① 英語單詞的重音是靠什麼體現的呢
重音其實分為詞重音和句重音。前者重音在一個單詞內音節上,後者指句子中某些單詞重(zhòng)讀。後者一般是為強調語意突出某些關鍵詞語的口語表達方法,應該問的是詞重音吧,這里就不管句重音了。英文中,單詞的重音不像芬蘭語或者冰島語有比較確定的規則(第一個音節重讀等等),所以重音是單詞發音的一部分,需要一起記憶。英文中重音一般由聲調高低(pitch accent)、發音響度(dynamic accent)、音節長度(quantitative accent)和發音方式(qualitative accent)體現。先不管最後一個特徵,英語中重音的特點一般是:基頻高於輕音;基頻有上升下降(相對的,輕音的基頻更平直);響度較大;音節長度更長。響度和音節長度很容易理解。
② 超音段特徵對英語語言學習的價值
超音段特徵包括重音,停頓,音高,韻律等。對表達情感,詩歌寫作,散文寫作,演講都有用。不是嗎?
③ 英語語言學中pitch,intonation,tone有什麼區別和聯系
那我就來拋磚引玉一下咯,
超音段特徵(supersegmentalfeatures)分重音(stress)、音調(tone)和語調(intonation)。
其中音調(tone)是音高(pitch)的變化,可以區分意義。漢語是典型的音調語言。
其中語調(intonation)是音高(pitch)、重音(stress)在句子層面的集中組合。比如英語中的陳述語句多有降調,一般疑問句用升調。
呵呵、這樣明白了嗎?
④ 英語語言學問題:什麼叫"超切分特徵"
suprasegmental feature中國知網里有講解
就是超音段特徵 Distingctive features that occur in units larger than sound segments, such as the syllables, words, phrases and sentences, are called suprasegmental features.
又稱節律特徵、超音段特徵、超音質特徵、超切分特徵。指在連續的語流中超越不止一個音段......語的重音。利用韻律特徵構成的音位是非音質音位。也有的學者把大於一個音段的語音結構所表現出來的所有語音特徵,如齶化、鼻化都看作韻律特徵
⑤ 英語音標
48個音標代表字母如下:
1、[i:] 發這個音的字母及組合e ea ee ie ei i ey 2、[i] 發這個音的字母及組合a i e y ey ay u ui
3、[ә:] 發這個音的字母及組合er ir ur ear or our 4、[ә] 發這個音的字母及組合ure er ar or ou re a e i o u
5、[ɔ:] 發這個音的字母及組合a aw al or oor ore 6、[ɔ] 發這個音的字母及組合o a au ou ow
7、[u:] 發這個音的字母及組合o oo ui u oe ou ew 8、[u] 發這個音的字母及組合o oo u oul
9、[a:] 發這個音的字母及組合a ar au ear al 10、[Λ] 發這個音的字母及組合o u oo ou
11、[æ] 發這個音的字母及組合a ai 12、[e] 發這個音的字母及組合e ea a ai ue ie
13、[ei] 發這個音的字母及組a ai ay ey ea ei eigh 14、[ai] 發這個音的字母及組i y ie uy ei igh eye
15、[ɔi] 發這個音的字母及組合oi oy 16、[au] 發這個音的字母及組合ou ow
17、[әu] 發這個音的字母及組合o oa ow ou 18、[iә] 發這個音的字母及組合e ear eer ea ier eo
19、[eә] 發這個音的字母及組合air ear ere are eir 20、[uә] 發這個音的字母及組合oor our ure u
21、[p] 發這個音的字母及組合p pp pe 22、[b] 發這個音的字母及組合b bb be
23、[d] 發這個音的字母和字母組合d ed dd de 24、[g] 發這個音的字母及組合g gg gh gu gue
25、[3] 發這個音的字母及組合s ge gi si z 26、[θ] 發這個音的字母及組合th
27、[tr] 發這個音的字母及組合tr 28、[w] 發這個音的字母及組合 w wh
29、[j] 發這個音的字母及組合y e 30、[η] 發這個音的字母和字母組合n ng
31、[n] 發這個音的字母及組合n kn gn nn ne 32、[m] 發這個音的字母及組合m mb mm mn me
33、[l] 發這個音的字母和字母組合l ll 34、[r] 發這個音的字母及組合r rr wr rh
35、[h] 發這個音的字母及組合h wh 36、[dr] 發這個音的字母及組合dr
37、[tr] 發這個音的字母及組合tr 38、[dz] 發這個音的字母及組合ds des
39、[ts] 發這個音的字母及組合ts tes 40、[ð]發這個音的字母和字母組合th
41、[v] 發這個音的字母及組合v ve 42、[f] 發這個音的字母及組合f ff ph gh fe
43、[d3] 發這個音的字母及組合g j ge dge 44、[3] 發這個音的字母及組合s ge gi si z
45、[∫] 發這個音的字母及組合s sh ch ci si ti 46、[z] 發這個音的字母及組合z s se ze es
47、[g] 發這個音的字母及組合g gg gh gu gue 48、[s] 發這個音的字母及組合s c ss ce sc se
(5)英語超音段知識擴展閱讀
①英語音標是針對英語語言的語法進行的研究,指英語中語言的結構規律。包括詞法和句法。英語的語法既可以是規范性的,也可以是描述性的。
②音標就是記錄音素的符號,是音素的標寫符號,它的制定原則是:一個音素只用一個音標表示,一個音標只表示一個音素。如漢語拼音字母、英語的韋氏音標和國際音標。狹義上的「音標」意思就是指英語音標。
③英語(English )屬於印歐語系中下的西日耳曼語支,由古代從歐洲大陸移民大不列顛島的盎格魯、撒克遜和朱特部落的日耳曼人所說的語言演變而來,並通過英國的殖民活動傳播到世界各地。
⑥ 英語語言學指的是什麼
語言學是對語言的系統研究,對於一個學習英語的人來說,應該懂一點語言學的知識,它可以在理論上對學習語言有指導作用,有助於更好的學習語言,下面介紹一點語言學知識。
I. Introction
1. What is Language
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
2. What is Linguistics(語言學)
Linguistics is the scientific study of language.
3.Some Basic Distinctions(區分) in Linguistics
3.1 Speech and Writing
