環保知識介紹 4. have been to 5. already, just, yet 1. have been to & have gone to 2. phonetics Unit 2 Lesson 3 Test for Unit 1 & Unit 2 1. listening 2. vocabulary & grammar 3. reading 4. writing Lesson 4 Spending a day out 1. 單詞,片語及課文講解 2. 旅行 3. 怎樣表達建議 1. how to express direction(方向) 2. phonetics Unit 3 Lesson 5 What would you like to be 1.單詞,片語及課文講解 2. 職業表達及描述 3. 討論職業 phonetics Unit 4 Lesson 6 Test for Unit 3 & Unit 4 1.listening 2.vocabulary & grammar 3.reading 4.writing Lesson 7 Open day 1. 單詞,片語及課文講解 2. 一般將來時 3. first, next, then, finally 1.一般過去時 2. ordinal numbers (序數詞) 3. in, at, on表示地點 Lesson 8 Going to school 1. 單詞,片語及課文講解 2. 交通工具的表達 3. how+ adj 1. 怎樣表達時間 2. spend,cost, take,pay 3. phonetics Unit 5 Lesson 9 Test for Unit 5 & Unit 6& Mid-exam 1.listening 2.vocabulary & grammar 3.reading 4.writing Lesson 10 Rules around us 1.單詞,片語及課文講解 2.各種符號的意思 3. Don』t + verb 4. must 1. some, any, much, many, a lot of… 2. phonetics Unit 6
⑥ 牛津高中英語所有模塊的語法詳細的歸納與整理
在英語句子里,謂語受主語支配,其動詞必須和主語在人稱和數上保持一致,這就叫主謂一致。尋其規律,大致可歸納為三個原則,即語法一致、邏輯意義一致和就近一致原則。 (一)語法一致原則:語法上一致就是謂語動詞和主語在單、復數形式上保持一致。 1、以單數名詞或代詞、動詞不定式短語、動名詞短語或從句作主語時,謂語動詞一般用單數形式;主語為復數時,謂語動詞用復數形式。如:His father is working on the farm. / To study English well is not easy. / What he said is very important for us all. / The children were in the classroom two hours ago. / Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes. 注意:由what引導的主語從句,後面的謂語動詞多數情況用單數形式,但若表語是復數或what從句是一個帶有復數意義的並列結構時,主句的謂語動詞用復數形式。如:What I bought were three English books. / What I say and do is (are) helpful to you. 2、由連接詞and或both … and連接起來的合成主語後面,要用復數形式的謂語動詞。如:Lucy and Lily are twins. / She and I are classmates. / The boy and the girl were surprised when they heard the news. / Both she and he are Young Pioneers. 注意:① 若and所連接的兩個詞是指同一個人或物時,它後面的謂語動詞就應用單數形式。如:The writer and artist has come.; / ② 由and連接的並列單數主語前如果分別有no, each, every more than a (an) , many a (an)修飾時,其謂語動詞要用單數形式。如:Every student and every teacher was in the room.. / No boy and no girl likes it. 3、主語為單數名詞或代詞,盡管後面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, rather than, more than, no less than, besides, including等引起的短語,謂語動詞仍用單數形式;若主語為復數,謂語用復數形式。如:Mr Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China. / Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground. / She, like you and Tom, is very tall. 4、either, neither, each, every 或no +單數名詞和由some, any, no, every構成的復合不定代詞,都作單數看待。如:Each of us has a new book. / Everything around us is matter. 注意:① 在口語中當either或neither後跟有「of+復數名詞(或代詞)」作主語時,其謂語動詞也可用復數。如:Neither of the texts is (are) interesting. ② 若none of後面的名詞是不可數名詞,它的謂語動詞就要用單數;若它後面的名詞是復數,它的謂語動詞用單數或復數都可以。如:None of us has (have) been to America. 5、在定語從句時,關系代詞that, who, which等作主語時,其謂語動詞的數應與句中先行詞的數一致。如:He is one of my friends who are working hard. / He is the only one of my friends who is working hard. 6、如果集體名詞指的是整個集體,它的謂語動詞用單數;如果它指集體的成員,其謂語動詞就用復數形式。這些詞有family, class, crowd, committee, population, audience等。如:Class Four is on the third floor. / Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor. 注意:people, police, cattle等名詞一般都用作復數。如:The police are looking for the lost child. 7、由「a lot of, lots of, plenty of, the rest of, the majority of + 名詞」構成的短語以及由「分數或百分數+名詞」構成的短語作主語,其謂語動詞的數要根據短語中後面名詞的數而定。如:There are a lot of people in the classroom. / The rest of the lecture is wonderful. / 50% of the students in our class are girls. 注意: a number of「許多」,作定語修飾復數名詞,謂語用復數;the number of「…的數量」,主語是number,謂語用單數。 8、在倒裝句中,謂語動詞的數應與其後的主語一致。如:There comes the bus./ On the wall are many pictures. / Such is the result. / Such are the facts. (二)邏輯意義一致原則:邏輯意義一致就是謂語動詞的數必須和主語的意義一致(因有時主語形式為單數,但意義為復數;有時形式為復數,但意義為單數)。 1、what, who, which, any, more, all等代詞可以是單數,也可是復數,主要靠意思來決定。如:Which is your bag? / Which are your bags? / All is going well. / All have gone to Beijing. 2、表示「時間、重量、長度、價值」等的名詞的復數作主語時,謂語動詞通常用單數形式, 這是由於作主語的名詞在概念上是一個整體,如:Thirty minutes is enough for the work. 3、若英語是書名、片名、格言、劇名、報名、國名等的復數形式,其謂語動詞通常用單數形式。如: 「The Arabian Nights」is an interesting story-book. 4、表數量的短語「one and a half」後接復數名詞作主語時,其謂語動詞可用單數形式(也可用復數。如:One and a half apples is (are) left on the table. 5、算式中表示數目(字)的主語通常作單數看待,其謂語動詞採用單數形式。如:Twelve plus eight is twenty. / Fifty-six divided by eight is seven. 6、一些學科名詞是以 –ics 結尾,如:mathematics, politics, physics 以及news, works等,都屬於形式上是復數的名詞,實際意義為單數名詞,它們作主語時,其謂語動詞要用單數形式。如:The paper works was built in 1990. / I think physics isn』t easy to study. 7、trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, 等詞作主語時,謂語用復數,但如果這些名詞前有a (the) pair of等量詞修飾時,謂語動詞用單數。如:My glasses are broken. / The pair of shoes under the bed is his. 8、「定冠詞the + 形容詞或分詞」,表示某一類人時,動詞用復數。 (三)就近一致原則:在英語句子中,有時謂語動詞的人稱和數與最近的主語保持一致。 1、當兩個主語由either … or, neither … nor, whether … or …, not only … but also連接時,謂語動詞和鄰近的主語一致。如:Either the teacher or the students are our friends. / Neither they nor he is wholly right. / Is neither he nor they wholly right? 2、there be句型be動詞單復數取決於其後的主語。如果其後是由and連接的兩個主語,則應與靠近的那個主語保持一致。如:There are two chairs and a desk in the room..注意:Here引導的句子用法同上。 語法經典練習:1.I, who____ your friend, will try my best to help you with your English.A.am B.is C.are D.be2. The rich ____ not always happy.A.are B.is C.has D.have3. Neither Tom nor Jack and I ____ his students.A.are B.am C.is D.was4. Mary as well as her sisters ____ Chinese in China.A. are studying B. have studied C. studies D. study5. Neither my father nor I ____ at home.A.am B.is C.are D.be6. Not only my brother but also I ____ good at painting. Both of us ____ good painters.,A.are;are B.am;am C.ani;are D.is;is7. Every' boy and every girl ____ to attend the evening party.A.wish B.wishes C.is like D.like8. Over 80 percent of the population of China ____ peasants.A.was B.is C. would be D.are9. The population of China ____ larger than that of .any other country in the world.A.is B.are C.has D.have10. Every means ____ tried but without any result.A. have been B.is to be C.are to be D. has been11. Alice, together with two boys,____ for having broken the rule.A. was punished B. punished C. were punished D. being punished12. The League secretary and the monitor____ asked to attend the .meeting this afternoon.A.is B.was C.are D.is being13. The great writer and professor____.A. is an old man B. are both old menC. is an old man and a young man D. were two Chinese14. There ____ a pen, two pencils and three books on the desk.A.are B.is C.has D.have15. A large number of students in our class____ girls.A. are B. was C. is D. be16. The number of deer, mountain lions and wild roses ____ much if people leave things as they are.A. doesn' t change B.don't change C.change D.changed17. The Arabian Nights ____ well known to the English.A. is B. are C. was D. were18. Chairman Mao' s works ____ published.A. has been B.have been C.was D.is19. A chemical works____ built there.A. is to being B.have been C. were to D.has been20. The Olympic Games ____ held every ____ years.A.is;four B.are;four C.is;five D.are;five21 .The United States of America one of the most developed countries in the world.A.is B.are C.was D.were22.He is the only one of die students who ____ elected.A. are B.have C.has D.is23.Theis is one of the most interesting questions that ____ asked.A.have B.has C. have been D.has been24.Many a man ____ come to help us.A.have B.has C.is D.are25."All____ present and all____ going on well," our monitor said.A.is;is B.are;are C.are;is D.is;are26. The police ____ the murderer everywhere when he suddenly appeared in a theatre.A. is searching for B. were searching forC. are searching for D. were searching27.Your trousers____ dirty.You must have____ washed.A.is;il B.are;it C.are;them D.is;them28.This pair of trouseis ____ too long for him.A.is B.be C.are D.were29. One and a half bananas ____ left on the table.A.is B.are C.has D.have30. Eight times eight ____ sixty - four.A.is B.are C.get D.equal Keys:1~5 AAACA 6~10 CBDAD 11~15 ACABA 16~20 AABDB 21~25 ADCBC 26~30 BCAAA 31~35 ACAAB 36~40 CABBA 41~45 BCCCA 46~50 ADBBC
⑦ 牛津初中英語的語法還有句型歸納
第一篇 詞法
一、 名詞
(一) 知識概要
名詞的概念在不同的語法教課書中有不同的解釋和分類方法,但就實際應用來講還是不要過分地追求其理論概念,而更多的要把注意力放在其應用上來。我們不妨把它分為兩大類:專有名詞與普通名詞。顧名思義,專有名詞是指:個人、事物、機關等所專有的名稱,如,the Great Wall, America…它們是不能隨意變動的。而普通名詞中則包括個體名詞,如pen, worker…它表示單一的個體人或事物;集體名詞,如:family,class, team,它表示的是由若干個個體組成的集合體;物質名詞,如:water,paper…它表示的是一種物質,原材料;而後一種是抽象名詞,如:work, time…它表示著一種在實際生活中看不見、摸不到,但卻與實際生活緊密相關的某些動作、狀態、品質的抽象概念。見下表。
名詞一覽表
種類
專有名詞
London, John, the Communist Party of China
普 通 名 詞 類名詞 nurse, boy, worker, pencil, dog, table
集體名詞 class, family, army, police, team, people
物質名詞 water, steel, glass, cotton, wood, sand
抽象名詞 happiness, love, work, life, courage, honest
功用
主語 My family is now in New York.
表語 His father is a scientist.
賓語 We love our great motherland.
賓語補足語 He made London the base for his work.
定語 The girls are making paper flowesrs.
狀語 The car cost him 1000 dollars.
同位語 Mr Brown, a famous scientist, will come here.
名詞在使用中的難點在於名詞的數,即可數名詞與不可數名詞的實際應用。不可數名詞不能用數字計算,所以它通常只有單數形式。它包含有專有名詞、物質名詞、抽象名詞等,如:English,air,water,cotton,work…可數名詞是可以用數量加以計算的名詞,所以它具有單數形式和復數形式兩種。可數名詞復數形式的構成規律是:
1. 一般情況加s,如:pen—pens, doctor—doctors,boy—boys,其讀音規則是在清輔音後讀[s],在母音和濁輔音後讀[z]。如:map—map , boy—boys.
