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英語相關有用的知識

發布時間: 2022-07-19 23:18:35

❶ 有關英語的知識

英語是一種語言,學習它的最好方法就是不斷地運用:1、學會聽別人說;2、大膽地和別人去交談。

試想一個聽也聽不懂的人,怎麼會去和別人交談呢?所以,學習英語必須在「聽」中提高自己,在「說」中檢測自己。把你「聽」到的,找機會向你的同學、朋友、老師進行賣弄;當你體會到成功的喜悅時,那些曾讓你感覺到干吧吧的句型、課文就會一下子變得親切而又有意義起來。

要做到「聽、說」先行,最重要的就是聽具有純真、地道發音的語言材料,去模仿其發音、語調,去領悟其會話場景,去和真正的「老外」對話!聽說時應該注意以下兩點:

第一,磁帶要選對,要選難度適合自己的;時間要保證,每天至少半小時,應該說,聽那種純正、地道的語音、語調,感覺就是一咱享受。

第二,聽要一句一句地聽,說也要一句一句地說。不求快,要反復聽、反復說,直到聽懂每一個詞,說好每一句放才行。事實上,練習聽說可以起到一石三鳥的效果:既鞏固了語言知識、提高了聽力水平,又實現了口語運用。何樂而不為呢?

「聽」和「說」二者相互促進,不可偏廢一方。要大量地聽,不斷地說,只有這樣,知識才能變為能力。關鍵是要活學活用,堅持不懈。如果能這樣,那麼我相信你一定能練出非凡的�Γ�黨雋骼�⒌氐賴撓⒂鎩?

其次,讀、寫要跟上。

我們強調「聽、說」領先的同時,還注重閱讀量的擴大和閱讀能力的提高。而閱讀能力和寫作能力的提高是建築在相當練習量基礎上的。達不到一定的量,就不會有「質」的突破,有的同學說,我做了好多的閱讀性解題,可是進步卻不大,是怎麼回事呢?其實,閱讀強調對文章整體的理解而不是對文章簡單的表象理解,也就是說,文章中有的句子不是可能孤立起來理解的,它是有背景的。對於我們大家來說,在開始大量閱讀前,,首先必須掌握一定的語法知識,比如句子詞形變化、句型、結構、時態等,要善於歸納總結,牢記一些特殊變化,學習英語語法的一個重要原則就是「鑽進去,跳出來」。鑽進去就是認真學習語法知識,然後歸納總結,再做練習,使之真正成為自己的東西。一是語法基礎有了長進,就要「跳起來」擴大閱讀和提閱讀能力了。在擴大閱讀量的時候,應注意以下兩點:

1、選准閱讀材料,要精讀。有些人說知識「大意」就行了。其實不然,這種說法非常片面。如果基礎不好,又不仔細閱讀,抓住的大意往往都不是關鍵。要想把自己的閱讀能力提高到「一目十行」的境界,首先你必須要做到「十目一行」。

2、限時閱讀。大量精讀後就必須轉到限時閱讀。時限可以以考試時間為准,也可根據自己的實際情況確定,我們的目標是又快又准。

總之,當你真正做到聽說先行,同時擴大閱讀量和提高閱讀技能後,你的腦中就人積淀了許多可想、可說的事情。寫作時也就言之有物,下筆如神了。

最後,我把「五」顆心送給每一位同學:學習要用心,做題要細心,失敗不灰心,成功需恆心。衷心祝願各位在英語學習中取得優異成績!