One general principle(原則) of linguistic analysis is the primacy of speech over writing. Writing gives language new scope(范疇) and uses that speech does not have.
3.2 Descriptive(描述性) or Prescriptive(說明性)
A linguistic study is descriptive if it describes and analyses facts observed; it is prescriptive if it tries to lay down rules for "correct" behavior.
3.3 Synchronic(共時) and Diachronic(歷時) Studies
The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study and The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.
3.4 Langue(語言) and Parole(言語)
This is a distinction made by the Swiss linguist F.De Saussure (索緒爾)early last century. langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community and parole refers to the actualized(實際的) language, or realization of langue.
3.5 Competence(能力)and Performance(行為)
Competence is the ideal language user's knowledge of the rules of his language. Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in utterances(發聲).
4.The Scope of Linguistics
General linguistics is the study of language as a whole.
Phonetics(語音學) is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription.
Phonology(音韻學) is the branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of languages.
Morphology(詞法) is the branch of linguistics which studies the form of words.
Syntax(句法) is the branch of linguistics which studies the rules governing the combination of words into sentences.
Semantics(語義學) is the branch of linguistics which studies the meaning of language.
Applied linguistics(應用語言學) is the study of the teaching of foreign and second languages.
Sociolinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and society.
Psycholinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and the mind.
Historical Linguistics(歷史語言學) is the study of language changes.
Anthropological linguistics(人文語言學) uses the theories and methods of anthropology to study language variation and language use in relation to the cultural patterns and beliefs of man.
Neurolinguistics(神經語言學) studies the neurological basis of language development and use in human beings.
Mathematical linguistics(數學語言學) studies the mathematical features of language, often employing models and concepts of mathematics.
Computational linguistics(計算語言學) is an approach to linguistics in which mathematical techniques and concepts(概念) are applied, often with the aid of a computer.
II. Phonetics(語音學)
1. scope of phonetics
Speech sounds may be studied from different angles, thus we have at least three branches of phonetics:
Articulatory phonetics(發音語音學)we may examine the way in which a speech sound is proced to discover which vocal organs are involved and how they coordinate(協調) in the process.
Auditory phonetics (聽覺語音學)we may look into the impression a speaker makes on the hearer as mediated(調節) by the ear, the auditory nerve(神經) and the brain.
Acoustic phonetics (聲學語音學) we study the physical properties of speech sounds, as transmitted(傳送) between mouth and ear.