2. 在以s,sh,ch,x結尾的名詞後面加es,如:bus—buses,class—classes,其讀音為[iz]。
3. 以ce,se,ze,(d)ge結尾的名詞加s,其讀音為[iz]。
4. 以輔音字母加y結尾的名詞,要將y變為i再加es,讀作[z],如:factory—factories,country—countries, family—families.但要注意的是以母音字母加y結尾的名詞的復數形式只加s,如:boy—boys,day—days。
5. 以o結尾的名詞的復數形式一般要加es,但如果o前面是母音字母或外來詞,縮寫詞以o結尾的則只加s,如:tomato—tomatoes,hero—heroes;photo—photos,radio—radios,piano—pianos
6. 以f或fe結尾的名詞的復數形式要將f或fe變為v再加es,如:knife—knives, leaf—leaves, 但有些例外的詞如roof的復數形式是roofs。
7. 不規則名詞的復數形式是要單個記憶的,它沒有規律可循,如:man—men,woman—women, child—children, foot—feet,tooth—teeth, mouse—mice
8. 單復同形的名詞有:fish, sheep,deer…
9. 單數形式但其意為復數的名詞有:people,police等。名詞還有格的變化,其主格可作主語,賓格可作賓語。還有所有格,用來表示人或物的所有,以及領屬關系。表示有生命的名詞的所有格其單數形式是加's其復數形式是s',如其結尾不是s的復數形式仍加's,如:a student's room, students' rooms, Children's Day.在表示時間、距離、世界、國家……名詞的所有格要用's,如:a twenty minutes' walk.但無生命名詞的所有格則必須用of結構,如:the capital of our country, the colour of the flowers
(二) 正誤辨析
[誤]Please give me a paper.
[正]Please give me a piece of paper.
[析]不要認為可以數的名詞就是可數名詞,這種原因是對英語中可數與不可數名詞的概念與中文中的能數與不能數相混淆了,所以造成了這樣的錯誤,因paper在英語中是屬於物質名詞一類,是不可數名詞。而不可數名詞要表達數量時,要用與之相關的量詞來表達,如:two pieces of paper.
[誤]Please give me two letter papers.
[正]Please give me two pieces of letter paper.
[析]paper作為紙講是不可數名詞,而作為報紙、考卷、文章講時則是可數名詞,如:Each student should write a paper on what he has learnt.
[誤]My glasses is broken.
[正]My glasses are broken.
[誤]I want to buy two shoes.
[正]I want to buy two pairs of shoes.
[析]英語中glasses—眼鏡,shoes—鞋,trousers—褲子等由兩部分組成的名詞一般要用復數形式。如果要表示一副眼鏡應用a pair of glasses而這時的謂語動詞應與量詞相一致。如:This pair of glasses is very good.
[誤]May I borrow two radioes?
[正]May I borrow two radios?
[析]以o結尾的名詞大都是用加es來表示其復數形式,但如果o前面是一個母音字母或外來語時則只加s就可以了。這樣的詞有zoo—zoos,piano—pianos.
[誤]This is a Mary's dictionary.
[正]This is Mary's dictionary.
[析]如名詞前有指示代詞this, that, these those,及其他修飾詞our,some, every, which, 或所有格時,則不要再加冠詞。
[誤]There are much people in the garden.
[正]There are many people in the garden.
[析]可數名詞前應用many, few, a few, a lot of 來修飾,而people是可數名詞,而且是復數名詞,如:The people are planting trees here.
[誤]I want a few water.
[正]I want a little water.
[析]不可數名詞前可以用a little, little, a lot of, some來修飾,但不可用many,few來修飾。
[誤]Thank you very much. Your family is very kind to me.
[正]Thank you very much. Your family are very kind to me.
[誤]Tom's and Mary's family are waiting for us.
[正]Tom's and Mary's families are waiting for us.
[誤]I'm sorry. I have to go. Tom's families are waiting for me.
[正]I'm sorry. I have to go. Tom's family are waiting for me.
[析]集合名詞如果指某個集合的整體,則應視為單數,如指某個集合體中的個體則應視為復數。如:My family is a big family. When I came in, Tom's family were watching TV. 即湯姆一家人正在看電視。這樣的集合名詞有:family class, team等。
[誤]Don't eat too much meats.
[正]Don't eat too much meat.
[誤]Food in that restaurant is very good.
[正]The food in that restaurant is very good.
[析]物質名詞是不可數名詞,在使用中不可以加s,即它沒有復數形式。也不可加不定冠詞。但如果用於特指某一物質時可以加定冠詞。如:I don't like drinking coffee, but the coffee in that cup is really good.
[誤]Please give me two waters.
[正]Please give me two glasses of water.
[正]Please give me two coffees.
[析]物質名詞如要加計量時,一定要加量詞,如:two cups of tea,two glasses of water,a glass of milk,a loaf of bread,
a piece of bread,a box of sugar,
a bowl of rice,a bottle of orange,
a bag of earth
例: I'll tell you a piece of good news.
但只有coffee可以用coffees來取代many cups of coffee.
[誤]Can you give me the newspaper of today?
[正]Can you give me today's newspaper?
[析]加's構成所有格的名詞一般應指有生命的人或物。如:Mary's hair,但在英文的習慣用法中對時間、距離等名詞的所有格多用's來構成而不用of結構。如:a five minutes' walk.
[誤]Please make a room for the lady in the school bus.
[正]Please make room for the lady in the school bus.
[析]英語中更多的名詞是含有多種用法和多種含意的,
如: room為可數名詞時為「房間」,如:I live in Room 5.而room為抽象名詞時為空間上面一句話應譯為「請給老婦人在校車上留個地方。」這樣的詞還有:glass 玻璃glasses 眼鏡stone 石頭a stone 一塊石頭time 時間two times 兩次wood 木頭woods 樹林
[誤]There is a flowers garden behind my house.
[正]There is a flower garden behind my house.
[析]名詞除了在句中作主語、賓語、表語外,還可以用來修飾另一個名詞,這時作修飾詞的名詞一般要用單數形式,如:shoe factory (鞋廠),post office(郵局),evening paper (晚報),night school (夜校),head master (校長),a law school (法律學院)。但也有例外,如:a goods train(貨車),sports meeting (運動會)。
[誤]My mother bought two fishes for supper this morning.
[正]My mother bought two fish for supper this morning.
[析]英語中有些名詞單復同形,如:fish, deer, sheep, Chinese (中國人), means (方法)。所以應講one fish, two fish, one Chinese, two Chinese. 如果講There are five fishes in the pool.應譯為池中有五種魚而不是五條魚。
[誤]Mary expressed her thank to her boy friend.