❷ 關於英語知識

定語從句用法歸納
定語從句由關系代詞who、whom、whose、which、what、as和關系副詞where、when、why等引導,但須記住:
1.what不能引導定語從句.
2.關系詞的分析須考慮它在定語從句中的成分。
一.指人的關系代詞有who、whose、whom、that. 試分析:
The old man who/whom /that we visited yesterday is a famous artist.
Miss Wang is taking care of the child whose parents have gone to Beijing .
The man with whom my father shook hands just now is our headmaster. (=The man who/whom that my father shook hands with just now is our headmaster.)註:
A. 指人時有時只用who不宜用that。
1.先行詞為one、ones或anyone
(1)The comrade I want to learn from is the one who studies hard and works hard.
(2)Anyone who breaks the law should be punished.
2.先行詞為these時
These who are going to Beijing are the best students of our school.
3.在there be 開頭的句子中
There is a student who wants to see you.
4.一個句子中帶有兩個定語從句,其中一個定語從句的關系代詞是that,另一個宜用who,以免重復。
The student that won the first prize is the monitor who works hards.
5.在非限制性定語從句中
A. I met a friend of mine in the street, who had just come from Japan.
B. 主句以who開頭的句子中,只用that,不用who。
二.指物的關系代詞有which、whose(=of which)、that. 試分析:
1. I like the books which / that were written by Lu Xun.
2. The desks (which/that) we made last year were very good.
3. This is the house in which we lived last year. (= This is the house which /that we lived in last year.)
4. I live in the room whose windows face south. (= I live in the room ,the windows of which face south.)
註:
A. 介詞如果位於作為其賓語的關系代詞之前時,只能用whom、 which不能用who或that.
(1). The girl about whom they were talking is our monitor.
(2). The book in which there are many interesting things was written by Li Ming.
B. 部分短語動詞中的介詞不可與動詞拆開,在定語從句中其介詞不可前置,只能放在其動詞之後。
Is this the book which she is looking for?
The old man who/whom they are waiting for is Professor Li.
The child who/whom she is looking after is Wang Ping』s son.
C. 指物時,下列情況下只能用that ,不宜用which。
(1)先行詞為不定代詞,如All、much、anything、everything、nothing、something、none、the one等。
We are willing to do anything that is good to the people.
I have told them all (that) I know.
All that can be done has been done.
(2)先行詞是序數詞或被序數詞、修飾時。
The first book that I read last night was an English novel.
(3)先行詞是形容詞最高級或被最高級修飾時。
This is one of the most interesting films that I have ever seen.
This is the best that can be done now.
(4)如果有兩個或兩個以上分別表示人和物的先行詞時(先行詞既有人又有物),定語從句的關系代詞用which和who都不合適,只能用that。
We know nothing about the doctors and the hospitals that you are talking about.
There are sheep and men that can be seen on the hill.
(5)如果先行詞被the only、the very、the last、the same、any、 few 、little、no、 all 、one of、 just修飾時。
This is the only book that can be lent to you.
(6)當主句是以which開頭的特殊問句時,關系代詞只用that。
Which is the dictionary that he used yesterday ?
D.只物時,下列情況下只能用which,不宜用that。
(1)關系代詞放在介詞之後
This is the factory in which we once worked.
(2)非限制性定語從句中
This is the book, which is written by Lu Xun.
(3)that,Those作主語時
Those which are on the desk are English books.
E.先行詞前有such、the same、 as時, 關系代詞用as,不用that, 但the same…as…表示同樣的, the same…that…表示同一的
He knows as many people as are present at the meeting.
Such people as you refer to are rare nowadays.
三.比較When/which、where /which、why.
which I still never forget.
This is the day when I joined the party.
which he spent reading the books.
where I found the book.
which makes machines.
This is the place which we once visited.
which I will never forget.
which I am looking for.
限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區別:
限制性定語從句
非限制性定語從句
All the students who study hard have passed.學習努力的學生都考試及格了。(只有努力的及格了,不努力的沒及格。) All the students ,who study hard have passed.所有的學生都及格了,他們學習努力。(沒有人不及格,這些學生都很努力。)
從句是先行詞不可缺少的定語(如去掉,主句意思就不完整或不正確。) 從句是對先行詞的附加說明(如去掉,主句意思仍清楚,不受影響。) 與主句關系密切,不用逗號 與主句關系不十分密切,用逗號與主句隔開譯為漢語時,從句譯在先行詞前,與先行詞用「的」連接 譯為漢語時,從句放在主句後面關系代詞that可以代替who、whom(指人)、which(指物) 關系代詞不用that,只用who、whom(指人)、which(指物) 關系代詞代替賓語時可以省略 關系代詞不能省略關系代詞as和which
先研究下面兩個例句:
○1.This elephant is like a snake, as /which everybody can see. =As everybody can see, this elephant is like a snake. 任何人都看得出來,這頭象像條蛇。
○2.Tom didn』t pass the physics exam, which made his parents very angry. Tom物理考試不及格,這使得他父親很生氣。
這兩個例句中,as和which所代表的都是整個主句所表示的內容。但有兩點不同之處:
1. 在形式上as引導的非限制性定語從句可位於主句的後面,也可位於主句的前面;而which引導的非限制性定語從句只能位於主句的後面,不能位於主句的前面。
2. 在意義上,as引導的定語從句和主句的關系一般為一致關系,常譯為「正如……」,「就像……」,而which引導的定語從句和主句的關系是因果關系,或which引導的定語從句是對主句的評論。因此,在意思通順的情況下,which可代替as,而as許多時候不能代替which,如句○2。再如:
1.He was late again, as / which we had expected. =As we had expected, he was late again. 正如我們所料,他又遲到了。/他又遲到了這是我們早就料到的。
2. The street hasn』t been cleared for weeks, which makes it very dirty. 街道好多星期沒有打掃了,因此整條街很臟。(不用as)
3.The young man cheated his friend of much money, which was disgraceful. 那年輕人詐騙了他朋友許多錢財,這是不光彩的。(不 用as)
4.He takes exercise everyday, which has done a lot of good to his health. 他每天運動,這對他的身體很有好處。(不用as)
5.As has already been pointed out, English is rather difficult for a foreigner. 正如已經指出
的那樣,英語對於初學者說,是相當難學的。在such…as…、the same…as…、 as…、
as many…/much as…等結構中,as不能用which代替。如:
1.Such books as this are too difficult for beginners. 這樣的書對於初學的人來說是太難了。
=Books such as this are …
=Books like this are …
2.I live in the same building as he (does). 我和他住再同一座大樓里。
3.He knows as many people as are present at the meeting. 他認識所有到會的人。
4.That day we all got up early as usual. 那天我們和平時一樣,都起得很早。
「One of the +復數名詞」後面定語從句中謂語單復數情況
這一結構後面的定語從句的謂語動詞通常用復數形式,跟定語從句所*近的那個復數名詞在數上保持一致。如:
1. That is one of the books that are required for study at school.
2. This is one of the most wonderful novels that have been published since 1990.
3. She is one of the few persons who know Spanish .
4. This is one of the most famous plays that were written in the thirties,
如果one of +復數名詞這一結構前面帶有the only、the very之類的限定語,後面定語從句的謂語動詞則要用單數形式,這是因為定語從句在意義上修飾的是而不是那個復數名詞。如:
1.He is the only one of the teachers who knows French in our school.( 修飾the only one)
He is one of the teachers who know French in our school.( 修飾the teachers)
2.This is the only one of the rooms that is free now. (修飾the only one)
This is one of the rooms that are free now. (修飾rooms)
as與which引導的定語從句
兩者均可引導非限制性定語從句,有時可以互換,但下列情況多用as。
1. 關系代詞引導的定語從句居句首時。 As we all know, the earth is round.
2. 當與such或the same連用時,一般用as。 Such books as you tell me are interesting. I have
the same plan as you.
3. 當從句和主句語義一致時,用as,反之則用which。 She has married again, as was
expected. She has married again, which was unexpected.
4. as在從句中作主語時,後面常接行為動詞的被動語態,如be known,be said,be reported等,如從句中行為動詞是主動語態,一般要用which作主語。
She has been late again, as was expected.
Tom has made great progress, which made us happy.

❸ 一些關於英語的知識

1.動詞要加ing有兩種情況
一種是進行時,不管是現在還是過去還是將來,某個時刻正在做某事
i was watching TV at 3PM yesterday
一種是加上ing後把動詞變成名詞,稱為動名詞
比如read是動詞:讀,加上ing:reading,可以解釋為閱讀這個過程,也就是名詞了
Reading is an art,閱讀是一門藝術
to 後面都是動詞原形,如果加的是ing形式的話,那都是動名詞,也就是作名詞用

2.這個主要是考你時態以及語法,對於應試教育體制來說,只有多背,多做題了
其實英語和任何一種技巧一樣,都是越用越熟的

3.在英語中按動詞後可否直接跟賓語,可以把動詞分成兩種:及物動詞與不及物動詞。 及物動詞 vt. 字典里詞後標有vi. 的就是不及物動詞。不及物動詞後不能直接跟有動作的對象(即賓語)。若要跟賓語,必須先在其後添加上某個介詞,如to
I can see a boy. see是及物動詞,後面可以直接加名詞(賓語):a boy
I apologized to the boy. apologize是不及物動詞,後面不可以直接加名詞,所以要加個to
我愛你:我(主語)愛(謂語,就是動詞)你(賓語)
賓語補足語:某些及物動詞的賓語後面還需要有一個補足語,意思才完整
簡單舉例
I'm going to paint it pink.
我要粉刷它,這句話不完整
我要粉刷它成粉色,這句話才完整
從句是復合句中不能獨立成句,但具有主語部分和謂語部分,由that、who、whom,when,why,where。how,which等引導詞
簡單舉例
我要宰了那個人。 這就是完整的一句話了
我要宰了那個搶我女朋友的人。 「搶我女朋友的人」就是句子中的從句了

