A. 鍏鏃楁槸浠涔堟剰鎬
鎴戝垰鍒氭煡鐨勩
闀墮粍鏃椼佹i粍鏃椼佹g櫧鏃椼佹g孩鏃椼侀暥綰㈡棗銆侀暥鐧芥棗銆佹h摑鏃椼侀暥钃濇棗銆
鍏朵腑闀墮粍鏃椼佹i粍鏃椼佹g櫧鏃椾負鐨囧笣浜茶嚜綆$悊鐨勪笂涓夋棗錛屽叾浠栦負涓嬩簲鏃椼
娓呮湞鏃╂湡鍏鏃楄窡鍏朵粬璐墊棌澶ц嚕涓烘弧鏃忔渶楂樼粺娌匯傚氨榪炵殗甯濋兘鏄鍏鏃楄窡鍏朵粬澶ц嚕鎺ㄩ夈
浣嗘槸鍒頒簡鍚庢湡鍏鏃楄鍓婂急浜嗭紒鍏蜂綋鏃楀姟琚閮界粺璐熻矗銆傛瘡涓鏃楁湁婊℃棌銆佽挋鍙ゆ棌銆佹眽鏃忎笁涓閮界粺銆
鍚屾椂鍥藉舵潈鍒╀篃鍦ㄥ悍鐔欐湞鍙樻垚浜嗗崡涔︽埧璐熻矗銆傛敞鎰忎笉鏄涓婁功鎴匡紝鍥犱負涓婁功鎴挎槸鏁欒偛鐨囧瓙鐨勫湴鏂廣
鍒頒簡闆嶆f椂鏈熷交搴曠『絝嬩簡鍐涙満澶勭$悊鍥藉躲傚叓鏃椾篃涓嶈礋璐e啗鍥藉ぇ浜嬪効浜嗭紒
涓嶈繃錛岀殗瀹鐨勪緧鍗鍩烘湰閮芥槸涓婁笁鏃楃殑浜虹粍鎴愩傝屼笖寰堝緱瀹犮傞嗕緧鍗鍐呭ぇ鑷d篃鏄涓婁笁鏃楃殑浜哄悇涓や釜錛佽繖涔熸槸姝﹀皢鏈楂樺湴浣嶃傛d竴鍝佹﹀畼鍙鏈夊畠銆傚叾浠栧皢鍐涘繀欏誨吋浠婚嗕緧鍗鍐呭ぇ鑷f墠鑳芥垚涓烘d竴鍝併傚勾緹瑰哀鏄鐗逛緥錛屼粬鏄琚鎶鍏ヤ笂涓夋棗浠ュ悗鎴愪負鐨勶紝鎶氳繙澶у皢鍐涖侀嗕緧鍗鍐呭ぇ鑷g瓑鑱屽姟銆
鍏鏃楀瓙寮熷熀鏈閮芥槸鍏鏃楀叺銆備緷闈犲叓鏃楀叺鐨勫啗楗風敓媧匯傝亴鍔″氭暟鏄涓栬鐨勮亴鍔°備篃鏈夎冧腑縐戜婦鐨勩
B. 鍏鏃楀瓙寮熷埌鍝鍘諱笂瀛︼紵
璇村埌涓鍥界殑娓呮湞灝忕紪鐩鎬俊寰堝氫漢閮芥槸鐭ラ亾鐨勶紝娓呮湞榪樻槸涓涓闈炲父鍘夊崇殑鏈濅唬鐨勶紝褰撴椂鐨勬竻鏈濈粡嫻庡疄鍔涙槸寰堝己澶х殑錛屼笉榪囨櫄娓呮椂鏈熸竻鏈濆洜涓哄疄琛屼簡闂鍏抽攣鍥芥斂絳栵紝鎵浠ユ竻鏈濈殑緇忔祹鏄涓钀藉崈涓堬紝鎴戜滑浠婂ぉ灝變竴璧鋒潵鐪嬬湅褰撴椂鐨勬竻鏈濇槸鎬庢牱鐨勪竴縐嶆儏鍐靛惂錛屽綋鏃剁殑鍏鏃楀瓙寮熷埌鍝鍘諱笂瀛︼紵鍏蜂綋鏄涓縐嶆庢牱鐨勬儏鍐靛憿錛