[正]Mary expressed her thanks to her boy friend.
[析]英語中有些名詞只有復數形式,如: thanks, greens, 而有些詞單數形式與復數形式有不同的詞意。如:clothes 為衣服,而cloth則是布, sand沙子,而sands是沙灘。
[誤]I offered my son my congratulation on his success.
[正]I offered my son my congratulations on his success.
[析]英語中表示祝賀的詞雖有單數形式,但一般要用其復數形式。如握手為shake hands.
[誤]We have five German in this meeting.
[正]We have five Germans in this meeting.
[析]英國人Englishman的復數形式為Englishmen,而German 則要加s,因為它不是由國名與man的組合詞。
[誤]There are two As in this word.
[正]There are two A's in this word.
[析]在大寫字母縮寫形式的復數表達法中應加s,但如字母是A、I時,為了防止與As和Is相混,則要用's即A's,I's
[誤]There are three 6s and two 3s in my telephone number.
[正]There are three 6's and two 3's in my telephone number.
[析]在小寫字母與數字的復數形式表達法中要用's
[誤]We have many woman teachers in our school.
[正]We have many women teachers in our school.
[析]一般組合名詞變為復數形式時只將詞中心詞變為復數如:
half brother—half brothers(同父異母或同母異父的兄弟)daughter in law—daughtersin law,(兒媳)但要注意的是:man driver—men drivers(男司機) woman doctor—women doctors(女大夫)grown up—grown ups(成年人) 但是boy student—則變為boy students
[誤]Physics are very difficult to learn.
[正]Physics is very difficult to learn.
[析]雖以s結尾但只能用作單數名詞有:科學,學科名字:Physics. Mathematics politics游戲名稱:bowls 專有名稱:Niagara Falls(尼亞加拉瀑布) 其他名詞:news(消息,新聞)
⑧ 牛津英語初三上學期的所有知識點,歸納總結。
Unit One This is me!1. What』s your name? 2. This is… 3. an instruction book 4. look after 5. make friends with 6. introce oneself to each other 7. a profile of oneself 8. welcome to + n.
⑨ 求、牛津英語1A到6B所有語法知識點匯總.急、謝謝
時態講解
一、一般現在時主要用於:
1 、表示經常性或習慣性動作。 e.g. It seldom snows here.
2 、表示現在的特徵或狀態。 e.g. He is always ready to help others.
3 、普遍真理。 e.g. Action speaks louder than words.
4 、劇情圖片介紹,背景說明,動作解說。 e.g. (Tom enters the room and sits at the table)
Doctor : What's your trouble, young man?
Tom : I've caught a cold, doctor.
5 、時間、條件、讓步、方式狀語從句表將要發生的動作時。
e.g. Tomorrow we shall go for an outing unless it rains.
與這種時態連用的時間狀語常有: always, often, never, seldom, usually, once, a week, now 等。
二、一般過去時主要用於:
1 、表示過去某個時間發生的動作或情況(包括習慣性的動作或狀態)
e.g. When did you read the novel? She often came to help us in those days.
2 、談到過去的情況時 e.g. I didn't know you were so busy.
3 、談到已死人的情況時 e.g. Lei Feng was a great communist fighter.
與這個時態連用的時間狀語常有:
yesterday, last night, the other day, two months ago, in 1985, then, just now, when, after, as soon as 引導的時間狀語從句,表示主句動作開始的時間。
三、現在完成時主要用於:
1 、表示到現在為止這一時期中發生的動作或情況,即多次動作的總和。
e.g. We have learnt four English songs this month. How many times have you read the novel?
For many days we haven't seen each other.
2 、表示對現在有影響的某一已發生的動作。
e.g. The delegation has left 代表團已經走了(說明現在不在這里) Look, what you have done. 看你乾的事。
與這一時態連用的時間狀語有: already, yet, just, ever, never, by now, so far, recently, by the end of this month, since, for 短語,連詞 since 引導的時間狀語從句。
一般過去時與現在完成時的區別:
一般過去時:重在說明動作在過去發生時的具體情況(時間、地點、方式、對象、細節等)。
現在完成時:只提起已發生的動作(事實)及其影響,不說明動作發生時的具體情況。
cf. Have you had your lunch? What did you have for lunch?
I have ever been to the Great Wall, and I went there last summer with my father.
註:現在完成時表達的動作常具有反復性,故下面一句是錯的:
Have you seen the six thirty's news program? 應改為: Did you see the six thirty's news program?
四、現在完成進行時主要用於:表示過去開始的某一動作一直持續到現在,以至延伸到將來,它強調動作延續時間之長久。e.g. I've been writing an article. 我一直在寫一篇文章。(還在寫)
cf. I've written an article. 我寫了一篇文章。(已寫完)
It has been raining these days. 這些天一直在下雨。
五、過去完成時
1 、過去完成時是一個相對時態,表示過去的過去,只有在兩個過去發生的動作相比較時才可顯示出來。
e.g. As soon as we got to the station, the train had left.
註:主從句表達的動作緊接時,即兩動作發生的時間沒有明顯時間上的懸殊或空檔時,主從句都可用一般過去時。 e.g. Where did your brother study before he joined the army?
2 、過去完成時可表示截止過去某一時間動作的總或動作的結束。
e.g. By the end of last month. We had reviewed four books By eight o'clock, he had finished his homework.
與這個時態連用的時間狀語常有: by 1985, by eight o'clock, by then, by the end of last month, by the time when, when, as soon as, before 等連詞引導的時間狀語從句,表示主句動作結束的時間。
(六)現在進行時主要用於:
1 、表示現在或現階段正在進行的動作。 e.g. Listen, someone is crying. What are you doing these days?
2 、代替一般現在時,表示經常性動作或狀態,而含有某種感情色彩。
e.g. How are you feeling today? 你今天感覺怎樣?(顯得親切)
He is doing well in his lessons. 他的功課很好。(贊揚)
You are always boasting. 你老愛吹牛。(厭煩)
3 、動詞 go, come, leave, arrive 等表將要發生的動作時。 e.g. They are leaving for Shanghai.