2. The vocal organs
The vocal organs may be viewed as consisting of three parts, the initiator of the air-stream,(氣流發生器官) the procer of voice(聲音發生器官) and the resonating cavities.(聲音共振器官)
3. Consonants(輔音)
Places of articulation(發音部位): bilabial,(雙唇) Labiodentals,(唇齒) dental,(齒) alveolar,(齒齦) retroflex,(捲舌) palate-alveolar,(上齒齦) palatal,(上顎) velar,(軟齶) uvular,(小舌) glottal(聲門)
Manners of articulation: plosive,(暴破) nasal,(鼻音) trill,(顫音) lateral,(邊音) fricative,(摩擦) approximant,(近似音) affricate(破擦)
4. Vowels (母音)
The classification of vowels: the height of tongue raising (high, mid, low), the position of the highest part of the tongue(front, central, back), and the degree of lip rounding(rounded, unrounded)
III. Phonology(音韻學)
1. phonemes(音素):a distinctive(有區別的) sound in a language.
2. Allophones(音位變體):The nondistinctive sounds are members of the same phoneme.
3. Minimal pairs(最小對立體): word forms which differ from each other only by one sound.
4. Free variation (自由變異):If two sounds occurring in the same environment(環境), they does not proce a different word form, but merely a different pronunciation of the same word.
5. Complementary distribution(補充分類):Not all the speech sounds occur in the same environment. When two sounds never occur in the same environment
6.Suprasegmental phonology(超音段音位):the study of phonological properties(性質) of units lager than the segment-phoneme. They are syllable(音節), stress,(重音) word stress, sentence stress. pitch (音調)and intonation(語調).
IV. Morphology(詞法)
1. inflection(構形法):the grammatical relationships through the addition of inflectional affixes.(屈折詞綴)
2. Word-formation(構詞):the processes(過程) of word variations signaling lexical relationships.(表明詞法關系) They are compound(合成)and derivation (派生).
3. Morpheme(詞素): the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content.
4. Allomorph(同質異象變體): some morphemes have considerable variation, for instance, alternate shapes or phonetic forms.
5. Types of morphemes: They are roots,(詞根) affix(詞綴) and stem(詞干).
6. Lexicon(語言詞彙):in its most general sense, is synonymous with vocabulary.
7. Closed-class words(封閉性) and open-class words(開放性):the former whose membership is fixed or limited and the latter whose membership is in principle(實際上) indefinite or unlimited.
8. Word class(詞性):It displays a wider range of more precisely defined classes.
9. Lexeme(詞位):the smallest unit in the meaning system of a language that can be distinguished from other smaller units.
10. Idiom(習語,成語):Most phrasal lexemes are idioms. It is especially true for a sequence of words(詞序) which is semantically(語義上) and often syntactically(句法上) restricted.(限制)
11. Collocation(搭配): the habitual(習慣的) co-occurrences (同時出現)of indivial lexical items.
V. Syntax (句法)
1. Positional relation or word order(詞序):the sequential(順序) arrangement of words in a language.
2. Construction or constituent (句子結構): the overall process of internal (內部)organization of a grammatical unit .
3. Syntactic function(句法功能): the relationship between a linguistic form and other parts of the linguistic pattern in which it is used. The names of functions are expressed in terms of subjects, objects, predicates, modifiers,(修飾語) complements(補語), etc.
4. Category(范疇):It refers to classes and functions in its narrow sense, e.g. noun, verb, subject, predicate, noun phrase, verb phrase, etc. The categories of the noun include number, gender, case and countability.
5. Phrase: a single element of structure containing more than one word, and lacking the subject-predicate structure typical of clause.
6. Clause: a group of words with its own subject and predicate, if it is included in a larger sentence.
7. Sentence: It is the minimum part of language that expresses a complete thought.
VI. Semantics
1. Conceptualism or mentalism (概念主義):Following F. De Saussure(索學爾)'s "sign" theory, the linguistic sign is said to consist of a signifier (所指)and signified(被指), i.e., a sound image and a concept, liked by a psychological(心理的) "associative" bond.(相關聯系)
2. Mechanism(機械主義):Some linguists, Bloomfield,(布魯費爾德) for example, turned to science to counter(反)-act the precious theories and this leads to what call the mechanistic approach(方法). The nature of this theory has nothing to do with the scientific study of mental phenomena.(智力現象)
3. Contextualism (語境主義):It is based on the presumption(假定) that one can derive meaning from or rece it to observable context.