鍙堝埌寮瀛﹀o紝瀛︾敓浠鍙堣ヨ繑鏍′簡銆傜┛瓚婂埌娓呬唬錛屼綔涓虹壒鏉冮樁綰х殑鍏鏃楀瓙寮熼兘鏄鎬庝箞涓婂︾殑鍛錛熸竻鏈濈粺娌昏呰櫧鐒朵互姝﹀姛瀹氬ぉ涓嬶紝浣嗘槸浠栦滑娣辯煡椹涓婃不澶╀笅涓嶆槗錛屼笖鍏鏃楀瓙寮熷規枃娌繪鏃犵粡楠岋紝涓轟簡紼沖畾鏀挎潈錛屽氨瑕佽╁叓鏃楀瓙寮熸洿澶氬湴瀛︿範鏂囧寲鐭ヨ瘑錛屼簬鏄鍏鏃楀畼瀛﹀氨鍦ㄩ『娌誨厓騫(1644騫)璇炵敓浜嗭紝騫跺湪鍚庢潵涓嶆柇鍙戝睍銆
鍔炲︽潯浠朵笉鏂鏀瑰杽
欏烘不浜屽勾(1645騫)浜旀湀錛屽浗瀛愮洃鍚涙墍鈒撮拡瀵瑰叓鏃楀畼瀛﹀忚峰皢婊℃床瀛愬紵灝卞﹀垎鍥涘勶紝姣忓勭敤浼磋誨嶮浜猴紝鍕ゅ姞鏁欎範銆傚嶮鏃ヤ竴嬈¤盪鐩戣冭瘯璇撅紝閬囨槬縐嬫紨灝勪簲鏃ヤ竴嬈★紝灝辨湰澶勪範緇冦備烤鏂囨﹀吋璧勶紝浠ュ偍瀹炵敤銆傝繖鏃跺叓鏃楀畼瀛︾殑鍔炲︿粎鏈夊洓澶勬暀瀛︾偣銆傚埌浜嗗悍鐔欎簲鍗佸勾(1711騫)錛屽叓鏃楀畼瀛﹀︾敓鏀歸殢鍏鍫傝哥敓鍦ㄧ洃鑲勪笟錛岄殢鍗沖張鏀硅懼洓瀛︼紝姣忔棗鍏變竴瀛︺傛樉鐒訛紝褰撴椂鍔炲︽潯浠惰緝宸錛屾暀鑸嶅拰璧勯噾閮戒笉瓚籌紝褰卞搷浜嗗姙瀛︽晥鏋溿
闆嶆d簲騫(1727騫)錛屽浗瀛愮洃鍙鎬笟瀛欏槈娣﹂拡瀵瑰綋鏃剁殑鍔炲︽潯浠舵彁鍑轟簡鑷宸辯殑寤鴻錛屼粬涓婂忛亾錛氬﹁垗瀹滃箍涔熴傝嚕鏌ュ叓鏃楀︽埧錛屾瘡鏃楁湁婊℃床銆佽挋鍙ゃ佹眽鍐涗笁澶勩傛弧媧層佽挋鍙ゆ瘡瀛﹀洓浜斿嶮浜猴紝奼夊啗姣忓﹀叚涓冨嶮浜轟笉絳夛紝鑰屾瘡瀛︽埧鑸嶄笉榪囦笁鍥涢棿銆傛や笁鍥涢棿鎴垮唴錛屽姪鏁欍佹暀涔犮佸︾敓鑱氬勫叾涓錛屾嫢鎸ゅ枾鍤鳳紝闅句互鐢ㄥ姛銆傛嵁鑷f剼瑙侊紝鐜板湪鎴胯垗姝㈠彲涓烘弧媧層佽挋鍙ゅ︽埧銆傝嚦奼夊啗瀛︽埧錛屼漢鏁版棦澶氾紝奼変漢鏁欎範浜﹀勫叾涓錛岀炕璇戙佷綔鏂囧苟瀹滃湴鏂瑰芥暈錛屽嬪彲涓撳績璇佃匯備紡紲堢殗涓婇縛鎮╋紝姣忔棗鍙︾粰瀹樻埧鍗佷綑闂達紝浠ヤ負奼夊啗瀛︽埧錛屽垯鑲勪笟鏈夋墍錛岃岃劇▼鑷涓撶煟銆