與這種時態連用的時間狀語常有: now, these days, recently, this week 等。
七、過去進行時主要用於: 表示過去某個時刻或階段正在進行的動作。
e.g. At that time she was working in a PLA unit. 那時她在解放軍某部工作。
What were you doing this time yesterday?
與這個時態連用的時間狀語常用: at nine o'clock, this time last night, these days, at that time 等。
用 when 引導的時間狀語從句表示主句的動作正在進行的時間。
e.g. When he came in, I was reading a newspaper.
註:
1 、 while 引導時間狀語從句敘述過去的動作時,從句常用過去進行時。
e.g. I read a magazine while I was waiting for the bus.
2 、 when 用作並列連詞,意為「這時」,連接兩分句時,第一句多用過去進行時。
e.g. I was reading a newspaper when he came in.
一般過去時與過去進行時的區別:
一般過去時:強調過去某一時間開始或完成的動作。
過去進行時:強調過去某一時間正在進行的動作。
試區別下面兩句:
We were building a reservoir last winter. 去年冬天我們在修建一座水庫。(可能尚未建成)
We built a reservoir last winter. 去年冬天我們修建了一座水庫。(已經建成)
八、一般將來時主要用於: 表示將要發生的動作或情況
e.g. Tom will have a bike of his own.
與這個時態連用的時間狀語常用: tonight, tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next week, in three hours, two days later 等。
一般將來時態與其它結構表將來情況的區別:
一般將來時態 :主要從時間的角度表將要發生的動作或情況。
be going to 結構 :①表(主觀上)打算或准備做某事時。 ②表有發生某事的預兆時。
e.g. They are going to have a competition with us in studies. It is going to rain.
據以上區別,故下面一句是錯的:
I am going to be eighteen years old next year. 應改為: I shall be eighteen years old next year.
be about to do sth 結構 :意為「剛要做某事」、「馬上要做某事」強調時間之緊迫性。
e.g. We are about to discuss this problem. 我們將馬上討論這個問題。
be to do sth 結構: 表示按計劃、安排、規定將實施某事或表示註定會發生某事。
e.g. When is the train to leave. All these things are to be answered for.
及物動詞與不及物動詞
英語中按動詞後可否直接跟賓語,可把動詞分成及物動詞與和及物動詞。
1.及物動詞: 字典里詞後標有vt. 的就是及物動詞。及物動詞後必須跟有動作的對象(即賓語),可直接跟賓語。see 看見 (vt.) +賓語 I can see a boy.
2.不及物動詞:字典里詞後標有vi. 的就是不及物動詞。不及物動詞後不能直接跟有動作的對象(即賓語)。若要跟賓語,必須先在其後添加上某個介詞,如to,of ,at後方可跟上賓語。
具體每個動詞後究竟加什麼介詞就得背動詞短語了,如listen to,look at…..
3. 賓語(動作的對象):是名詞或代詞,或相當於名詞的詞或短語(如動名詞)。其它詞不看作動作的對象呢。
4.舉例:「看」
(1)see 看見 (vt.) +賓語 I can see a boy.
(2)look 看 (vi.) x賓語(即不能直接加賓語). Look! She is singing.
Look carefully! (注意:carefully 是副詞,不是名詞,故不作賓語喲)
(3)look at 看…….+賓語 Look at me carefully! (me是代詞,作賓語了)
連系動詞
連系動詞本身有一定的詞義,但不能獨立作謂語,必須與表語一起構成謂語。
表語通常由名詞、形容詞,或相當於名詞或形容詞的詞或短語等充當,說明主語是什麼或怎麼樣。
一、 連系動詞的類型有:
1. "存在"類:表示存在或具有某種特徵或狀態.這類連系動詞強調"存在"。常見的有:be(是),look(看起來),feel(摸上去),seem(似乎是),appear(似乎、顯得),prove(證明是),smell(聞起來),taste(嘗起來),sound(聽起來)等。例如:
The story sounds true.
Those oranges taste good.
2. "持續"類:表示某種情況或狀態的持續。這類連系動詞強調"持續"。常見的有:remain(依然),keep(保持),stay(保持),continue(繼續、仍舊),stand(處於某狀況或情形)等。例如:
Why don't you put the meat in the fridge? It will stay fresh for several days.
It's already ten in the morning. The store remains closed. What's the matter?
3. "變化"類:表示由一種情況或狀態變化成另一種情況或狀態。這類連系動詞強調"變化"後的情況或狀態.常見的有:become(變成), turn(變成), grow(變得), go(變得)等。例如:
Put the fish in the fridge, or it will go bad in hot weather.
二、注意事項
1. 有些連系動詞通常不用於被動語態和進行時態中。如:feel, taste等詞。例如:
-Do you like the material?
-Yes, it feels very soft.
2. 一般情況下,連系動詞主要跟形容詞或分詞作表語。例如:
Be careful when you cross this very busy street. If not, you may get run over by a car.
3. 能跟名詞作表語的連系動詞常見的有:be, become, appear, seem, prove, remain和turn等.注意:turn後跟(表示主語身份的)名詞作表語時,不加冠詞。例如:
Twenty years later, he turned teacher.
The population growth in China remains a problem.
4. 連系動詞也可跟不定式(to do / to be),常見的有:appear, seem, remain, prove, look等。例如:
Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains to be seen whether they will enjoy it.
On the long journey, Peter proved to be a most interesting guide. We all had a wonderful time.
終止性動詞與延續性動詞
終止性動詞指不會持續一段時間的動作,即動作在瞬間或短時間內完成。 例如:get arrive 這類動詞不與一段時間連用
終止性動詞:表示不能延續的動作,即動作發生後立即結束。如:begin,arrive, borrow, ...終止性動詞的肯定式是不能持續的,所以不能和表示一段時間的狀語連用,而終止性的否定式就可以和表一段時間的狀語.