4.我讀書的時候沒進行過什麼分班考試,所以我不知道~~~

❹ 有什麼英語趣味知識

西方人眼中的數字 生活中的數字(number)無處不在,但有寫數字帶有固定的象徵意義。由於中西方國家文化背景和風俗習慣的不同,它的意義和用法也有很大的差異,聽我來介紹一下吧。就像咱們中國人(Chinese)偏愛數字8(eight)和6(six),忌諱4(four)一樣,西方人認為3(three)和7(seven)是大吉大利的數字,會給人帶來幸福和快樂。西方文化認為世界(the world)是由大地(land),海洋(sea)與天空(sky)三者合成的;大自然由動物(animal),植物(plant)和礦物構成,所以他們就特別喜歡3這個數字。但是西方人認為13 (thirteen)是個不祥的數字。重大活動不安排在13號,請客避免13人入席,電影院里沒有第13排和13號座位。這是因為耶穌受難的前夜,和12個門徒共進晚餐,師徒13人中出現了一個叛徒猶大,因此,信奉基督教的民族都認為13是個不祥的數字。 國家的奧秘 拓展孩子對英美文化和歷史的了解,本期學科學習給您和孩子提供了這方面的內容,歡迎查看!「英國」的種種表達:英國的全稱是大不列顛及北愛爾蘭聯合王國(The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland),簡稱為聯合王國,縮寫為the U.K. 。英國由兩個大島組成,一個是大不列顛,另一個是愛爾蘭島北部。大不列顛由威爾士(Wales),英格蘭(England)和蘇格蘭(Scotland)三部分組成,其中英格蘭面積最大,人口最多,所以人們談起英國的時候常常稱之為England或者Britain。國家名稱和大寫字母 大家一定都知道我們的祖國的英語名稱是China吧!但是提到PRC,可能很多同學就不知道了,其實PRC也是中國的意思!在英語中,為了使用方便,很多國家名稱都可以用幾個簡單的大寫字母來代替,如: PRC =the People's Republic of China中國(中華人民共和國) CAN = Canada 加拿大 US = USA = the United States of America 美國(美利堅合眾國) UK = the United Kingdom (of Great Britain and Northern Ireland)英國(大不列顛及北愛爾蘭聯合王國) 大寫字母不僅能代表國家名稱的縮略形式,還有許多的用途,例如:廁所WC;世界貿易組織WTO;光碟CD等。大家不妨搜集一下,把這些有意義的大寫字母都放在一起,好好領略領略大寫字母的魅力吧! 西方的進餐禮儀 歐美國家(country)的餐桌大多是長方形的,男主人(host)坐在桌子的一端,女主人(hostess)坐在另一端,通常安排座位時要盡量避免兩位男賓或兩位女賓並坐在一起。 就餐時,身體(body)要坐得端正,身體和餐桌間距離以能使用刀(knife)、叉(fork)、匙(spoon)和飲食方便為度,手臂不要放在桌上,也不要張開妨礙別人。餐巾只用於擦嘴(mouth)和手(hands),切不可用來擦拭餐具和擦鼻涕、擦汗。用餐完畢後收起餐巾放在盤子(plate)右方。使用knife, fork和spoon時,不要弄出聲音,不用時,也不要用手擺弄刀叉玩。當一道菜吃完,或不想再吃時,就把刀和叉並排放在一起,刀叉的柄朝自己胸部。如未吃完,只是為了談話暫時停吃,就把刀叉擺成「八」字形,這樣服務員就不會把盤子收走。
女主人通常是主持整個宴會(party)的主人,大家注意她的動作。入席時,特別是小型宴會,一般總要等女賓先坐下後,男賓才坐下。男賓最好還要幫鄰座的女賓拉椅子。上菜後,一般要等女主人動手吃後,客人們(guests)才吃。宴會結束時,也由她領頭離席。西方的進餐禮儀還有很多呢,學習英語時老師也會給孩子講到相關內容。如果有機會和孩子一起吃西餐,或者其他正餐時,何不提醒孩子注意這些餐桌禮儀呢,讓孩子變得更禮貌,更文雅。 在美國打的 你經常打的嗎?Do you often take a taxi? 那麼你們知道在美國「打的」的規矩嗎?俗話說: 「When in Rome, do as Romans do.」(入鄉隨俗), 所以我們也要知道一些人家的風俗。In America, if you sit ahead when you take a taxi,the driver will be very happy. 在美國,如果你坐在車前座上,司機會很高興,他會一路上與你談笑風生。But if you sit at the back, the driver will not say a word to you. 但是,如果你坐在後座上,司機則跟你一句話也不說。即便你主動搭訕,人家也愛搭不理的。原來啊,如果你坐在前面,說明你把司機當作了朋友;你若坐在了後面,便表明對方成了純粹為你服務的司機,你們就是僱傭關系了。現在人們往往還是尋求金錢(money)以外的尊重(respect)與友誼(friendship),這看上去雖然只是個座位的問題,但卻體現了人與人之間的尊重。所以啊,如果您有機會在美國打的「take a taxi」,可要記得坐在前面啊!貓貓的萬種風情 1. fat cat 肥貓,指「為競選出錢的富翁;享有特權或謀取特權的人;有錢有勢的人,大亨。」 2. cool cat 酷貓,指「時髦人(尤指嗜好冷爵士樂的人);嗜好搖滾樂的人;做出孤傲冷漠的樣子的人」。 3. hepcat 迷戀爵士樂的貓,指「爵士(或搖擺舞)音樂迷;爵士(或搖擺舞)樂隊樂師。 4. cat 好模仿的貓,指「盲目的模仿者(通常為兒童之間的用語)」。 5. hell cat 好發脾氣的貓,指「潑婦,巫婆」。關於hell cat 是巫婆的說法要追溯到中世紀,那是迷信的人認為魔鬼撒旦(Satan,the Devil)常以黑貓的樣子出現。巫婆抱著一隻黑貓,騎著一把掃帚,在夜空游盪。所以,黑貓象徵著「厄運」。「不要讓黑貓從你面前走過」Don't let a black cat across your path是西方人眾所周知的禁忌。 6. the scaredy-cat/ fraidy-cat 恐懼的貓,指「膽小鬼」。a)Ten animals I slam in a net.
我把十隻動物一網打盡
你注意到這句話有什麼特別之處嗎?對了,無論從左到右,還是從右到左,字母排列順序都是一樣的,英語把這叫做Palindromes 迴文(指順讀和倒讀都一樣的詞語),關於動物的迴文還有以下的例子
Otto saw pup ; pup was Otto. (奧托看見了小狗,小狗的名字叫奧托)
Was it a car or a cat I saw ?
Was it a rat I saw ? (我剛才看見的是條老鼠?)
b)the bee's knees
又來形容最好的至高無上的東西。
[例] She is a very poor singer but she thinks she's the bee's knees. (她五音不全卻自認為是高高在上的一流歌手。)
該表現起源於20年代的美國,僅僅因為bee's 和 knees押韻,琅琅上口,迅速得到流傳,直到現在, 還在日常生活非正式場合的對話中經常使用。很多同學覺得英語的詞彙量大,英語單詞很難記。記英語單詞有沒有什麼小竅門呢?下面向大家介紹十種記憶英語單詞的方法:①分類記憶:把單詞進行分類如:顏色、文具、動物、食品、稱謂、職 業等進行分類記憶。②整體記憶: 把幾個字母看作一個整體來記 如 : 「ow」 再加上不同的字母,可組成 how, cow, low, now, town, down, know 」 等 ; 「ight」 ,再在前面 加上不同的字母,可組成 eight, light, right, fight, night, 等。③形象記憶: 如:「 tree 」把 tr 看成樹乾和樹枝,把 ee 看成樹葉。「 eye 」 把兩個 e 看成兩個眼,中間的 y 是鼻子。「 banana 」把 a 看成一 個個的香蕉。「 bird 」 把 b 和 d 看成兩個翅膀等等。④加法記憶: 如: after + noon = afternoon , school +bag=schoolbag⑤比較記憶: 英漢比較 如: T-shirt(T恤) 同音詞的比較 如: eye-I, see-sea, right-write⑥讀音記憶: 根據字母組合、讀音規則進行記憶,會讀一個單詞,便會拼 寫出來。⑦感官記憶: 記單詞時,盡可能地用多個感官,耳聽、嘴讀、手寫、眼看 、心記等。⑧卡片記憶: 自製單詞卡片,隨身帶著,有空就拿出來讀一讀,記一記單詞。⑨復習記憶: 記住了的單詞,過段時間不看,就忘記了,所以每隔一段時間要進行復習,鞏固所學單詞。 ⑩睡眠記憶:晚上睡前讀兩遍要記的單詞,然後睡覺,第二天醒來後再讀兩遍,這樣記憶效果不錯。英語趣味小知識——英語和漢語對手指的稱呼1.thumb :大拇指。與漢語相映成趣的是,英語的all(fingers and ) thumbs也表示"笨手笨腳"的意思,例如:(1)I'm all fingers and thumbs this morning. I don't seem to be able to button up my shirt.今天早上我的手怎麼這么笨呢,好像連襯衫都扣不上了。(2)He was so excited that his fingers were all thumbs and he dropped the teacup.他激動得手都不好使了,竟把茶杯摔了。2. forefinger :又稱index finger,即食指。前綴fore-表示"位置靠前的"(placed at the front),所以從排位上說,forefinger應為"第一指"。從功用上看,此手指伸出時有標示或指向的作用。在一些英語工具書中,我們會見到這樣的表示"參見"(index)含義的手型符號。3. middle finger :中指。此指居中,名正言順,且與漢語說法也一致。4. ring finger:無名指。從世界各地的婚俗習慣來說,結婚戒指(wedding ring)戴在這一手指(通常指左手)之上,表示已婚。5. little finger: 顧名思義為小指。在美國和蘇格蘭,人們又賦予它一個愛稱,管pinkie(pinky),後綴-ie (-y)有"小巧可愛"之意。