闆嶆e笣閲囩撼浜嗗瓩鍢夋乏鐨勫緩璁錛氬皢鐜板湪瀹樻埧浜よ繕鍚勬棗鏌ユ敹錛屾瘡鏃楀彟緇欏畼鎴誇簩鍗佷綑闂達紝閲忓彲瀹圭櫨浜鴻佃昏咃紝騫惰憲鏈鏃楄嚜琛屽姙鐞嗐備粠姝ゅ叓鏃楀畼瀛︽暀瀹ら棶棰樺緱鍒板渾婊¤В鍐熾傚悇鏃楀畼瀛︿篃鍒嗗埆鏈変簡鐞嗘兂鏍″潃鈥斺
姝i粍鏃楀畼瀛﹀湪瑗跨洿闂ㄥ唴紲栧惰楋紝鍏辨埧37闂達紱闀墮粍鏃楀畼瀛﹀湪瀹夊畾闂ㄥ唴澶у叴鍘垮悗鍦嗘仼瀵鴻儭鍚岋紝鍏辨埧37闂達紱姝g櫧鏃楀畼瀛﹀湪鏈濋槼闂ㄥ唴鍗楀皬琛楁柊椴滆儭鍚岋紝鍏辨埧28闂達紱闀剁櫧鏃楀畼瀛﹀湪涓滃崟鐗屾ゼ涔嬩笢璞¢薊瀛愬潙錛屽叡鎴35闂達紱姝g孩鏃楀畼瀛﹀湪闃滄垚闂ㄥ唴宸℃崟鍘呰儭鍚岋紝鍏辨埧47闂達紱闀剁孩鏃楀畼瀛﹀湪瀹f﹂棬鍐呭ご鍙戣儭鍚岋紝鍏辨埧48闂達紱姝h摑鏃楀畼瀛﹀湪涓滃崟鐗屾ゼ涔嬪寳鏂板紑璺錛屽叡鎴35闂達紱闀惰摑鏃楀畼瀛﹀湪瑗垮崟鐗屾ゼ涔嬪寳鐢樼煶妗ラ┈灝捐儭鍚岋紝鍏辨埧40闂淬
浜庢槸錛屽叓鏃楀畼瀛﹀悇鏃楁暀瀹わ紝鏈灝戜篃鏈28闂達紝鏈澶氳揪48闂達紝涓旂誨悇鏃楀︾敓鐨勫跺緢榪戱紝婊¤凍浜嗘暀瀛︾殑闇瑕併傛瘡鍒版柊瀛︽湡寮瀛︼紝鍚勬棗瀛愬紵灝卞悇濂旇嚜宸辯殑鏍″洯鍏ユ牎瀛︿範銆
璐鍥板瓙寮熸湁浜嗗姪瀛﹂噾
浣嗘槸錛岄殢鐫鍔炲︾殑娣卞叆錛屽張鍑虹幇浜嗘柊鐨勯棶棰橈紝灝辨槸璐絀風殑鍏鏃楀瓙寮熸病鏈夊姪瀛﹂噾錛屾棤鍔涘父騫村湪鏍¤諱功銆傚浗瀛愮洃鍙鎬笟瀛欏槈娣﹀悜鏈濆環鎻愬嚭浜嗚繖涓闂棰橈紝浣嗘槸鍥藉惰儲鏀跨揣寮狅紝鏃犳硶瑙e喅銆傚悗鏉ワ紝綆$悊鍥藉瓙鐩戠殑鐩戜簨澶ц嚕銆佸悍浜茬帇宕囧畨鎯沖嚭浜嗕竴涓濂藉姙娉曪紝涓婂忕殗甯濃斺