一、延續性動詞和終止性動詞的概念
英語中,動詞按其動作發生的方式、動作發生過程的長短,可分為延續性動詞和終止性動詞。
延續性動詞表示能夠延續的動作,這種動作可以延續下去或產生持久影響。如:learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay等。
終止性動詞也稱非延續性動詞、瞬間動詞或短暫性動詞,表示不能延續的動作,這種動作發生後立即結束。如open, close, finish, begin, come, go, arrive, reach, get to, leave, move, borrow,buy等。
二、延續性動詞的用法特徵
1.延續性動詞可以用於現在完成時,其完成時態可與表示"段時間"的狀語連用。表示"段時間"的短語有:for two years, ring the past three years, since last year, how long等。如:I have learned English since I came here.自從我來到這兒就學英語了。
2.延續性動詞不能與表示短暫時間的"點時間"狀語連用。如:It raind at eight yesterday morning.(誤) rain為延續性動詞,而at eight表示"點時間",前後顯然矛盾。如果用延續性動詞表示一瞬間的動作,可以藉助come, begin, get等終止性動詞來表示。上句可改為:It began to rain at eight yesterday morning.(正)又如:
-When did you get to know Jack?
-Two years ago.
-Then you've known each other for more than two years.
-That's right.
三、終止性動詞的用法特徵
1.終止性動詞可用來表示某一動作完成,因此可用於現在完成時。如:
The train has arrived.火車到了。
Have you joined the computer group?你加入電腦小組了嗎?
2.終止性動詞表示的動作極其短暫,不能持續。因此,不可與表示一段時間的狀語連用(只限肯定式)。如:
(1)他死了三年了。
誤:He has died for three years.
正:He has been dead for three years.
正:He died three years ago.
正:It is three years since he died.
正:Three years has passed since he died.
(2)他來這兒五天了。
誤:He has come here for five days.
正:He has been here for five days.
正:He came here five days ago.
正:It is five days since he came here.
正:Five days has passed since he came here.
(1)、(2)句中的die、come為終止性動詞,不能與表示"段時間"的狀語連用。那麼,應如何正確表達呢?可以採用下面的四種方法:
(1)將句中終止性動詞轉換為相應的延續性動詞,如上面兩例中的第一種正確表達方式。下面列舉幾例:leave→be away, borrow→keep, buy→have, begin/start→be on, die→be dead, move to→live in, finish→be over, join→be in/be a member of, open sth.→keep sth. open, fall ill→be ill, get up→be up, catch a cold→have a cold。
(2)將句中表示"段時間"的狀語改為表示過去確定時間的狀語,如下面兩例中的第二種正確表達方式。
(3)用句型"It is+段時間+since..."表達原意,如上面兩例中的第三種正確表達方式。
(4)用句型"時間+has passed+since..."表達原意,如上面兩例中的第四種正確表達方式。
3.終止性動詞可用於現在完成時否定式中,成為可以延續的狀態,因而可與表示一段時間的狀語連用。如:
He hasn't left here since 1986.
I haven't heard from my father for two weeks.
4.終止性動詞的否定式與until/till連用,構成"not+終止性動詞+until/till ..."的句型,意為"直到……才……"。如:
You can't leave here until I arrive.直到我到了,你才能離開這里。
I will not go to bed until I finish drawing the picture tonight.今天晚上直到我畫完畫,我才上床睡覺。
5.終止性動詞可以用於when引導的時間狀語從句中,但不可以用於while引導的時間狀語從句中。when表示的時間是"點時間"(從句謂語動詞用終止性動詞),也可以是"段時間"(從句謂語動詞用延續性動詞)。而while表示的是一個較長的時間或過程,從句謂語動詞用延續性動詞。如:
When we reached London, it was twelve o'clock. (reach為終止性動詞)
Please look after my daughter while/when we are away. (be away為延續性動詞短語)
6.終止性動詞完成時不可與how long連用(只限於肯定式)。如:
誤:How long have you come here?
正:How long have you been here?
正:When did you come here?
終止性動詞不用於進行時態,若是進行時態形式應譯成將來時態的意思。
終止性動詞和延續性動詞辨析 王嵩
英語動詞可以分為延續性動詞和終止性動詞。這兩種動詞在每年中考英語試題中出現率較高,筆者將其歸納分類,供同學們學習時參考。一、延續性動詞 延續性動詞表示的動作不但可以延續,而且可以產生持久的影響。常見的這類動詞有:be,have,keep,know,learn,lie,live,read,sing,sleep,stand,stay,wait,walk,watch等。延續性動詞的用法很廣,但常見於現在完成時中的句子中,且常與for,how,long,since等引導的表示一段時間的狀語或狀語從句連用。例如:1.I have learned more than 1,000 Chinese words since I came to China.自從來到中國,我已經學會了l,000多個漢字。2.We have lived in Linqing since we came here.自從來到這兒,我們就一直住在臨清。3.I have kept the picture for about three years.這張畫我保存了大約三年。 二、終止性動詞 終止性動詞又稱為瞬間動詞或非延續性動詞,它表示的動作不能延續,也就是說動作一旦發生就立即結束,並產生某種結果。常見的這類動詞有:accept,arrive,become,begin,borrow,break,buy,catch,close,come,die,end,fall,finish,get,give,go,join,leave,put,reach,receive,shut,start,stop等。終止性動詞用在現在完成時要注意下面三點: (一)終止性動詞可直接用來表示某一動作的完成。例如:1.They have reached Shanghai.他們已經到達了上海。2.Has he gone to London? 他已經到倫敦去了嗎? (二)終止性動詞表示的動作極其短暫,不能持續,所以,在現在完成時中一般不能和以since,for等引導的表示一段時間的狀語連用。例如:1.那老人已經死了一周了。The old man has died for a week.(誤)2.他三天前就已經來這兒了。He has come here since three days ago.(誤)在以上兩句中,die和come都是終止性動詞,可用於現在完成時,但不能與以since或for引導的表示一段時間的狀語連用。那麼,上面兩個句子應該怎樣譯成英語呢?請看下面四種譯法:1.把終止性動詞改為延續性的動詞。例如:①The old man has been dead for a week.②He has been here since three days ago.2.把原句中的一段時間改為表示「過去」的時間,時態由現在完成時改變成一般過去時。例如:①The old man died a week ago.②He came here three days ago.3.用「It is+時間+since…」句式。例如:①It is/has been a week since the old man died.②It has been/is three days since he came here.4.用「多長時間+has passed+since…」句式。例如:①A week has passed since the old men died.②Three days had passed since he came here. (三)有關特殊終止性動詞的用法。1.在while(表示一段時間)引導的從句里,謂語動詞不能使用終止性動詞,但可以把while改成when,這樣,從句里的謂語動詞就可以使用終止性動詞了。因為when既可以表示時間的「點」,又可以表示時間的「段」。例如:While he got to America.he found his English Was very poor.(誤)When he got t0 America.he found his English was very poor.(正)2.終止性動詞的否定式與until連用時,意為「直到……才/不到什麼時間不……」等。例如:Don』t get off until the bus stops.車未停穩,切勿下車。3.終止性動詞不可以與how long引導的句式連用。例如:How long have you borrowed the magazine?(誤)When did you borrow the magazine?(正)How long have you kept the magazine?(正)
終止性動詞與延緩性動詞的用法區別
上海市中國中學 黃文英
英語中的動詞,是學習中的重點,又是難點。英語中的動詞有多種分類法。根據其有無含義,動詞可分為實義動詞和助動詞;根據動詞所表示的是動作還是狀態,可以分為行為動詞和狀態動詞;根據動詞所表示的動作能否延緩,分為延續性動詞和終止性動詞。
可以表示持續的行為或狀態的動詞,叫做「延續性動詞」,也叫「持續性動詞」,如:be, keep, have, like, study, live, etc.