❺ 20條有趣的英語小知識

1、 According to a research project at Cambridge Uiversity, it doesn't matter what order the letters in a word are, the only important thing is that the first and last letter be in the right place. This is because the human mind does not read every letter。
劍橋大學的研究表明:單詞中字母的順序如何不重要,重要的是第一個和最後一個字母的位置。這是因為大腦在閱讀時不會讀到所有字母。
2、 'WAS IT A CAR OR A CAT I SAW'. This is the only English sentence which even if we read in reverse, it'll give the same sentence。
(我看到的是一輛車還是一隻貓)這是英語中唯一一句反過來念還是一樣的句子。
3、 "Goodbye" came from "God bye" which came from "God be with you"。
英語單詞「Goodbye」來自於「God bye」,原意是「上帝與你同在」。
4、 The sentence "The quick brown fox jumps over a lazy dog."uses every letter of the alphabet!
(這只敏捷的棕色狐狸跳過了一隻懶狗)這句話用到了字母表中的所有字母!
5、"Go", is the shortest complete sentence in the English language。
「Go」是英語中最短的完整句子。
6、 The onion is named after the Latin word 'unio' meaning large pearl。
單詞「onion」(洋蔥)來自於拉丁詞「unio」,意思是大珍珠。
7、 The word Tips is actually an acronym standing for 'To Insure Prompt Service'。
單詞「tips」(小費)實際上是「To Insure Prompt Service」(保障快捷的服務)的首字母縮寫!
8、The phrase 'rule of thumb' is derived from and old English law which stated that you couldn't beat your wife with anything wider than your thumb。
片語「rule of thumb」(經驗法則),是從一條古老的英國法律中來的,即:不能用超過大拇指粗細的東西打老婆。
9、 The longest word in the English language !
英語中最長的單詞是「」(硅酸鹽沉著病)!
10、 More people in China speak English than in the United States。
會說英語的中國人比會說英語的美國人還多。
11、The word "listen" contains the same letters as"silent"。
單詞「listen」(聽)和「silent」(安靜的)用到了一樣的字母。
12、Hoover vacuum cleaners were so popular in the UK that many people now refer to vacuuming as hoovering。
胡佛真空吸塵器在英國曾經非常流行,到現在很多人還把「vacuuming」(吸塵)說成「hoovering」(胡佛ing…)。
13、 Stressed is Desserts spelled backwards。
「Stressed」(壓力)倒過來拼就是「Desserts」(點心)。
14、The most used letter in the English alphabet is 'E', and'Q' is the least used!
英語中使用最多的字母是「E」,用得最少的是「Q」。
15、 Ernest Vincent Wright wrote a novel, "Gadsby", whichcontains over 50,000 words -- none of them with the letter E!

❻ 初中英語語法知識點有哪些

一、謂語動詞和非謂語動詞

從是否能充當句子中的謂語來看,動詞有謂語動詞和非謂語動詞兩大類。

1、謂語動詞

有人稱和數的變化。如:Heisa tractor driver.他是一個拖拉機手。

2、非謂語動詞

非謂語動詞有動詞不定式、動名詞和分詞三種,在句子里都不能單獨作謂語,沒有人稱和數的變化。如:I am pleasedto meet you.我很高興與你相識。(動詞不定式)

二、實義動詞、連系動詞、情態動詞和助動詞

從其含義來分,動詞有實義動詞(notional verb),連系動詞(link verb),情態動詞(modal verb)和助動詞(auxiliary verb)四類。

1、實義動詞

實義動詞有完全的詞義,並能獨立作謂語動詞。

如:The sunshonebrightly this morning.

今天早晨陽光燦爛。

2、連系動詞

連系動詞在句中作謂語動詞,後面跟表語。英語連系動詞有be(是),seem(似乎),look(看來),keep(保持),become(變成),get(變得),grow(變得),feel(感到),turn(變得,變成),appear(顯得),remain(仍舊是)等。

如:Itisnever too late to mend.

改過不嫌晚。

3、情態動詞

情態動詞有can (能),may (可以,也許),must(必須)等,表示能力、義務、必要、猜測等說話人的語氣或情態。情態動詞只能和主要動詞一起構成謂語動詞。

4、助動詞

助動詞有shall,will,have,be,should,wonld, do等。它們只能和主要動詞一起構成各種時態、語態、語氣等動詞形式,以及否定和疑問等結構中的謂語動詞。

三、及物動詞和不及物動詞

從是否能直接跟賓語來分,實義動詞又有及物動詞和不及物動詞兩類。

1、及物動詞

後面必須跟賓語意義才完整的實義動詞,叫做及物動詞(transitive verb)。

如:Ibelievethat the committee willconsiderour suggestion.

我相信委員會將會考慮我們的建議。

2、不及物動詞

本身意義完整後面不須跟賓語的實義動詞,叫做不及物動詞(intransitive verb)。

如:Ithappenedin June 1932.

這件事發生於一九三;年六月。

3、兼作及物動詞和不及物動詞

英語里有不少實義動詞可以兼作及物動詞和不及物動詞。這樣的動詞又有兩種不同的情況:

a) 兼作及物動詞和不及物動詞時,意義不變。試比較:

Shall I begin at once?我可以立刻開始嗎?(begin作不及物動詞)

She began working as a librarian after she left school.她畢業後當圖書館管理員。(began作及物動詞)

b) 兼作及物動詞和不及物動詞時,有時意義不盡相同。

如:Wash your hands before meals.飯前要洗手。

四、情態動詞

在行為動詞、連系動詞以外,還有兩類動詞,其中之一就是情態動詞。從字面上看,我們就知道這是表示「感情與態度」的動詞。

比如:Icando it without much difficulty. (能夠,表示自信)

事實上,情態動詞的英文說法modal verb,還是值得推敲的。modal,來自於名詞mode,和modality(模式,方式)緊密相關,包括likelihood可能性, ability 能力, permission 許可與obligation責任這四種模式。

情態動詞自身所具備的意義一般來說也是不完整的,不過和需要涉及其他事物的及物動詞不同,情態動詞不涉及其他事物,需要的是其他動詞,即行為動詞和連系動詞,來配合使用。

一般來說情態動詞是不能用作行為動詞的,但也有例外,比如need,既可以用作情態動詞,也可以是行為動詞,看它的後面跟的是什麼。

五、助動詞

還有一類動詞,也是意義上不完整、需要配合行為動詞、連系動詞使用的,那就是助動詞。顧名思義,助動詞就是用來幫助主要動詞構成謂語的。

主要包括進行時態的be(is / am / are / was / were)、一般時態的do / does / did,將來時態的will / shall / would / should和完成時態的have / has / had。這種動詞的英文名稱叫auxiliary verb,簡寫是v. aux.。