鍏鏃楀畼瀛︾敓鍚戞潵鐨嗘棤閽辯伯錛屼粠鏁呮棤鍔涗箣瀹訛紝涓嶈兘琛岃蛋銆傝嚕絳夋煡寰楀叓鏃楄挋鐨囦笂楦挎仼錛岃炬暀鍏誨叺錛屾弧媧蹭笁鍗冨叚鐧懼叓鍗佸悕錛岃挋鍙ゅ洓鐧懼叓鍗佸悕錛屾眽鍐涗節鐧懼叚鍗佸悕銆傛弧媧層佽挋鍙ゆ瘡鍚嶄竴鏈堢粰閾朵笁涓わ紝奼夊啗姣忓悕緇欓摱浜屼袱錛屼護鍏跺︿範寮撻┈銆傛墍浠ユ儬鐖卞叓鏃椾箣浜猴紝鍏歌嚦娓ヤ篃銆備絾鏌ュ叓鏃楁暀鍏誨叺錛屾湁騫肩氫箣浜轟互鍏呴濇暟錛屼笉鑳芥搷寮撲笂椹錛岃屽畼瀛︾敓騫村.鑰咃紝寰寰鏈閫夋姭鐢層傝嚕絳変紡鎬濓細浠婂畼瀛︾敓鍐呮湁騫村.鑰岃諱功榪熼挐鑰咃紝浠ゅ洖鏃楁姭鐢層傚叾鎵鍑轟箣緙猴紝閫夊勾騫艱呰ˉ涔嬶紝浠ヤ範婊℃枃銆備繜鍏跺勾闀匡紝騫跺﹀紦椹錛屽垯褰兼ょ殕鏈夎(鐩娿備紡鏈涘湥鎮╅ガ浠ゅ叓鏃楋紝灝嗘暀鍏誨叺鍏呴濇暟錛屾弧媧插垎鍑轟笁鍗佸悕錛岃挋鍙ゅ嶮鍚嶏紝奼夊啗鍗佸悕錛屽皢姝や簲鍗佸悕閽辯伯緇欏畼瀛︾敓銆傝℃弧媧層佽挋鍙ゆ瘡鍚嶇粰閾朵竴涓や簲閽憋紝奼夊啗姣忓悕涓涓わ紝鍒欏.鑰呮棦鏈夐挶綺浠ュ﹀紦椹錛屽辜鑰呬害鏈夐挶綺浠ュ︽枃鑹恆傞暱騫肩殕钂欐仼鑲詫紝鏂囨︾殕寰楅犲氨銆備技搴斿皢鍏鏃楁暀鍏誨叺娓呮煡瀹炴暟錛屽傜洰鍓嶇幇緙轟簲鍗佸悕鑰咃紝鍗崇収鏁版嫧緇欏畼瀛︼紱濡傜己棰濅箣鏁頒笉鍙婁簲鍗佸悕鑰咃紝淇熷叾灝嗘潵緙哄嚭錛岄檰緇鎷ㄧ粰瀹樺︼紝浠ユ笎瓚充簲鍗佸悕涔嬫暟銆傚傛や竴杞縐婚棿錛屽垯閽辯伯涓嶅繀鍔犲烇紝鑰屽畼瀛︾敓鐨嗘簿鍦f仼錛岄紦鑸炴尟鍏寸煟錛
搴蜂翰鐜嬬殑鎰忔濇槸錛屽湪涓嶅炲姞鍥藉惰儲鏀挎敮鍑虹殑鎯呭喌涓嬶紝浠庢暀鍏誨叺鐨勭粡璐歸噷瑙e喅錛屾妸瀹樺﹂噷鐨勫勾澹鑰呭厖鍐涳紝閫掕ˉ騫村辜鐨勮繘鍏ュ畼瀛︺備粠婊℃棌銆佽挋鍙ゅ拰奼夊啗鏁欏吇鍏甸噷鎸ゅ嚭浜斿嶮涓鍐涢シ鎸囨爣錛岀粰浜堝叓鏃楀畼瀛︿互璧勫姪璐鍥板瓙寮熴傝繖涓濂藉姙娉曡嚜鐒跺緱鍒頒簡闆嶆e笣鐨勬壒鍑嗐備粠姝わ紝鍏鏃楀畼瀛﹀氨鏈変簡涓欏瑰畬鍠勭殑鍔╁﹂噾鍒跺害錛岃В鍐充簡璐瀵掑叓鏃楀瓙寮熺殑璇諱功闂棰樸