有的表示短暫、瞬間性的動詞,叫做「終止性動詞」,也可叫「短暫性動詞」,或「瞬間性動詞」,如die, join, leave, become, return, reach, etc.
終止性動詞構成的現在完成時,不可以用表示一段時間的狀語(如:since 和for引導的短語)來修飾,終止性動詞構成的現在完成時,只表示動作發生的因果關系,不能表示動作的延續,因此不能用表示一段時間的狀語來修飾。
如可以說:The Red Cross has already started for the earthquake-stricken area.
但不可說:The Red Cross has already started for the earthquake-stricken area for three days.
因為start是終止性動詞, 它所表示的動作短促, 當紅十字會出發時,start這個動作便結束了, 不可能延續兩天。
在十多年的教學生涯中,發現學生對於如何解決這對矛盾不知所措,下面我來歸納一下解決這對矛盾的四種方法。
用ago時間狀語短語來代替since或for引導的時間狀語:
eg. Mr. Richard has returned from America for two years. (wrong)
Mr. Richard has returned from America since two years ago. (wrong)
應改為: He returned from America two years ago.
2.用It is… since…復合句代替簡單句
eg. It has been/is two years since Mr. Richard returned from America.
注意:以上兩種辦法適用於所有終止性動詞。
3.用相應的形容詞和副詞代替終止性動詞。
eg. Mr. Richard has been back from America for two years.
4.用延緩性動詞代替終止性動詞。
eg. He has gone to the Internet for six hours. (wrong)
應改為:He has been on the Internet for six hours.
但須注意:終止性動詞的否定式可以和since 或for 引導的時間狀語連用。因為終止性動詞的否定表示的是一種可以延續的狀態。
eg. I have heard from my friend in Africa for half a year. (wrong)
I haven』t heard from my friend in Africa for half a year.. (right)
此外,終止性動詞與延緩性動詞在翻譯上也不同,很易混淆。下面我再就終止性動詞與延緩性動詞的含義問題做一歸納:
1. 在連詞since引導的時間狀語從句中, 用終止性動詞的過去時或用延緩性動詞過去時,其含義是大不相同的。
A. since所引導的時間狀語從句中,如果句子謂語是終止性動詞的過去時, 則從句表示的時間是從「那一時刻開始」。
eg. He has studied very hard since he came to our school.
自從他來校以來,一貫努力學習。
B. 在since所引導的時間狀語從句中,其謂語是延緩性動詞的過去時,那麼從句所表示的時間是從延緩性動詞所表示的動作結束時算起。
eg. I haven』t heard any noise since I slept.
自從我醒後,沒聽見任何聲音。
介詞for引導的時間狀語,在翻譯時有兩種不同的情況:
A.介詞for引導的時間狀語和延緩性動詞的現在完成時的否定式連用時,有兩種不同的含義。
eg. He has not lived there for six months.
他不住在那兒已六個月了。(或: 他住在那兒還不到六個月。)
B.介詞for引導的時間狀語和終止性動詞的現在完成時的否定式連用,只有一種含義。
eg. Mary has not left here for six months.
瑪麗已六個月沒有離開過這兒了。
句中含有till 或until 引導的短語或從句,從句中的謂語動詞可以是延續性的,也可以是終止性的,但要注意兩種情況:
如果主句中動詞是延續性的動詞,動詞肯定或否定都可以,只是含義不同。
eg. He listened to the radio until his father came back.
他聽無線電一直到他父親回來為止。
eg. He didn』t listen to the radio until his father came back..
直到他父親回來,他才聽無線電。
如果主句中的謂語動詞是終止性動詞,則只能用否定式。
eg. Mr. Smith didn』t marry until he was forty- five. (right)
史密斯先生到四十五歲才結婚。
Mr. Smith married until he was forty-five. (wrong)
⑩ 高中英語牛津版的所有語法
中學英語語法精典總結
1.賓語從句:1.主句若是一般現在時,從句根據實際情況用適當時態。He says (that) he will have a walk soon.
The teacher asks who is the cleverest in the school.
I want to know who came here late this morning.
2.主句若是一般過去時,從句也要用過去時。
He wondered if I would come. She told me that her son had got well.
She said that she liked watching TV. We thought Jim was wrong.
3.無論主句是何時態,從句若表客觀真理,要用一般現在時。
Mr. Li said the moon is smaller than the earth.
4賓語從句無論有何引導詞,都要用陳述句語序。
Could you tell me when you will get back to Wuhan?(不是will you)
Do you know which sweater she is wearing? (不是is she)
2.狀語從句:1主句若是一般將來時、祈使句或含不表過去的情態動詞等,則if(如果), unless(除非),when(當…的時候), as soon as(一…就…),before, after, until, till, as(當…的時候)所引導的狀語從句用一般現在時。
You may take a rest when you finish doing your work.
I will call you up if I leave for Shanghai next week.
Wait for your brother at the bus station until he arrives.
2而主句若是一般過去時,從句也要用過去時,如:
I would give the money to the charity if I had a million dollars.
When he got to the park, his classmates had left.
My son ran towards me as soon as he saw me on the street.