❼ 關於英語的知識

定語從句及相關術語
1.定語從句:定語從句是由關系代詞或關系副詞引導的從句,其作用是作定語修飾主句的某個名詞性成分,相當於形容詞,所以又稱為形容詞性從句,一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞後面。
2.關系詞:引導定語從句的關聯詞稱為關系詞,關系詞有關系代詞和關系副詞。關系代詞有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等;關系副詞有where, when, why等。關系詞常有3個作用:1,引導定語從句。2,代替先行詞。3,在定語從句中擔當一個成分。
3.定語:定語用來限定、修飾名詞或代詞的,是對名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語或句子,漢語中常用『……的』表示。主要由形容詞擔任。此外,名詞,代詞,數詞,分詞,副詞,不定式以及介詞短語也可以來擔任,也可以由一個句子來擔任.單詞作定語時通常放在它所修飾的詞之前,作前置定語。短語和從句作定語時則放在所修飾的詞之後,作後置定語。
(一) 限定性定語從句
1. that既可代表事物也可代表人,which代表事物;它們在從句中作主語或賓語,that在從句中作賓語時常可省略關系詞,which在從句中作賓語則不能省略。而且,如果which在從句中作「不及物動詞+介詞」的介詞的賓語,注意介詞不要丟掉,而且介詞總是放在關系代詞which的前邊,但有的則放在它原來的位置
2. which作賓語時,根據先行詞與定語從句之間的語義關系,先行詞與which之間的介詞不能丟
3. 代表物時多用which,但在帶有下列詞的句子中用that而不用which,這些詞包括當先行詞是anything, everything, nothing ,few, all, none, little, some等不定代詞時,或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修飾時等,這時的that常被省略 還有先行詞前有序數詞或形容詞最高級修飾時,或先行詞就是序數詞或最高級時.以及先行詞中既有人又有物時.還有句中前面有which時,都只能用that
4. who和whom引導的從句用來修飾人,分別作從句中的主語和賓語,whom作賓語時,要注意它可以作動詞的賓語也可以作介詞的賓語
5. where是關系副詞,用來表示地點的定語從句
6. when引導定語從句表示時間〔注〕值得一提的是,表示時間「time"一詞的定語從句只用when引導,有時不用任何關系代詞,當然也不用that引導
By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks. I still remember the first time I met her. Each time he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc.
7. whose是關系代詞,修飾名詞作定語,相當於所修飾成分的前置所有格.它引導的從句可以修飾人和物, 當它引導的從句修飾物體時, 可以與 of which 調換,表達的意思一樣.
8. 當從句的邏輯主語是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing時,常用there is來引導
There is somebody here who wants to speak to you. 這里有人要和你說話。
(二)非限定性定語從句
非限定性定語從句的作用是對所修飾的成分作進一步說明,通常是引導詞和先行詞之間用逗號隔開,將從句拿掉後其他部分仍可成立
1. which引導的非限定性定語從句來說明前面整個句子的情況或主句的某一部分
2.當先行詞是專有名詞或物主代詞和指示代詞所修飾時,其後的定語從句通常是非限制性的,例如:
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理·史密斯去年退休了,他曾經是我的老師。
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年買的的那幢房子帶著個漂亮的花園。
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 這本小說很動人,我已經讀了三遍。
3.非限制性定語從句還能將整個主句作為先行詞, 對其進行修飾, 這時從句謂語動詞要用第三人稱單數,例如:
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎沒抓住我的意思,這使我心煩。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液態水變為蒸汽,這就叫做蒸發。
4. 有時as也可用作關系代詞
5. 在非限定性定語從句中,不能用關系副詞why和關系代詞that,而用who, whom代表人,用which代表事物.;
(三)關系代詞引導的定語從句
1.who指人,在從句中做主語
(1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One.
(2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.
2. whom指人,在定語從句中充當賓語,常可省略。
(1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus.
(2) Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see.
注意:關系代詞whom在口語和非正式語體中常用who代替,可省略。
如果在從句中做賓語,就用whom或who.比如: He is the man whom/who I talk to.
如果是在從句中作主語就只能用who.比如: He is the man who has an English book.
(3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend
3.which指物,在定語從句中做主語或者賓語,做賓語時可省略
(1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys.
(2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.
4. that指人時,相當於who或者whom;指物時,相當於which。
在定語從句中做主語或者賓語,做賓語時可省略。
(5) The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million.
(6) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?
5. whose通常指人,也可指物,在定語從句中做定語
(1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor.
(2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.whose指物時,常用以下結構來代替
(3) The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
(4) The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.
(5) Do you like the book whose color is yellow?
(6) Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?
(四)注意
介詞+關系代詞引導的定語從句關系代詞在定語從句中做介詞賓語時
從句常由介詞+關系代詞引導
(1) The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.
(2) The school in which he once studied is very famous.
(3) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for.
(4) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked.
(5) We』ll go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who) we have often talked about.
(6) We』ll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.
注意:1. 含有介詞的動詞短語一般不拆開使用,如:look for, look after, take care of等
(1) This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T=正確)
(2) This is the watch for which I am looking. (F=錯誤)
2. 若介詞放在關系代詞前,關系代詞指人時用whom,不可用who或者that;指物時用which,不能用that;關系代詞是所有格時用whose
(1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T)
(2) The man with that you talked is my friend. (F)
(3) The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T)
(4) The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable. (F)
3. 「介詞+關系代詞」前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代詞或者數詞
(1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.
(2) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.
(3) There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.
(五)關系副詞引導的定語從句
1. when指時間,在定語從句中做時間狀語
(1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school.
(2) The time when we got together finally came.
2. where指地點,在定語從句中做地點狀語
(1) Shanghai is the city where I was born.
(2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.
3. why指原因,在定語從句中做原因狀語
(1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.
(2) I don』t know the reason why he looks unhappy today.
注意:關系副詞引導的從句可以由「介詞+關系代詞」引導的從句替換
(1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear,
(2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.
(3) Great changes have taken place in the city in which./where I was born.
[六)判斷關系代詞與關系副詞
方法一: 用關系代詞,還是關系副詞完全取決於從句中的謂語動詞。不及物動詞後面無賓語,就必須要求用關系副詞或者是介詞加關系代詞;而及物動詞後接賓語,則要求用關系代詞。例如:
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
判斷改錯(註:先顯示題,再顯示答案,橫線;用不同的顏色表示出。)
(錯) This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
(錯) I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
(對) This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.
(對) I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.
習慣上總把表地點或時間的名詞與關系副詞 where, when聯系在一起。此兩題錯在關系詞的誤用上。
方法二: 准確判斷先行詞在定語從句中的成分(主、謂、賓、定、狀),也能正確選擇出關系代詞/關系副詞。例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days ago?
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held?
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one答案:
例1 D,例2 A
例1變為肯定句: This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.例2變為肯定句: This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.
在句1中,所缺部分為賓語,而where, that, on which都不能起到賓語的作用,只有the one既做了主句的表語,又可做從句的賓語,可以省略關系代詞,所以應選D。
而句2中, 主、謂、賓俱全,從句部分為句子的狀語表地點,既可用副詞where,又因 in the museum片語,可用介詞in + which 引導地點狀語。而此題中,介詞on 用的不對,所以選A。
關系詞的選擇依據在從句中所做的成分,先行詞在從句中做主、定、賓語時,選擇關系代詞 (who, whom, that, which, whose);
先行詞在從句中做狀語時,應選擇關系副詞 ( where 地點狀語,when 時間狀語,why 原因狀語) 。
1.The place _______interested me most was the Children's Palace.
A. Which B. where C. what D. in which
2.Do you know the man _______?
A. whom I spoke B. to who spoke C. I spoke to D. that I spoke
3.This is the hotel _______last month.
A. which they stayed B. at that they stayed
C. where they stayed at D. where they stayed
4.Do you know the year ______the Chinese Communist Party was founded?
A. which B. that C. when D. on which
5.That is the day ______I'll never forget.
A. which B. on which C. in which D. when
6.The factory ______we'll visit next week is not far from here.
A. where B. to which C. which D. in which
7.Great changes have taken place since then in the factory _______we are working.
A. where B. that C. which D. there
8.This is one of the best films _______.
A. that have been shown this year B. that have shown
C. that has been shown this year D. that you talked
9.Can you lend me the book ______the other day?
A. about which you talked B. which you talked
C. about that you talked D. that you talked
10.The pen ______he is writing is mine.
A. with which B. in which C. on which D. by which
11.They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of ______sat a small boy.