鏁欏ゅ拰鍔╁﹂噾鐨勯棶棰樿В鍐沖悗錛屽叓鏃楀畼瀛︾殑瑙勬ā澶ц嚧瀹屽囷紝騫朵粠姝ゆ湁浜嗗疄璐ㄦх殑宸ㄥぇ鍙戝睍錛屽埌涔鵑殕騫撮棿錛屽叓鏃楀畼瀛﹁揪浜庢瀬鐩涖
涓ユ牸瀹屽杽鐨勬暀瀛︾$悊
鍏鏃楀畼瀛︼紝灞炲浗瀛愮洃綆$悊錛屽﹀埗浠ュ嶮騫翠負闄愶紝涔熷氨鏄鍗佸勾鍒朵箟鍔℃暀鑲層傚叾瀛︾敓褰曞彇紼嬪簭涓猴細鍗佸瞾浠ヤ笂銆佸嶮鍏宀佷互涓嬬殑鍏鏃楀鉤姘戝瓙寮燂紝緇忚ユ棗閮界粺鍚屾剰鍚庯紝鐢ㄥ嵃鏂囧挩閫佸浗瀛愮洃錛屽叓鏃楀姪鏁欏甫棰嗕笂鍫傦紝鍒嗗埆榪涜岀炕璇戙佷綔鏂囥佽儗涔︼紝褰撳爞鑰冮獙錛岀夊叕鎸戝彇銆傛瘡鏃楅濊懼畼瀛︾敓錛屾弧媧插叚鍗佷漢錛岃挋鍙ゃ佹眽鍐涘悇浜屽嶮浜恆傛弧媧查濆唴浠ヤ笁鍗佷漢鍦ㄦ弧媧蹭功鎴誇範娓呮枃錛屼笁鍗佷漢鍦ㄦ弧媧蹭功鎴誇範奼夊瓧錛屽嚒鏈夊︾敓緙烘暟錛屼笉蹇呮嫎瀹氫綈棰嗭紝閫氭嫨鑱鏄庝繆縐瀛愬紵錛岀敵閫佹湰鏃楅兘緇熼獙鐪嬶紝浜ゅ浗瀛愮洃褰撳爞鑰冨綍銆傚勾騫間護瀛︽竻鏂囷紝紼嶉暱浠ゅ︽眽鏂囥
鍏鏃楀畼瀛﹁劇珛鍔╂暀鍜屾暀涔狅紝璐熻矗綆$悊鍜屾暀瀛﹀伐浣滐紝瀹屽杽鍚勯」鍒跺害鍜岀$悊鎺鏂姐傛柊鐢熷叆瀛︽椂錛屽姪鏁欐煡鏄庤ョ敓姝ゆ椂姝h諱綍縐嶄功綾嶏紝璁板綍縐諱粯鍗氬+鍘咃紝浠ュ囧悗鏉ユ鏌ヤ箣鐢ㄣ傚悇瀛︽暀涔犻兘璁炬湁鍔熻懼唽錛屾暀涔犲皢鑷宸辨墍璐熻矗鐨勮嫢騫插悕瀛︾敓鐨勫姛璇懼強榪涘害錛岄愭棩鐧昏般傚姪鏁欑粡甯告牳鏌ュ姛璇懼唽錛屾瘡涓瀛e害灝嗗姛璇懼唽涓婁氦鍗氬+鍘呮鏌ヤ竴嬈★紝濡傝板綍妯$硦錛屽笇鍥捐挋娣瘋繃鍏籌紝鍒欏皢璇ユ暀涔犺板ぇ榪囦竴嬈★紝鍔╂暀涔熻拌繃涓嬈°
鍑″︾敓涓婂︼紝絝闃寵妭涔嬪悗錛屼互鍗鏃跺埌瀛︼紝鏈鏃舵斁瀛﹀洖瀹訛紝鍗崇浉褰撲簬鐜板湪鐨勪簲鐐瑰埌鍗佷笁鐐癸紱涓縐嬭妭鍚庯紝浠ヨ景鏃跺埌瀛︼紝鐢蟲椂鏀懼︼紝鍗崇浉褰撲簬鐜板湪鐨勪竷鐐硅嚦鍗佷簲鐐廣傝繖涓ょ嶄綔鎮鏃墮棿錛岄兘鏄淇濊瘉瀛︾敓鍦ㄥ︽椂闂翠負鍏涓灝忔椂銆傚畼瀛﹁炬湁鍒板︾翱錛屾瘡澶╀護姣忎釜瀛︾敓浜茶嚜鐢誨埌錛屾嵁姝ょń鏌ュ嫟鎯般傚傛湁鏃瘋句笁澶╋紝鎴栬繛鏃ヨ繜鍒扮殑錛岀敱鍔╂暀瀵瑰叾榪涜屾壒璇勬暀鑲詫紝浠嶄笉鎮旀敼鐨勶紝鍒欑敱鍔╂暀鎶ュ憡涓婂徃錛屽皢璇ョ敓寮闄ゅ嚭瀛︺