3.定語從句:關系代詞who只指人,which只指物。that既可指人又可指物。whose 後必須跟有名詞,既指人,也可指物。關系詞作主語時,不可省略,作賓語時可省略。whom只指人,只作賓語。關系副詞where指「在那裡」,when指「在那時」。
She is a girl who/that is beauty l and kind-hearted.
She is a girl (who/whom/that) I know very well.
That boy whose hair is very long is my brother. (所屬)
The girl who is tall is my sister. / I own a bike whose price is high.
I bought a watch (which/that) I paid 100 yuan for. (指物)
I prefer a place which/that is clean and quiet.
I prefer a place where I can live a quiet life. (在這兒)
I shall never forget the day when a boy helped me find my dog.
4.wish和hope:1wish可接to do sth. /sb to do sth. /that從句.
I wish to spend my summer holiday in Qing.
I wish youto join my party this Sunday.
I wish (that) I could be a scientist.
2hope接to do sth. 或that從句. 但不接sb to do sth.
I hope to receive a letter from you some day.
I hope (that) everything goes well. /I hope you will get well soon.
5.thanks for和thanks to: Thanks for your helping me with the work.
(表達對對方為自己做了某事的感謝,後無補充的結果。)
Thanks to your suggestion, I didn』t make such mistakes.
(表達感謝由於某方所做的有利的事,出現了後面的結果。)
6.感官動詞用法之一:see, hear, listen to, watch, notice, feel等詞,後接賓語,再接動詞原形/ 動詞ing, 分別表示全過程和正在進行。句中有頻率詞時,以上的詞也常跟動詞原形。
I heard someone knocking at the door when I fell asleep. (正進行)
I heard someone knock at the door three times. (聽的是全過程)
I often watch my classmates play volleyball after school. (頻率詞)
若以上詞用於被動語態,後面原有動詞原形改為帶to不定式:
We saw him go into the restaurant with his wife. →
He was seen to go into the restaurant with his wife.
7.感官動詞用法之二:look, sound, smell, taste, feel可當系動詞,後接形容詞。He looks . It sounds good. The flowers smell beauty l. The sweets taste sweet. The silk feels soft. I felt tired.
這些動詞不用於被動語態。The sweets are tasted sweet.是錯誤的。
注意:如果加介詞like, 則後不可接形容詞,而接名詞或代詞:
He looks like his mother. That sounds like a good idea.
It smells like a flower. It tastes like salt.
8.find和think部分用法: + 賓語 + 賓語補足語。(代替賓從)
賓補有以下情況:1.名詞短語,John found his son a clever boy.
2.形容詞短語,Mrs. Smith thinks her husband kind of lazy.
3.有時賓補後可接帶to不定式,I found it hard to fool the girl.
9.would like/want/feel like: 1 would like,和want類似:◇都可接名詞短語:I would like/ want another three desks. ◇都可接帶to 不定式:I would like/ want to go out for a walk. ◇都可接sb,然後再跟帶to 不定式: I would like you to give me a hand.
2 feel like: ◇後也可接名詞短語:Do you feel like some tea?
◇後若接動詞,須用動詞ing形式:Do you feel like having a walk? I don』t feel like drinking tea.
【feel like常用於疑問句或否定句中。】
10.詞序易錯的短語:1 形容詞修飾不定代詞或不定副詞,形容詞在後面。Is there anything delicious in the fridge?
Nothing serious. There is something wrong with the computer.
I want to go somewhere warm.
2 else修飾疑問詞和不定代詞、不定副詞,也放在後面。
What else can you see in the picture? Who else is in the room?
Do you have anything else to say? Where else can you see it?
3 enough修飾形容詞和副詞,enough 放在後面。
This sweater is cheap enough. Nemo is old enough to work.
He ran fast enough to catch up with the dog.
11.對「評價」、「天氣」的提問之區別:1What do you think of …?=
How do you like …? 「你對…怎麼看?」(How…?句中有like,是動詞。) 2What』s the weather like in…? = How is the weather in…?「…的天氣什麼樣?」(What…?句中有like,是介詞「像」。)
12.take, cost, pay, spend區別:
1 It + take + sb + some time + to do sth.
It took us half an hour to cut down the tree.
2 物+cost+sb+錢: The bag cost me thirty yuan. (cost, cost, cost)
若cost後無sb, 則譯作「價錢是」:The bag costs 30 Yuan.
3 人+ pay +sb + 錢+ for sth: I paid the seller 200 Yuan for the bike. (pay, paid, paid). (pay後所加內容可視具體情況取捨。)
4 人 + spend + 時間/ 錢 + on sth / (in) doing sth.
The girl spent two hours (in) searching the Internet.
The girl always spends much money on her clothes.
spend 有時可指「度過」:spend holiday/ weekends/ winter
13.雙賓結構:pass/ give/ teach/ offer/ lend/ send/ sell/ call/ show/buy/
ask/ tell/ build等可加雙賓結構。即後接sb + sth.
其中pass, give, offer, lend, send, sell, show等可接sth + to sb.
buy, build等可接sth + for sb.
另外,若sth是代詞時,不用雙賓結構。Please pass it to me.
14.部分詞作連詞與介詞:(連詞接句子,介詞接名詞或代詞)
Keep care l when you are listening to the teacher. (連詞)
Keep care l when listening to the teacher. (介詞)
類似的,while, than, before, after, as, since, until等。
如:I』ll wait until I hear from her. (連詞)
I』ll wait until next Friday. (介詞)
15.動詞ed與動詞ing作形容詞用法之一: 1. 動詞ed作形容詞:表示被動或已發生,常作定語。The boy named Peter is my friend.
那個叫做彼得的男孩是我的朋友。劃線部分起修飾作用,下同。
He』s eating fried chicken. 他在吃炸雞。There is no time left.
I have read a novel writtenby Lu Xun.我讀了一部魯迅寫的小說。
He lives in a house builttwenty years ago.
2. 動詞ing作形容詞:表示正進行或功能,常作定語。
the ing boy, a running bus, the rising sun, a bus running on the road, the boy ing in the corner (正進行)
a sitting room, the sleeping car, the bathing suit (功能)
16.動詞ed與動詞ing作形容詞用法之二:和心理感受有關,但ed修飾人,ing常修飾物。I felt surprised at his words.
How exciting the film is! / I want to go to a place which is relaxing.