A. whom B. who C. which D. that
12.The engineer ______my father works is about 50 years old.
A. to whom B. on whom C. with which D. with whom
13.It there anyone in your class ______family is in the country?
A. who B. who's C. which D. whose
14.I'm interested in ______you have said.
A. all that B. all what C. that D. which
15.I want to use the same dictionary ______was used yesterday.
A. which B. who C. what D. as
16.He isn't such a man ______he used to be.
A. who B. whom C. that D. as
17.He is good at English, ______we all know.
A. that B. as C. whom D. what
18.Li Ming, ______to the concert enjoyed it very much.
A. I went with B. with whom I went C. with who I went D.I went with him
19.I don't like ______ as you read.
A. the novels B. the such novels C. such novels D. same novels
20.He talked a lot about things and persons ________they remembered in the school.
A. which B. that C. whom D. what
21.The letter is from my sister, ______is working in Beijing.
A. which B. that C. whom D. who
22.In our factory there are 2,000 workers, two thirds of ____are women.
A. them B. which C. whom D. who
23.You're the only person ______I've ever met ______could do it.
A. who;/ B./; whom C. whom;/ D./; who
24.I lost a book, ______I can't remember now.
A. whose title B. its title C. the title of it D. the title of that
25.Last summer we visited the West Lake, ______Hangzhou is famous in the world.
A. for which B. for that C. in which D. what
26.I have bought such a watch _______ was advertised on TV.
A. that B. which C. as D. it
27.I can never forget the day _______ we worked together and the day ______ we spent together.
A. when; which B. which; when C. what; that D. on which; when
28.The way ______he looks at problems is wrong.
A. which B. whose C. what D./
29.This is the reason ______he didn't come to the meeting.
A. in which B. with which C. that D. for which
30.This machine, ______for many years, is still working perfectly.
A. after which I have looked B. which I have looked after
C. that I have looked after D. I have looked after
31.The reason ______he didn't come was ______he was ill.
A. why; that B.that;why C. for that;that D.for which;what
32.He is working hard, ______will make him pass the final exam.
A.that B.which C.for which D.who
33.That is not the way ______I do it.
A./ B.which C.for which D.with which
34.I have two grammars, ______are of great use.
A. all of which B. either of which C. both of that D. both of which
35.I want to use the same tools _______used in your factory a few days ago.
A. as was B. which was C. as were D. which
36.My neigh bours used to give me a hand in time of trouble, _______ was very kind of them.
A. who B. which C. that D. it
37.This is the magazine _______ I copied the paragraph.
A. that B. which C. from that D. from which
38.He is not such a man _______ would leave his work half done.
A. that B. which C. who D. as
39. You can depend on whatever promise _______ he makes.
A. / B. why C. when D. whose
40. Smoking, _______ is a bad habit, is, however, popular.
A. that B. which C. it D. though
41. --- Did you ask the guard _______ happened?
--- Yes, he told me all _______ he knew.
A. what; that B. what; what C. which; which D. that; that
42. I shall never forget those years _______ I lived on the farm with
the farmers, _______ has a great effect on my life.
A. when; who B. that; which C. which; that D. when; which
43. The number of the people who _______ cars _______ increasing.
A. owns; are B. owns; is C. own; is D. own; are
44. During the days ________, he worked as a servant at the Browns.
A. followed B. following C. to follow D. that followed
45. Is oxygen the only gas _______ helps fire burn?
A. that B. / C. which D. it
46. The clever boy made a hole in the wall, _______ he could see _____ was going on inside house.
A. which; what B. through which; what C. through that; what D. what; that
47. Is _______ some German friends visited last week?
A. this school B. this the school C. this school one D. this school where
48. John got beaten in the game, _______ had been expected.
A. as B. that C. what D. who
49. I have bought two ballpens, _______ writes well.
A. none of them B. neither of them C. neither of which D. none of which
50. All that can be eaten _______ eaten up.
A. are being B. has been C. had been D. have been
參考答案及解析
1. A. which用作關系代詞,在定語從句中作主語。
2.C. "和誰講話」要說speak to sb. 本題全句應為Do you know the man whom I spoke to.。whom是關系代詞,作介詞to的賓語,可以省略。
3. D. where是關系副詞,表示地點,在定語從句中作地點狀語。
4. C. when是關系副詞,表示時間,在定語從句中作時間狀語。
5.A. which是關系代詞,在從句中作forget的賓語。其他幾個答案都不能作賓語。
6.C. 解析同第5題。
7. A. 解析見第3題。
8. A. 本句話的先行詞應該是films,因此,關系代詞that是負數概念,其謂語動詞應用復述的被動語態have been shown。如果句中的one前面使用了定冠詞the,則the one應該視為先行詞。
9. A. 「談到某事物」應說talk about sth.。about是介詞,其後要用which作賓語,不能用that。
10. A. with which是"介詞+關系代詞"結構,常用來引導定語從句.with有"用"的意思,介詞之後只能用which,不能用that. with which在定語從句中作狀語,即he is writing with a pen.
11. C. in front of which 即in front of a farmhouse. In front of which在從句中作狀語.
12. D. with whom引導定語從句.with whom放在從句中即為:my father works with the engineer.
13. D. whose引導定語從句,在從句中作主語family的定語.
14. A. that引導定語從句,因為先行詞是all,所以只能選用that引導.
15. D. the same……..as是固定用法, as引導定語從句時,可以作主語,賓語或表語.在本句話中,as作從句的主語.
16. D. such……… as是固定用法,as引導定語從句時,可以作主語,賓語或表語.在本題中,as作表語.
17. B. as作關系代詞可以單獨用來引導非限制性定語從句。這時as所指代的不是主句中某個名詞,而往往指代整個主句的含義。as在從句中可以作主語、賓語。從句可放在主句後,也可置於主句前。在本句中,as作賓語.
18. B. Li Ming enjoyed it very much是主句,with whom I went to the concert是定語從句.with whom放在從句中為:I went to the concert with Li Ming.
19. C. as引導定語從句時通常構成such…as或the same…as固定搭配,其中such和same修飾其後的名詞,as為關系代詞,指代其前的名詞引導定語從句。 as在從句中可以作主語、表語或賓語。Such修飾單數名詞時,要用such a……..,本題中such books, such直接修飾復數名詞.
20. B. things和persons是先行詞.當定語從句要修飾的先行詞是既表示人,又表示物的名詞時,其關系代詞要用that.
21. D. who引導非限制性定語從句,who作從句的主語.
22. C. two thirds of whom 即:two thirds of the 2,000 workers.
23. D. 先行詞person後有兩個定語從句,第一個從句省略了關系代詞whom.因為, whom作從句中met的賓語,可以省略.第二個從句who could do it.who在從句中作主語,不可省略.
24. A. whose title引導非限制性定語從句,whose title也可以說成the title of which
25. A. for which 引導定語從句,使用介詞for,是來自於從句中的固定短語 be famous for "以……..而聞名".
26. C. 當先行詞被such修飾時,引導定語從句的關系代詞要用as. As在本從句中作主語.
27. A. 兩個先行詞the day都是表示時間的名詞,但第一個空白處要填的關系詞在從句中作狀語,因此要用關系副詞when. 第二個空白處要填的關系詞在從句中作動詞spent的賓語,因此要用關系代詞which或that來引導定語從句.
28. D. 在way、distance、direction等詞後的定語從句中,常用that來代替「in (或其他介詞)+which」、when或where,而that常可省略。
29. D. for which在定語從句中作原因狀語,可用why 來替代.
30. B. which I have looked after 構成一個非限制性定語從句.
31. A. The reason why… was that….已成為一種固定句型,這一句中的why和that不能隨意換位,也不能將that改成because,盡管that這個詞在譯文中可能有 「因為」的含義。
32. B. 非限制性定語從句常用which引導,which表示前句話的整個含義.
33. A. 解釋見28題.
34. D. 主句中的two表明不能選A.從句中的are表明不能選B. both of which用來引導非限制性定語從句.
35. C. as引導定語從句時通常構成such…as或the same…as固定搭配,其中such和same修飾其後的名詞,as為關系代詞,指代其前的名詞引導定語從句。as在從句中可以作主語、表語或賓語。本題中as作從句的主語.
36. B. 非限制性定語從句常用which引導,which表示前句話的整個含義.
37. D.
38. D. 解析見35題.
39. A. he makes是定語從句, 從句前省略了關系代詞that.
40. B. which is a bad habit 非限制性定語從句.
41. A. what happened是賓語從句. all 之後that he knew是定語從句.先行詞是all,所以關系代詞只能用that.
42. D. years是表示時間的名詞,用when引導定語從句,是因為when在從句中作時間狀語.第二個空選用which,引導一個非限制性定語從句.
43. C. 本句話的定語從句是who own cars. 其先行詞是people,因此,定語從句的謂語動詞要用復數的own。本句話主句的主語是The number of指「…..的數目」,是單數概念。因此,主句的謂語動詞要用is。
44. D. that followed是定語從句,關系代詞that在從句中作主語。
45. A. 先行詞gas被only修飾,關系代詞要用that,而不用which。
46. B. through which引導定語從句,through which即through the hole,在定語從句中作狀語。What引導的是see的賓語從句,並作從句的主語。
47. B. 為便於理解,改寫本句話:This is the school that some Germanfriends visited last week. 不難看出,作表語的the school是先行詞。that引導了定語從句,因為that同時又作visited的賓語,所以被省略了。其它選項結構不對。
48. A. 解釋見35題。
49. C. 因為是two ballpens, 並且定語從句的謂語writes是單數概念。因此,C是正確選項。
50. B. 本句話中,主句的主語是all,為抽象概念。因此,其謂語應用單數的has been。關系代詞that引導定語從句,並在從句中作主語。