4. Behaviorism (行為主義):Behaviourists attempt to define (定義)the meaning of a language form as "the situation(情景) in which the speaker utters(說話) it and the response(反應) it calls forth in the hearer."
5. functionalism (功能主義):Functionalists as represented (代表)by the Prague school(布拉格學派) linguists and neo-Firthian (新弗斯)linguists, approach the problem from an entirely new orientation(方法). They argue(爭辯) that meaning could only be interpreted(解釋) from its use or function in social life.
6. Sense relationships: While reference deals with the relationship between the linguistic elements, words, sentences, etc.,and the non-linguistic world of experience, sense relates to the complex system of relationships that hold between the linguistic elements themselves. They include synonymy(同義詞),antonymy(反義詞),hyponymy(下層次)Polysemy(一詞多義)and Homonymy (同音異義詞)
7. Semantic analysis: It includes 1) componential(成分) analysis which defines the meaning of a lexical element in terms of semantic components.(意義成分)2) predication (表述)analysis in which the meaning of a sentence is not merely the sum of the meanings of the words which compose it. 3) relational components in which the semantic analysis of some words presents a complicated picture, because they show relations between two and perhaps more terms.
VII. Language Variation (語言變化)
1. Lexical change(詞彙的變化):changes in lexis.
2. Invention: (新造詞)new entities.
3. Compounding:(合成詞)New words are sometimes constructed by combining two old words.
4. Blending: (混合詞):It is a relatively complex form of compounding, in which two roots are blended by joining the initial part of the first root and the final part of the second root, or by joining the initial parts of the two roots.
5. Abbreviation or clipping:(縮寫)A new word is created by cutting the final part or cutting the initial part.
6. acronym:(取首字母的縮寫詞)It is made up from the first letters of the name of an organization, which has a heavily modified (修飾) headword.
7. Metanalysis:(再分化)It refers to a process through which a division is made where there were note before.
8. Back-formation:(逆構詞) It refers to an abnormal(非正常) type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting(去掉) an imagined affix from a longer form already present in the language.
9. Analogical creation:(類比造詞)It can account for(說明) the co-existence of two forms, regular and irregular, in the conjugation(結合) of some English verbs.
10. Borrowing(借用):English in its development has managed to widen her vocabulary by borrowing words from other languages.