瀵瑰嶮涓夊瞾浠ヤ笂鐨勫︾敓錛屽姪鏁欒佸畾鏈熶負鍏惰茶В緇忎功錛屾瘡鏈堥涓夈佸叚銆佷節鏃ワ紝鍚勯夌粡涔夋暟鏉★紝涓哄叾璁茶В錛屽苟浠ゆ寜鏈熻板綍涓婅堪緇忎箟錛屽浗瀛愮洃紲閰掋佸徃涓氱瓑鏌ュ︽椂錛屼粠涓鎸戦夊嚭鍑犳潯浠ゅ︾敓閲嶆柊璁茶В銆傞亾鍏夈婇撏瀹氬浗瀛愮洃鍒欎緥路鍏鏃椔瘋劇▼銆嬭勫畾錛氬嚒紲閰掋佸徃涓氱ń瀵熷悇瀛︼紝鍔╂暀銆佹暀涔犵巼棰嗗︾敓榪庢彇鍫備笅錛屽惉鍊欒璇層傝諱功鑰呮寫鑳岀粡涔︼紱浣滄枃鑰呮寫璁叉枃鐞嗭紝鎴栭潰璇曟枃鑹猴紱涔犳弧媧層佽挋鍙ゆ枃鑰呴潰璇曟弧媧層佽挋鍙ょ炕璇戙傚叾鍑鴻壊鑰咃紝璁板悕錛屼繜鏄ョ嬪h冭瘯鏃朵婦浼橈紱濡傛湁姘旇川搴稿姡鑰咃紝騫村瞾榪囧ぇ錛岃諱功榪囧皯錛岄毦鏈涙垚灝憋紝騫舵棤鏁呬笉鍒拌咃紝鍗寵屽挩鍥炴湰鏃椼傚樺姪鏁欍佹暀涔犱笉鏃╁憟鏄庯紝鍚勮板ぇ榪囦竴嬈°傞獞灝勬槸鍏鏃楁牴鏈錛屼篃鏄鍏鏃楀畼瀛︾殑涓欏歸噸瑕佹暀瀛﹀唴瀹癸紝鍚勫︾敓杈懼埌鉶氬瞾鍗佷笁宀佷互涓婏紝鍗沖簲瀛︾粌鍦ㄥ鉤鍦頒笂灝勭錛屽嶮鍏宀佷互涓婅咃紝鍗沖簲瀛︿範楠戦┈灝勭錛岀敱寮撶鏁欎範姣忓ぉ鍒拌ュ︽暀瀵箋
鍏鏃楀畼瀛︾敓鐨勮冭瘯鍒嗕負鍥涚嶏細騫蟲椂鑰冭瘯(甯歌)銆佹湀璇俱佸洓瀛d細璇懼拰瀛h撅紝瀹屽杽鐨勮冩牳鏈哄埗錛屾湁鍒╀簬浜烘墠鐨勮劚棰栬屽嚭銆傚叓鏃楀畼瀛︾敓鐨勫嚭璺榪樻槸寰堝箍娉涚殑錛氫竴鏄縐戜婦榪涜韓錛岃冨彇鎮╃洃鐢燂紱浜屾槸鑰冨彇絎斿笘寮忥紱涓夋槸鑰冨彇涓涔︼紱鍥涙槸鑰冨彇搴撲嬌銆侀嗗偓銆佸栭儙絳夎亴銆傚彟澶栵紝榪樺彲浠ヨ冨彇緲昏瘧銆佽獖褰曘佺ぜ浠瀹樼瓑銆傚洜姝わ紝鍏鏃楀畼瀛︽垚浜嗗叓鏃楀瓙寮熷嚭浜哄ご鍦般佹ュ叆浠曢旂殑涓鏉℃嵎寰勩