這是我以前在網路搜集的

❽ 有關英語的語法知識

虛擬語氣(Subjunctive Mood)這一語法項目是各類英語考試中心測試的重點之一。虛擬語氣是一種特殊的動詞形式,用來表示說話人所說的話並不是事實,而是一種假設、願望、懷疑或推測。
Ⅰ用以表示虛擬條件的虛擬語氣
⒈ 用if條件從句表示的虛擬條件,是虛擬條件最普通的方式。
① 虛擬現在時表示與現在事實相反的假設,其if 從句的謂語形式用動詞的過去式(be 一般用were),主句用would/ should/ could/ might +動詞原形,例如:If I were in your position I would marry her.
② 虛擬過去時是表示與過去事實相反的假設,if 從句的謂語形式用過去完成時即had+過去分詞,主句用would / should / could / might + have +過去分詞,例如:If it had not rained so hard yesterday we could have played tennis.
③ 大多數的虛擬條件句屬於上面三種情況的一種,但並不排除存在條件和後果中,一個和現在情況相反,另一個和過去情況相反,例如:If you had followed what the doctor said, you would not have been so painful now.這個句子在高中出現頻率頗高。
④ 但是,如果後果用了虛擬語氣,而條件卻用陳述語氣,這種用法是錯的。
⒉ 除了表示虛假條件外,if從句還可以表示對將來的推測,由於是將來還沒有發生的,所以談不上是真實的還是虛假的,只能說這個事情發生的可能性有多大。一般情況下,可以用陳述語氣的if從句來表示對一個未來事實的推測,這個事實是完全可能發生的。If從句的謂語形式用一般過去式或用were to / should +動詞原形,主句用would / should /could/ might +動詞原形,例如:Jean doesn't want to work right away because she thinks that if she were to get a job she probably wouldn't be able to see her friends very often.(1996年1月四級第44題)
⒊ 有時可以把含有助動詞、情態動詞、be或have的虛擬條件句中的連詞if 省去,而將had , should, were 等詞提到主語之前,即用倒裝結構,這時候,如果出現not等否定詞,否定詞需放在主語後面。這種結構在口語中很少使用,但頻頻出現在各類考試中出現,例如:If it had not rained so hard yesterday we could have played tennis.→Had it not rained so hard yesterday, we could have played tennis.
⒋ 大多數的虛擬條件通過上面所講的兩種方法表達,但在個別句子中也可以通過介詞without和介詞短語but for表達,副詞otherwise等表達出來。例如:We didn't know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him.(1995年6月四級第46題)值得注意的是,包含but for的句子,謂語動詞必定要用虛擬形式,但包含without等短語的句子,謂語動詞未必一定要用虛擬語氣。
⒌ 有時虛擬條件不是明確地表達出來,而在蘊含在用but引導的從句里,於是便出現了有謂語動詞是虛擬語氣的主句加上謂語動詞是陳述語氣的but從句構成的並列復合句,例如I would have hung you but the telephone was out of order.在這樣的句子里,如果主句沒有用虛擬語氣,或者從句用了虛擬語氣,都是錯的。
Ⅱ用在賓語從句中的虛擬語氣
⒈ 在表示願望的動詞wish後的賓語從句中,需用虛擬語氣。(wish後的that 常省略),根據主句時態,從句謂語時態相應退後一位,例如:How she wished his family could go with him.
⒉ 在具有願望、請求、建議、命令等主觀意願的動詞(desire, demand, advice, insist, require, suggest, propose, order, recommend, decide …) 後的賓語從句中需用虛擬語氣。謂語動詞用(should) +動詞原形。值得注意的是,如果賓語從句的動詞是否定的,否定詞not的位置應在動詞之前,而不是動詞之後。例如:The head nurse insisted that the patient not be move.另外,如suggest表達「暗示」,insist表示「堅持某種說法」時,後面的從句不用虛擬語氣,例如:Her pale face suggests that she is ill.或He insisted that he did not kill the boy.
除此之外,上述動詞也要求用虛擬式
① 在It is+上述動詞的過去分詞,其後所跟的主語從句中,如It is suggested that pupils wear school uniforms.
② 在上述動詞相應的名詞形式作主語+連系動詞,其後的表語從句中,例如His suggestion was that classed be re-scheled.
③ 在對上述動詞相應的名詞進行解釋的同位語從句中,如:The workers raised the demand that their pay be increased to cope with the inflation.
⒊ would (had)rather , would sooner也用來表達主觀願望,它們之後的賓語從句中需用虛擬語氣。謂語動詞用過去式表示現在或將來,用過去完成式表示與過去事實相反,例如:I would rather he went right now.
Ⅲ其他形式的虛擬語氣
⒈ it is +necessary等形容詞後,that主語從句中虛擬形式使用,這類形容詞包括necessary, important, essential, imperative, urgent, preferable, vital, advisable等,例如It is necessary that you listen to the teacher carefully.或者It is essential that you be able to pronounce every single word correctly.
⒉ 在It's (high/about) time 之後的定語從句中需用虛擬語氣。謂語動詞用過去式,例如It is high time that you went to school
⒊ 虛擬語氣在as if / as though 引導的方式狀語從句中的應用(謂語動詞形式與wish後的賓語從句基本相同)表示與現在事實相反或對現在情況有懷疑,謂語動詞用過去式。例如:He felt as if he alone were responsible for what had happened. 表示過去想像中的動作或情況,謂語動詞用過去完成式。
⒋ 在lest 引導的狀語從句中,謂語動詞多用虛擬語氣,(should )+ 動詞原形。例如: The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.(1998年1月四級第38題)
⒌ 在if only 引起的感嘆句中需用虛擬語氣。謂語動詞用過去式或過去完成式。例如: Look at the terrible situation I am in! if only I had followed your advice.