11. Phonological change(音變):It is related to language variation in the phonological system of language. It includes loss,(省音) addition,(加音) assimilation,( 同化)dissimilation.(異化)
12. Grammatical change: Changes in both morphology(詞法) and syntax(句法) are listed under this heading.
13. Semantic change:(語義變化)It includes broadening,(語義擴大) narrowing,(語義縮小) meaning shift,(意義轉化) class shift(詞性轉換) and folk etymology.(詞源變化)
14. Orthographic change :(正字法)Changes can also be found at the graphetic level.
⑦ 舉例說明音位和音素的區別
1 音素是構成音節的最小單位或最小語音片段。它是從音色的角度劃分出來的。比如說ba,就可以劃分出「b」和「a」,gan就可以劃分出「k、a、n」三個音素。
2 音位是一個語音系統中能夠區別意義的最小語音單位。有從母音中歸納出來的母音音位,從輔音中歸納出的輔音音位,還有聲調也可以起區別意義的作用,也是音位,但因為聲調的主要是音高構成的,不是音質,所以聲調音位又做作「非音質音位」或「超音段音位」。一個音位,比如/a/,可以包含不同的變體,如[A],[α],[ε],[a]。
3 音素就是音節里我們能感覺到的東西,就是一個個的字母,當讓ng只代表一個音素,這是僅從語音上講的。而音位是從語音和意義兩方面說的,我們能從語音上感覺到的最小單位是音素,如果這個音素還能區分意義,就是音位了。
比如說,「聞」的聲母我們有讀[w]的,有讀[v]的,但是[w]和[v]不區分意義,我們聽到新[wen]和聽到新[ven]都會理解成新聞,不會有別的意思。而[b]和[p]就不同,我們說八,趴,就是有意義上的區別的。
(7)英語超音段知識擴展閱讀:
音素(phone),是語音中的最小的單位,依據音節里的發音動作來分析,一個動作構成一個音素。音素分為母音、輔音兩大類。
如漢語音節 ā(啊)只有一個音素,ài(愛)有兩個音素,dāi(呆)有三個音素等。
用國際音標標注語音的方法稱作標音法,有寬式和嚴式兩種。寬式標音法以能辨義的音位標音,嚴式標音法則以嚴格的音素區別來標音,盡量表現各音素間的區別,寬式標音法採用的符號有限,而嚴式標音法所採用的符號極多,但兩者各有用途。
音素是構成音節的最小單位或最小的語音片段,是從音質的角度劃分出來的最小的線性的語音單位。音素是具體存在的物理現象。國際音標(由國際語音學會制定,用來統一標示各國語音的字母。也稱為「國際語音學字母」「萬國語音學字母」)的音標符號與全人類語言的音素一一對應。
音素是根據語音的自然屬性劃分出來的最小語音單位。從聲學性質來看,音素是從音質角度劃分出來的最小語音單位。從生理性質來看,一個發音動作形成一個音素。如〔ma〕包含〔m〕〔a〕兩個發音動作,是兩個音素。
相同發音動作發出的音就是同一音素,不同發音動作發出的音就是不同音素。如〔ma-mi〕中,兩個〔m〕發音動作相同,是相同音素,〔a〕〔i〕發音動作不同,是不同音素。對音素的分析,一般是根據發音動作來描寫的。如〔m〕的發音動作是:上唇和下唇閉攏,聲帶振動,氣流從鼻腔流出發音。用語音學術語來說,就是雙唇鼻音。
音素一般用國際音標(IPA)標記。國際音標是國際上通行的一種記音符號,由國際語音協會於1888年制定並公布,後經多次修改。用國際音標記音,用於表示發音上的音素細節時,採用[],用於標記音位則採用//。音素一般分為母音和輔音兩大類。
首先,學習輔音音素的讀音規則,因為輔音音素的讀音規則比較簡單,學容易記住,這樣做還能保持學習興趣,可以記住一些較簡單的讀音規則,如:sh讀/ʃ/,tch和ch讀/tʃ/,dr讀/dr/等。
其次,教五個母音字母的讀音規則。 如:
在相對開音節詞中一般讀字母音/eɪ/:gate、kate、date、face
在閉音節詞中一般讀/æ/:bad、map、cat、bag
在相對開音節詞中讀/aɪ/:kite、bike、fine、mine
在閉音節詞中一般的讀音/i/:big、pig、fit、did
在相對開音節詞中讀/u/:home、nose
在閉音節詞中一般讀 /ɔ/:not、pot、doctor、mom
在相對開音節詞中般讀/iː/:he、me、we、she
在閉音節詞中一般讀/e/:pen、bet、fed、bed、set
可以讀字母音/juː/:you
可以讀字母音/uː/:blue、ruler
可以讀字母音/ʊ/:put
可以讀字母音/ʌ/:but、cut、truck
掌握五個母音字母的基本讀音規劃,同時,還要學會變通,有時讀音只是相對,不是絕對的,有時會有一些變化。
一個語言系統中能夠區分詞義的最小的語音單位,也就是按語音的辨義作用歸納出來的音類,是從語言的社會屬性劃分出來的語言單位。
音位(Phoneme)是語言中能表示語義的單位。根據國際語音學協會的定義,音位是「某個語言里不加分別的一族相關的聲音」。它是具體語言或方言中能夠區別意義的最小的語音單位。近年來出版的北京大學葉蜚聲、徐通鏘著的《語言學綱要》則指出「音位是具體語言中有區別詞的語音形式作用的最小語音單位」。
音位並不是一個實際的音素。一個音位可以有數種不同的發音,但是語言使用者心理上認定這幾種發音是等同的,甚至可能不會察覺語音上有所不同。這種音位內的不同發音,稱為同位異音或音位變體。音位可被視為一族相關的聲音,然而為了便於描述一個音位,通常會取這群聲音當中最具代表性的一個來稱呼整族聲音。
例如,英語中lip和bell的l發音是不同的,前者是齒齦邊音[l] ,後者是軟顎化齒齦邊音 [ɫ] ,然而這只是 l 在出現在不同位置、不同前後境環所發生的語音變化,因此這兩個音都視為同一個/l/音位。