❾ 英語基礎知識

基礎很差該怎樣學英語呢?相信這是許多同學都有的問題,由於剛學英文的時候沒有打好基礎,他們普遍英語基礎比較差。詞彙量比較少,聽力和閱讀以及口語水平都比較低,他們應該怎樣學習英語呢。分享一些經驗給基礎差的同學吧!

方法/步驟
第一:明確自己確實有必要學習英語,並且有足夠的時間。
學習英語畢竟不是輕松的事情,需要耗費大量的精力和時間。我們說英語首先一門知識,知識的掌握離不開記憶,同時英語又是一種技能,聽說讀寫的能力就是一種技能,而技能的掌握需要重復訓練才能掌握。英語具有的知識和技能特性決定了學習英語不需要很高深的智力,學習英語不是創造發明,不需要刻苦鑽研,所以只要有記憶力的人理論上都可以學會英語。同時,由於大量的記憶和重復訓練需要時間和精力,那麼這決定了學習英語的時間將比較漫長。
第二:樹立必然可以掌握英語的信心。
了明確的學習需要,自己真的非常渴望學習英語。並且自己將會有足夠的時間,那麼就不要猶豫,抓緊開始學習。計劃開始學習之後,要破除自己的不自信心心態。基礎較差的人,一般在學校的時候就對英語有恐懼症,所以對自己的信心往往不足。總是懷疑自己是不是有能力學好英語呢?這種懷疑的心頭導致經不起挫折,一旦發現達不到學習目標,或者效果不顯著,往往就會放棄了。樹立掌握英語的自信,是基礎差的人第二要做的事情。那麼信心從何處來呢?一個是已經掌握了英語的人的激勵,可以多了解成功掌握英語的故事,很多人文盲也可以很好的學會了英語,並且能夠流暢的跟外國人交流,只不過他們也可以說是英語文盲,只能聽說,不能閱讀和書寫。但是比較起他們來,你是不是應該有了必然可以掌握英語的自信呢?信心的另一個來源就是不斷的進步,要保證自己的學習能夠讓你不斷感受到進步。
第三:尋找合適的方法和途徑學習英語。
有了需求和時間,並且相信自己一定可以掌握英語,什麼樣的挫折也難不到。然後就是要尋找一個合適的方法和途徑,以及資料來開始學習。對於自學英語的人,特別是基礎差的人,對怎麼樣學英語不是很清楚。學習英語有哪些資料也不是很清楚,所以他們的學習非常盲目。今天聽說某某方法不錯,或者什麼資料很熱門,然後就選擇什麼,堅持不了兩天,沒有效果,那麼就放棄了。過幾天頭腦發熱了,又會尋找別的方法或資料。三天打魚,兩天曬網,這就是多數人學英語的寫照。

第四:搞清楚學習英語的內容
經常我們會在學習過程中迷失自己,在學習了一段時間後,發現自己不禁搞不清楚該怎樣學英語了,更重要的是搞不清楚應該學什麼內容。沒有明確的目標,我們不可能達到目標,對自己要學習的內容搞不清楚,那麼永遠也不會有任何的結果。

仔細想想,學習英語的內容是什麼。學生每天跟著老師上課,一節課一節課學習,最後整個課本學完了,發現自己只記住了零星的單詞和句子。自學者找一本教材,學啊學,學了很多課後,發現會出現同樣的結果。英語是什麼,學英語到底要學什麼,很多人並沒有搞清楚。

所謂一葉障目,不見泰山。多數人陷入局部英語之中,迷失在其中,看不到英語的整體結構,所以前不見方向,後沒有退路,只是機械的跟著課程走,這樣學習效果自然不可能好。
學習英語要學習哪些內容呢?從語言要素上來說,包括單詞,語法,句子,文章。從語言的效用上來說,還要包括文化。表現在語言能力上來說,包括聽、說、讀、寫、譯五種能力。聽起來似乎非常簡單,似乎誰都知道這一點,事實上,可能很多人並沒有很深入的理解這里邊包含的真正內容。

❿ 關於英語的小知識(200字左右)急用!!!!!!!!!!!!

英語(English)世界通用語言,是聯合國的工作語言之一,也是事實上的國際交流語言。英語屬於印歐語系中日耳曼語族下的西日耳曼語支,由古代從歐洲大陸移民大不列顛島的盎格魯、撒克遜和朱特部落的日耳曼人所說的語言演變而來,並通過英國的殖民活動傳播到世界各地。由於在歷史上曾和多種民族語言接觸,它的詞彙從一元變為多元,語法從「多曲折」變為「少曲折」,語音也發生了規律性的變化。根據以英語作為母語的人數計算,英語是世界上最廣泛的第二語言,但它可能是世界上第二大或第四大語言(1999年統計為380,000,000人使用英語)。世界上60%以上的信件是用英語書寫的,50%以上的報紙雜志是英語的。上兩個世紀英國和美國在文化、經濟、軍事、政治和科學上的領先地位使得英語成為一種國際語言。英語也是與計算機聯系最密切的語言,大多數編程語言都與英語有聯系,而且隨著互聯網的使用,使英文的使用更普及。與英語最接近的無疑是弗里西語,這種語言現在仍然在荷蘭北部弗里斯蘭省中使用,大約有50萬個使用者。一些人認為低地蘇格蘭語是與英語接近的一個獨立語言,而一些人則認為它是英語的一個方言。蘇格蘭語、荷蘭東部和德國北部的低地撒克遜語與英語也很接近。其他相關的語言包括荷蘭語、南非荷蘭語和德語。諾曼人於11世紀征服英格蘭,帶來大量法語詞彙,很大程度地豐富了英語詞彙。